PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 181
LlTEBATunE. — Bnrcklianit, Trnvels tn .Syria and the FJofy land, 1S-J2; De LiiLonie, Voiiiig,' en Orient, 1^2< : Hull, Mount Seir, .Sinai, and It'utfm Pnirstinr., 1SS1>; 'Tile PhyRicnl Gnol. •iDd Oeop, (if Arabia Pelrifa,' etc., in Mitn. I'EF, \S^Q\ (jirU-t, Voyage d'Eip'irrntion (le la Mer ifurlf, t. :'.b>«, 1S80; Ilf…
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133 AEABIA AEABIA on tbe S. side, the most important of the iBlands ^^'hich lie ofi' Arabia. The ^eolo^cal character of A. is thus described by Mr. Doughty : 'The constitution of the Arabian peninsula appears to be a central stack of Platonic rocks which are ^ranited uith traps and old basalts, whereupon are laid s…
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heights, it is natural that the limits of these provinces should be very inexactly fixed. According to Blunt (i.e. i. 23Bqq.), Nejd includes all *the land that lies within the Nefuds, 'the only doubt being whether it includes the Nefuds or not.' The treble division, Hijaz, Nejd, and Yemen, would thus include all A. wi…
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has oeen learnt about their lines of kings, the extent of their territory, and their wars and alliances. To the Eng. travellers Wtllsted &nd Cruttenden belongs the merit of having first called attention to the existence of the ruined cities in South A., whence the most important of these docu- ments have been brought. …
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The condition of A., as represented by the authors of the inscriptions, is very dilTerent from 134 AEABIA ARABIA the nomad and patriarchal condition which we ordinarily associate with the name Arab, and which is certainly associated with it in the Bible. The Sabseans and Minitans are people of fixed habitations ; t…
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iv. Trade and Commerce. — The chief import- ance of A. to the ancients lay in its exports, of which the most renowned was incense, a gum obtaaied from a certain tree by incisions made in the bark. The countiy where this product is culti- vated is a narrow strip of the S. coast from about 53-55° long. E. of Greenwich, i…
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3. In the j>ost-exilic records, where we meet with the word, it ordinarily signifies Nnbritirnn. In 2 Mac 5* we read of Aretas, tlie kingof the Arabians ; now Aretaswas the name of several of the Nnbatu'au kings, as we know from their own inscriiilions ; and I'rocopiiis sjieaks of I'etia as the capital of the Arabs, wh…
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The Four Gospels.— <i. ) Trs.from the Syr.— The, oldest representative of this class, perhaps the oldest monument of Arab. Christianity, is the tr. of the Gospels in a MS formerly belonging to the Convent of Mar Saba near Jerus., now Cod. Vati- ranus Arab. 13, called by Tischendorf ar™' (Greg. cod. 101), and generally …
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The first revised ed. of this kind was made about 1250 A.D. atAIexandriabyHibat Allah ibn el-" Assfll. This work, of which several MSS survive, consists of a revised text of the Gospels with various reail- ings from the Gr., the Syr., and the Copt. IT It was, however, found too cumbrous for a popular VS, and towards th…
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Peshitta (2 P, 2 and 3 Jn, Jude), the tr. appe*ri to have been made directly from the Greek. A tr. from the Syr. of Ac and all seven Cath. Epp. (in the Gr. order) is found in a 9th cent, vellum MS at Sinai (Mrs. Gibson's Cat., No. 154). In this text, while the other parts are from Syr. Vulg., the disputed Cath. Epp. a…
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The Diatessaron (see p. 136b). — (^asca, Tatiani Evangeliorum Harmoniae Arabice, Rome, 1888 ; Hill, The Earliest Life qf Christ, Edinburgh, 1894. F. C. BURKITT. (TJi?). — A Benjamite who helped to put to ! inhabitants of Gath (1 Ch 8"). ARAD flight the ARAD {-rr;). — A city of one of the kings of the Canuanites, as…
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In certain passages of the Pent, assumed to belong to P (Gn 25* 28^"-/ 31" 33" So"-" 48'), the name of Aram-naharaim as applied to the northern part of Mesopotamia is replaced by Pad[d]an-arani, of which S'd^h 'Ar&m, 'the field of Aram,' in Hos 12", is supposed to he a translation. Paddan is the same word as the Syr. a…
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Literature. — Rpnan, HUtoire ginimU et fysteme compari dfs Lnngut-^ s^mititpies (1863); Miltlieihingen aus <if'n orieutiilisch-'n Saminlungen, pt. xi., Au^grahuiigfn in Serulnclnrli i. nsita); Baethgeu, Beitrdgg zur semitisdten lieligiotisgesckifhte (ISSS). A. H. Savce. ARAM (c-ix).— 1. A grandson of Nahor (Gn 22-'). …
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The great plateau of Annenia, rising to a height of from 6000 to 7000 feet above the sea, was naturally a district which appeared to the dwellers in the southern plains beyond the reach of the Deluge. Intensely cold in the winter, it is equally hot in the summer. The vine is indigenous there (as it is in the Balkans), …
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ARAUNAH (njnK, also n;nK 2 S 24", mv 1 Ch 21", 2 Ch 3'). — A Jebusite who owned a threshing- floor on Mount Moriah. When David numbered the people, and the pestilence was sent as a punish- ment for his sin, this spot was indicated by the prophet Gad as the place where an altar should be erected to J", because the plagu…
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ARBONAI CAppwyis, Jth 2«).— A torrent appar- ently near Cilicia. It cannot be represented by the modem Nahr Ibrahim, since the ancient name of that river was the Adonis ; nor does the latter answer to the term ' torrent ' {xtliuifipos) applied to the Arbonai. C. K. CONDER. ARCH.— 1. 0/ the Temple. The word ■ arch ' is…
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William P. Dicksox. ARCHITE Cr"!'??).— The native of a town (Erech?, not Archi as in AV of Jos 10-) situated on the north border of Benjamin, probably the modern '.4iK 'Arilc, west of Bethel. Hushal, David's friend (2 S 15^-), belonged to this town. See S \VP vol. iii. sheet xvil. C. R. CosDER. ••ARCHITECTURE.— The i…
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These pilasters show by their shortness that a dado existed below them, and was an importjtnt feature in the building ; but no stonework of a dado has been preserved. A peculiar feature of Jewish design is the duplication of the doorway. In the rock tombs there is a general tendency to a double entrance ; sometimes onl…
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ARD (7"!?).— Benjamin's son, Gn 46=', but his gr;uulson; Nu 26<" = 1 Ch 8^ {Addar). Patronymic Ardites (Nu 26*"). G. Hakfoud-Batteksby. ARDAT (2 Es 9^6 AV Ardath), 'a field' in an unknown situation. ARDON (t'-'-;!?).— A son of Caleb (1 Ch 2i8). ARELI ('':?■'? 'lion' or 'hearth of El').— A son of Gad (Gn 46", Nu 26i'…
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The Nabataeans (iD3]) are possibly identical with the Nebaioth (nv3i) of O T (so Jos. Ant. I. xii. 4. The main difficulty is the unvarying distinctness of the final consonants o and n). They were prob- ably of Arab race, but used the Aram, language for writing and inscriptions (Noldeke in Scheukel, BL, 1872, s.v. Nabat…
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What is greatly wanted is a coin (or coins) of Damascus between 37 and 54 A.D. Meanwhile, it should be noted that 2 Co 11" is our solitary' piece of positive evidence for Damascus having formed part of the Nabattean kingdom at any time after the Christian era. The fact, as has been shown above, has an important bearing…
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hollowed out in the side of a hill, or of a Wady, in the soft volcanic rock, and so arranged as to form separate chambers : these are chiefly on the E. 01 Jebel Hauran (Wetzstein, pp. 22, 44 f., who names three, viz. Umm DubSb, Aj6la, and Shibikke).* (2) Others are on a larger scale, bein^ subterranean chambers entered…
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3ue j'ai faites pendant un scjour de cinq mois ans le pays, je n'ai pu dccouvrir aucun monu- ment ant^rieur au rfegne d'Hdrode. II y a sans doute des habitations grossiferement construites en pierres brutes, des cavemes ferrates par une aevantnre en pierres sfeches, qui peuvent 6tre de toutea les ipoques, et dont <juel…
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ARIMATH/EA {' KpipM-Balu), Mt 27»'-». — The situation ol this place is not indicated. In the Vnomnjstiron {s.v. Ariiialhcm-Sophim) it is identi- fied with Kamathaiin-zo|ihim (I S I'i, and placed near Thamna and Lj-dda. The village liantieh •The Ornim. (p. 216) lilenlifles 'An'6 with a village "E^*, 15 miles W. of Gera…
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LiTKHATURB.— Lightfoot, PhUippiant, p. 172; Sanday and Headlain, Roviaiis, p. 425, For later traditions, which have little value, see Ada Sanctorum, March, ii. 374. 2. Ptolemy's teacher, 2 Mac 1". A. C. Headlam. ARIUS ('ApT,5, 1 Mac 12'- *>), a king of Sparta In V.' the name appears in the corrupt form ol Aapeios ; …
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ii. Hi.sTORY OF THE Ark. — In this article we propose to confine ourselves to the history and significance of the ark as given in the pre-exilic literature. Its place in the scheme of the Priests' Code will be discussed in the article TaBER.VACI.E. In the prophetic narrative of the Pent. (JE) the ark first appears as a…
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This sovereign, once securely seated on the throne of 'all Israel,' took active steps for the removal of the ark to his new capital on the slopes of Ophel, as related at some lenr;th in 2 S 6 and lovingly expanded in 1 Ch 13. Tne text of the former passage has suffered greatly, but the general sense is clear. From the …
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iv. Every student of OT who has realised to what extent the pre-exilic literature has been worked over by later editors, will appreciate the dilliculty, if not the impossibility, of gaining an accurate estimate of the conceptions entertained of tlie ark in the earliest times. So much depends also on the opinion we may …
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•Cf. also J(f 20*^*, where for 'stood before it' render 'stood bafore him' ; see Moort-, in /«)*•. t Wellli., Stode, anil (itlnm have iiu(rgested that the ark was thv j/aZ/o^iiurn of thu lril>r of Joseph. sti etched a.' of God. Similarly the a. of Pharaoh is .said to be broken ; and the doom of Eli's family is called…
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In all these cases the Ann. is faithful, as against the Syr., to the LXX. In spite of tliis general con- formity, however, there are numerous cases in which the Arm. supplies omissions of the LXX ; e.g. Is dtp runs thus in the Arm. : ' But the law- less who offers to me an ox as ofiering [is just as if one should smite…
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iii. Three Arm. writers of the 5th cent., Koriun, Lazar of Pharpi, and Moses of Chorene, record that the Scriptures were translated between A.D. 396 and 430 by Mesrop, the elaborator of the Arm. alphabet, Sahak the Patriarch, Eznik, and others. According to Koriun (p. 10 of Ajin. edition of Venice, 1833), Mesrop, with …
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Separate co<lices of the Goajjcls rarely occur in which St. John precedes the Synoptists ; but in the library of M. Enf&ljans in "fillis there is a very old Bpeeiraen of such a codex. The order of the rest of the NT books in the oldest MS at Venice, written A.I). 1220, is as follows: Acta, Catholic Epistles, Revelation…
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(2) Gregory had this early version. He quoted 3 Co from it, and ho would have quoted Lk 22"-** also, only his literary purpose aid not re- quire him to do so. I do not Hcc how else we can interpret the last paragraph of Theodore. The same conclusion can * Tills appean to be an extracanunlcal citation. 154 ARMENIAN V…
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F. C. CONYBEABB. AKMHOLE occurs Jer 38" and Ezk 13'« (RV 'elbows'). The meaning of the Heb. word (r»i<, see Ox/. Heb. Lex. and Davidson on Ezk 13'*) is doubtful, but the word in AV means the armpit, as it is now called. J. Hastings. ARMLET (ipo kHmdz, AV tablet. Ex 35", Nu 31**). — A flat open clasp worn on the uppe…
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ARMOURY. — There was naturally no store of arms nor place for keeping them in Israel before the establishment of tlie nucleus of a standing army under Saul. Saul found the nation, or at least the southern tribes, almost destitute of arms in the true sense (1 S 13") : no doubt he remedied the defect as far as possible (…
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156 ARNA AROM naiy nmnerical sense in 2 K 13', where it is said that the Israelite army was reduced by Syrian ravages to 50 horsemen, 10 chariots, and 10,000 infantry. The existence of two reckonings side by side, one based on the numerical Sense of 'thousand,' the other on its territorial sense, is not a serious d…
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LiTERATORR.— Eoblnson, Fhy: Otog. qf Pal. 164-166 ; PEFSt (1896), 204, 216. G. W. THATCHER. AROD (^^■lx).— A son of Gad (Nu 26") = Arodl (nr.^), Gn 46'*. Patronymic AroditeB (Nu 26"). AROER (ly^ia,). — 1. A city in the portion assigned to the tribe of Judah (1 S 30^), prob. in what is now the Wady Arftrah, 20 miles S…
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Again, the secret mischief done by slanderers is compared to the wound of an arrow ('whose t«etn are spenrs and arrows, and their tongue a ■harp sword,' Ps 57*). Children begotten in their father's youth are likened to arrows (Ps 127'). Arrows are also a symbol of that which is care- fully guarded and highly valued ; t…
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Of sculpture in the round the most striking examples must have been the great cherubs of olive wood, iilated with gold, which stood in the most holy place. Their height of ten cubits, or fifteen to twenty feet, shows that they were joined and built up of many pieces, like the lesser statues in Egypt. The wings, stretch…
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Artaxerxes was the third son of Xerxes, and after the assassination of his father made his way to the throne by crushing the Baetrians under his brother Hystaspes, and murdering another brother, Darius. In b.c 46U Egypt revolted ; but in spite of the assistance rendered by Athens to the rebels, the revolt was suppresse…
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2 Mac 15-" ; while as, He 9* ; what time as, Bar V, 1 Mac 5", 2 Mac I' ; like as, Jer232>' ' Is not my word like as a fire ? ',\Vi8 18" ; as it were. Rev 8'° ' burning as it were a lamp ' (RV ' as a torch ') ; cf. Ps 14*, Pr. Bk. ' eating up my peojile as it were bread.' On the other hand as='aa if in Ac 10", Rev 5" ' …
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of a division in Da^^d's army (1 Ch 27'). He wai slain by Abner (2 S 2'*-^). 2. A Levite, who with other ten Levites and priests went throughout all the cities of Judah and taught the people in the reign of Jehoshaphat (2 Ch 17"). 3. A subordinat« collector of offerings and tithes in the reign oi Hezekiah (2 Ch 31"). 4…
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In the NT the A. does not bulk largely as an independent event. In Mt it is not mentioned at all. In Mk it is found only in the dubious appendix (16"), and there it is narrated in UT words, a fact which suggests that the writer is recording what he believed, not what he had seen. The first half of the verse — ai'(\-/i/…
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162 ASCENSION ASENATH the whole series of events is one with which as- tronomy has nothing to do. Neither is there any reason to argue back from the phenomena of the Epistles, tlirough those of the Gospels, to the conclusion that the Christian belief in the exaltation of Jesus created the beau- tiful myth of the A.…
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ASEAS ("AtroIoO, 1 Es 9".— One of the sons of Annas who ai;reed to put away his ' strange ' wife, called Isshijah (.Ti}^: = ' whom J" lends'), Ezr 10". ASEBEBIAS ('A.rf^rjjSfaj, AV Asebebla). — A Levite who accompanied Ezra to Jems., 1 Es 8". ASEBIAS (A "Afffflid, B omits, AV Asebla).— A Levite who retumea with Ezra,…
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likely to be planted, nor to thrive out of the stations where it is indigenous. Salvadora Per- sica, proposed by Royle, is a desert shrub, with a trunk out of which it would be impossible to find a piece large enougli to carve into a graven image, and in every other way quite unsuitable. Luther's surmise, that the fina…
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C. R. Conder. ASHER (Ts'ij • happy ').— This was the name of Jacob's eighth son, the second bom to him by Zilpah, Leah's handmaid ; her elder son being Gad (Gn 35*). Asher had four sons and one daughter (Gn 46" R). A ' happy ' lot was predicted for him in Jacob's blessing, ' his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield…
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But the existence of this goddess is a disputed fioinl. The evidence, it must be admitted, is very imited, and not decisive. With regard to the I'liiin. sources, the word on tlie Kition inscription sujijiDscd to represent 'Asherah is differently read byStade, Z^ If (1881)344 f., and in tlie CIS i. 1. 13; whilst the ph…
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5. In 1 K 20^*' 'ashes' in AV is a mistranslation, from a confusion of -i:tt, a bandage, with tjn ashes ; RV correctly, 'with Ins head-band over his eyes.' Eor the use of ashes in the preparation of bread, see BltEAD. A. R. S. KENNEDY. ASHHUR {■y>n-:'H, AV Ashur).— The 'father' of Tekoa ( 1 Ch 2" 4»). See Genealogy. …
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far as the biblical data go, 'Ashtaroth might b« identical with ' Ashteroth-lfarnaim (the name being merely abbreviated from it) ; if, however, tha statements of Euseb. (in the Onom.) be correct, the two places were distinct. . In the Onom., namely, we read : ' (I) Ashtaroth Kamaim: there are still two villages [of thi…
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The antiquity of 'Ashtaroth (if the name be read and identified correctly) is attested independently by Egyp. and Assyr. inscriptions : an Astertu occurs in the list of places in Southern Syria conquered by Tahutmes III., of the 18th dynasty, in his twentv-second year (Tomkins, 'J'SDA ix. 262, and in JiP' v. 45, No, 28…
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According to Menander, as reported by Jos. (Ant. VIII. V. 3 ; c. Ap. i. 18), ^liram built in Tyre a temple to Herakles (Melkart), and afterwards one to 'Ashtart, whose priest was Ithobal, Jezebel's father : in Tyre, however, Melkart was the principal god, and 'Ashtart took the second place. 'The worship of 'Ashtart is …
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Another Ishtar is Ishtar of Arbela, daughter of Asshur, and sister of Marduk, styled by Esar- haddon ' lady of ladies, terrible in onslaught, lady of battle, queen of the gods,' a martial goddess, who appears to Asshurbanipal in a vision, armed with quivers and a bow, and brandishing a sword, and promises him victory a…
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It Soiom. Keel. UilL U. 6; Zoaimus, 1. S8,— cited by Barton, p. 8'Z. Heaven,' to whom, in Jeremiah's daj', the women of Judah ofl'ered cakes (cj.;, a peculiar term) and other sacrifices (Jer 7" 44""'), was either the AssjT. Ishtar,* or her Phocn. counterpart 'Ashtart. ' Celestial,' now, is an epithet applieJ to 'Ashta…
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Some account of the temple and rites of the Paphian Aphrodite is given oy Tacitus {Hist. ii. •2. 3).§ Kivvpas, a personage who plays a consider- able part in Cyprian mythology (cf. II. xi. 19-23), was its reputed founder ; the priests of the goddess, who were also kings, were styled KiKupaSoi. Only male victims were of…
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§ Fig. 20 ; fig. 142=Rawl. Phcen. p. 327; fig. 323, from Sardinia. The figures, smiilar in general appearance, but holding a disc on the breast, may represent the same goddess (ib. fig. 193 ; fig. 233. from Sardinia "(these two also in Kawl. p. 142) ; fig. 290, from Tharros ; fig. 324 ; likewise the seated figures, wit…
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t * lllva Astiirle. liiinilnuin deonimmio \i!t, vltn, ftalnn: nirsun udein q,iie est IVrnieles, mors. Interltus. Slnro, tuiitis, cjeluni, aidem, -lovis <|nii-cutn(|iio tern|tla colliniis, ehis dncnnttir ntitu, Ull obtenipernnt, Kani spectant' {.Mfrcator, IV. vl. s-j.*, ly.). 1 See parallels from earlier (»r. poets in …
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LiTEBATrKE.— The best article on A/tia is in Ruffpiero, Dizio- nario Epiiintjieo lii Antichitd Rotntme : see also .Marquardt, Jioin. S/aalm'truattuitff, i. pp, :J.S;l-349 ; Mommsen, Prueiuces of the Rm». Kiiiji. {Rom Gench. v.) ch. viii. ; and llamsay, flin- iorical Geof/ritjifii/of Asia Minor, clis. A-K : ttieaceovint…
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AS.N'AH ASS 173 in the Bab. Talmud (Pesachim llOfi), and in the Tarf,'. of Ec 1". In To 6» (B. Syr. Itala) we are told that he ' loved ' Sarah, the daughter of Raj^uel, and that he slew seven men to whom she was married as soon as they entered the nuptial chamber (3"). When Tobias N-isited Raguel, he also at once lo…
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(2) For burdens. Abraham probably loaded his ass with wood (Gn 22*) ; the sons of Jacob loaded their asses with com (Gn 42*- ") ; Joseph sent twenty asses bearing the good things of E<'ypt to his father (Gn 45^) ; Jesse sent an assload of provisions by David to Saul (1 S 16*) ; Abigail loaded her present to David on as…
904 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.