PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 781
Under D. the kingdom was more completely organized than it liad been under his predecessor, and the administration was intrusted to royal officers (2 S S^''-'^, 20-^2')- Foremost of these was Joab the .son of Zeruiah, D.'s nephew, who was connnander-in-chief of the whole army ; the scribe or cbanci'llor, to whom belong…
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Of most of D. '8 wors wo possess but a short summary In 2 S S ; 111.- Atniiionltc war, on account of its connexion witli Bntli- slu-Nn's liiftory, is related at Ion<rtli. The complete victory over tlif Phtli.stines C^'t has been already name<l. For some un- i-\plaine<l reas«ni l>. made war on Muab, where his parents ha…
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It was probably not long afterwards that the fruit of D.'s evil example appeared. His eldest son Amnon outraged his half-sister Tamar, and when D., though greatly displeased, yet partly from partiality for his firstborn (13-' LXX), partly perhaps from the remembrance of his own guilt, failed to punish the offender, the…
1,023 wordsSECTION 784Section 784
Only tact and diplomacy were now required to bring about the king's return. Among the tribes of Israel a speedy revulsion of feeling took place, and they repented of their ingratitude to the king who had saved them from their enemies. But Judah still stood aloof ; D. therefore sent to Zadok and Abiatbar, to influence i…
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DAVID Nathan to Batlislieba, and at the prophet's advice she informed tlie king, and reminded him of a promise tliat her son should rei^n. liy agreement Nathan came iu and confirmed lier words, where- upon D. repeated with an oath to Bathsheba the promise that Solomon should succeed. Then, rousing himself to act, the …
1,016 wordsSECTION 786Section 786
Allusion has been made earlier in this article to D.'s connexion with the Psalter. Minuter study makes it more and more difficult to conceive of him as the author of some of the most spiritual products of the OT religion. This is not merely on account of D.'s sins, acknowledged and repented of, but because of his crude…
1,176 wordsSECTION 787Section 787
It is now necessary to turn to the other side of the picture, remembering that we must not expect to find a saint, but a king, a hero, and a man. No testimony tti D. could be more eloquent than that of the charm he exerted on all who had to do with him. Everywhere he inspires love and devotion. Jonathan is his closest…
954 wordsSECTION 788Section 788
LiTEBATURE. — For the analysis of Samuel $eo csp. Wellhauseu, O>inr/otiition (IS**!*), pn. 24^^"iG6; Kuenon, Ondetvo^k (1681),^, 3m; If., or Hill. Krit. EiuUituin) (IS'IO). >• »■ 37-IV2. 72 ; lilldde, Jtivhtfr and SiiriiufI (l-iili). pp. ■JIO-iTli. For the text. Driver, Uth. TtJ-taf Sum. (151)11) ; Wellhauseu, '/'eJ't …
1,087 wordsSECTION 789Section 789
DAYSMAN.— In 1 Co 4'> 'man's judgment ' is lit. 'm.-ni's day' (avUponrlyr; T)ixipa)^ and is so tr" in Wydif, Tind., Cov., and Kheinis ; for the word ' day,' or its equivalent, has been used in many languages in the special sense of a d.ay for hearing causes and giving judgment. (See D.\y.) Prom 'd,ay' ill this .seii.se…
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Against it, (1) They are nowhere in NT called Smkovm, and Philip in Ac 21' is simply ' one of tb • Seven.' So neither is their work called Jia««Wa. (2) The qualitications laid down Ac 6' for the seven are higher than those required by St. Paul, 1 Ti 3', for deacons. (3) Of the Seven, Stephen was largely a preacher, and…
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DEAD SEA (Arab. BaKr Lii(,' or 'Sea of Lot'). — This remarkable inland lake lies in the deepest part of the depression of the earth's surface which stretches from the Gulf of Akabah north- wards into the Jordan Valley (see Arabah). The name ' Dead Sea ' is not found in the Bible, and appears first to have been used in …
920 wordsSECTION 792Section 792
The Ascent of AhrabbimC scar^nons'). — From the S. shore of the lake an extensive tract, composed partly of slitiie, partly of woods and postures, ext^Tids as far as the semicircular terrace which bounds the Ghor in that direction. This marsh is liable to floods, and its surface is strewn with trunks of trees brought d…
1,172 wordsSECTION 793Section 793
The fundamental rocks laid open on the flanks of Jebel Shomar, a massive and precipitous mountain which rises behind Es-Safieh, and runs along the E. side of the Ghor for several miles, are composed of great beds of volcanic materials (agglomerates, tuffs, and sheets of porphyry, pene- trated by numerous dj'kes). They …
944 wordsSECTION 794Section 794
tome'). J. Hastings. • Mount Seir, p. 98 ; P\yi. OeoL Arabia Pttroea, rtc pp. 16-79. t The waters of the Dead Sea yiel.l 24-57 lbs. of salt in 100 lbs. of water, those of the Atlantic yiebiinn only fl lbs. of salt in the same quantity; the fi'ntier consist of chlorirl.-s nf lime, msKin'sia, sodium, nnil jsitassiura, …
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In the OT Debir Is described as in the moun- tains of Judah, like Socoh and Eshtemoh (Jos 15 "■"), and not far from Hebron, from whence Caleb 'went up' to it (v.''). It was in 'the Negeb' of Judah, and near it were 'the upper springs and the nether springs ' of water. After lea\'ing Lacb- ish (Tell el-Hesy) and Eglon (…
1,023 wordsSECTION 796Section 796
In the prose version (4''"^ in the main) she is styled a prophetess. Thus, in the manner of pro- phecy, she announces the plan of the attack (4'''''), jiroinises success (v.""), and declares who shall carry oil the honours of the victory (v.*). All these are features not found in ch. 5, and as coming from ch. 4 must be…
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mercial credit naturally resulted from the fact that the Israelites of the monarchy were not a commercial people, and that their trade was mostly in the hands of the Phoen. and other foreigners. The other ordinary causes of debt must have operated in Israel. Passing exigencies would create debts speedily paid (Gn 38'")…
1,039 wordsSECTION 798Section 798
B. Apocr. and NT.— No actual case of debt occurs in either. Both, like OT, inculcate duty of lending and paying (Sir 29, Lk &^- ■», Ro 13«). Mt 6" suggests a generous treatment of debtors. Sir IS'' points out the danger of borrowing. In NT debt occurs chiefly in the parables, The Two Debtors (Lk 7"- «), the Two Credit…
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t Other Dt variations are multiplication of connecting par- ticles, and of details (the ox and the ass entitled to Sanbath rest), verbal changes ( ' observe * for ' remember * in c. 4, ' desire ' for ' covet ' in the main body of o. 10), and allusive phiiues (' As the Ix>rd thy God commanded thee ' in cs. 4 and 5). t …
1,009 wordsSECTION 800Section 800
(3) A tliird view leaves undisturbed the tradition that Moses was the author of an essentially spiritual and ethical code of ten precepts, but alleges the probability of this having originally existed in a briefer form, to which from time to time various reflexions and promises were added which strengthened their appea…
1,046 wordsSECTION 801Section 801
g re-Christian advocate for righteousness as the ighest form of ritual. In an age of the world's history when popular religion found satisfaction in an ethically indifferent ceremonialism, in a country where Mosaic sanction was claimed for an elaborate system of sacrifices and festivals, the D. excluded from the summar…
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• The perfection of the D. was a favourite thesis of 17th cent, orthodoxy as against the Socinians and Arminians, who declared that Christian ethics added three principles — abncKatio nostri, tolerantia crucis propter Christum, imitatio Christi. The orthodox view was that it did not require to be supplemented or correc…
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DECISION 1. The decision of questions of right between man and man necessarily depends on the form of authority recognized in each successive stage of society. In the nomadic condition a patriarchal government is tempered by custom and the counsels of tribal headsmen. It can scarcely be altogether as a reflection from…
1,048 wordsSECTION 804Section 804
J. Hastings. DECLINE.— In A V to ' decline ' is always (except Ps 1U2" 1U9-') used in the original but now obsolete sense of 'turn aside.' Thus, Job 23" 'His way have I kept, and not declined ' (RV ' turned not aside'); Ps liy" 'yet have I not declined from thy law' (RV 'swerved'; so 119'"); Pr 7" 'Let not thine heart…
1,010 wordsSECTION 805Section 805
Thus in all the prophetic passages the only theory that easily and naturally tits mto the text is tliat wliich places Dedan on the south border of Edom, and regards the Dedanites as a Keturaean tribe, occupying a position alongside of other allied tribes in the north-west of Arabia. The only trace, therefore, that we h…
1,000 wordsSECTION 806Section 806
The words of the Jews in Jn IC would natur- ally be suggested by the direction which this fiast would give to mens thoughts. The hymn wliich is at present used in Jewish synagogues during its continuance records the successive deliver- ances of Israel, and contains a prayer for yet another. J. II. KENNEDY. DEEM was on…
1,064 wordsSECTION 807Section 807
J. Hastings. DEFILEMENT.— See Unclkanness. DEFY. — When Goliath ' defied ' the armies of Israel, it is probable that the translators of AV understood him to challenge them to combat, though the Heb. (I'm) means to taunt or scorn (so 1 S 17'»- ">■ »• "• «, 2 S 21=' 239, 1 Ch 20'). But when Balaam is summoned to Balak'…
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DELAIAH (.i;i'';, "j^^). — 1. One of the sons of Elioenai, a descendant of David (1 Ch 3", AV Dalaiah). 2. A priest and leader of the 23d course of priests in tlie time of David (1 Ch 24>»). 3. The son of Shemaiah, one of tlie 'princes' or ofTicers of state at the court of Jehoiakim (Jer 36"'-*). 4. The son of Mehetabe…
944 wordsSECTION 809Section 809
5SS DELIGHTSOME DEMAND but its use in this place is not verj' apparent. The Eng. expression 'delicately' is probably meant to express weakness %nd fear (as Ad. Est 153) rather than pride or voluptuousness. Delicateness.— Only Dt 28" ' the tender and delicate woman . . . which would not adventure to set the sole of …
960 wordsSECTION 810Section 810
A frightful calamity brought the prosperity of D., and especially of the Roman settlers, to an end. In the Mithridatic war Athens took part with the king, whUe D., where the Roman settlers were so numerous, naturally remained true to the Roman interest. After maintaining itself for a short time, D. was captured in B.C.…
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R. W. Moss. DEMETRIUS lU sumamed XniTup, 'Con- queror,' wa.s sent by liis father, O. Soter, for safety to Cnidus after the success of Balas seemed prob- able (Justin, xxxv. 2). For several years he re- mained in exile ; but as soon as the unpoiiularity of Balas gave him an opportunity, he landed (B.C. 147) with an arm…
989 wordsSECTION 812Section 812
DEMON, DETIL, Gr. ialiuav, or Sunbnov (more frequently), Heb. i^, Syr. '\'>X», Aram, ten} (cf. Assyr. Hdu). The supposed Heb. root is [nis*] ' to be mighty,' hence ' to rule,' Arab. jLj (cf. ti^ ' to treat violently, to destroy '). Demoniac, Jai/uofi- f6/«m. For 'devil' (properly Jid/}o\os, see Satan) RV rightly subs…
999 wordsSECTION 813Section 813
the article in the Lisdn el 'Arab on JiC., and cui find ootiiing that wcewitatei giving to 'I/reet the sense " hairy." I daresay you tiave noticed that some of the derivatives of the root \ -tc, i_f^Al (in plu.) denote the feathers of the neck or the mane, or the front hairs of a horse. In the Une dted by Wellh. fro…
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away, The sickness, the consumption which will trouble mankind, Ilarmlul to the flesh, injurious to the body, The evil incubus, the evil alu, the evil inatikum. The ev\\ nian, the evil eye, the evil mouth, the evil tonglM . Against my body never may they come. My eye never may they injure . . . Into my house never may …
909 wordsSECTION 815Section 815
' Oh 1 how art thou (alien from heaven Lucifer (Vj'n) son of the dawn I How art thou hewn down to earth who didst laj peoples low I And thou saidst in thy heart : To the heavenewjl I mount up, Above the Btars of God will I set my throne on high ' . . . B. The Dkmonolooy of later Judaism.— During the Greek period the …
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* Philo also identifies the heroes and demons of Oreek specn. lation with the angels of Moses. Hia tendency was to rationalize myth, * In souls and demons and ansela we have, it is true, diiferent names, but, in conceiving the thing represented by them all to be one and the same, you will set aside a heavy bunU'n. viz.…
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The manifestations of demoniac possession are very varied in NT. In the case of the Gadarene he IS compelled to dwell amon^ the tombs, whicli are associated with solitude and uncleanness. As water is connected with purity and cleansing, the demons have a preference for waterless spots. Demons are, however, chiefly asso…
1,057 wordsSECTION 818Section 818
It would lie beyond the scope of this article to tiace the development of demonology in post- apostolic Christian writers. The elaborate demon- ology of Origen is portrayed in Conybeare's inter- esting article {JQR, Oct. 1890), to which the reader is referred. The enormous range of this belief in all its varieties, and…
901 wordsSECTION 819Section 819
J. Hastings. DEPART. — The earliest meaning of 'depart' is 'diviile into parts ' (dls-parlire), as Nlaundeville, xi. 43 : ' The yerde of Moyses, with the wliilk he de- partid the Keed See.' Then to ' distribute,' as Jn 19" Gen. ' They departed my rayment among them.' Next came ' separate,' whicli occurs once (intrans.…
939 wordsSECTION 820Section 820
W. M. RAMSAY. DERISION. — With one exception, all instances of the phrase ' have in derision represent a simide verb : either ill'; l&'agh, ' mock,' Ps 2» 59*, Ezk 2:P''; pn-f sAImIc 'laugh at,' Job 30'; p^n tu'liz, ' deride ' ; or livimjpi^oi, 1 Es 1" (RV ' mocked '). The exception is Wis 5' ' This was he whom we had…
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DESTRUCTION (fiijit).— See Ahaddon. DETERMINATE Only Ac 2» 'the d. counsel • This is the eente In which the paasage ia tal(en by 0^. Heb. Lax. {9.V. riiDr\\ ' ha lived as do one desired.' and foreknowledge of God' (•^pufi^vos, fr. optfu, to mark a buund^uy, fix, apiioint. The closest parallel is Lk 22-'- ' the Son o…
1,012 wordsSECTION 822Section 822
These three addresses to the people are followed by a collection of more miscellaneous materials, such as Moses' farewell, his deliverance of the Deut. law to the priests, his commission to Joshua, the Song of Moses, the Blessing of Moses (31-33). The whole is concluded by an account of the Death of Moses (34). Althou…
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flint) (A.B. In Nu 20*11 (P) the term for ' rock * is vVd, not 11X.J 9Z> Tab'«rilh, Uaaaah, (^ibroth-hatt4't- Nu 111 ', Ex IT*, vah) Nu 11". 11 (pa««afc'e of the Red 8ea) Ex 14«. 119 (Duthan and Abiram) Nu l«i'> 2">- » M«. 23" («' ) lialtt'am) Nu 22'^24». 24' (Miriam's leprosy) Nu 121'. 261"" (omiosition of ' A…
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It may, however, be doubted whether there is not a danger of too great ingenuity in the h>-potlietical rearrangement of the original materials. Taking into consideration (I) the very close resembKance of style, and (2) the absence of any serious con- tradiction in statement between the diflerent portions, there is not …
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The holiness of the people is another chief thought, the prominence of^ which is a marked feature in this oook, resulting from the conception of the close relationship between Israel and J" the Holy One. The people are holy to J", and cannot therefore join themselves to ' other gods ' (7'). It is this ' holiness ' whic…
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as J" hath tnmken. to walk in the wayit o.fj". to hearken to the voice. Under this head should be noticed the use o( 3{if to hv (a) with God as obj. ; (6) of God's love to Uis peoplt, onoi! O-n'SK other god*. IjnKH to prolong (of dayi), ^nin toditpoueu, T? toehooee, f pS'i to cleave to. D*C'ri thorour/hli/. "jlj^ …
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181-8 (rights and revenues of the tribe of Levi). 189-22 (law of the prophetX 18io» (Molech-worship ; cf. 12>1). IglOb-ll (dillereut kinds of divi- nation and magicX 191 13 (asylum tor manslayer : murder). 1914 (the landmark). 1916-21 (law of witness). ch. 20 (military service and war ; cf. 24^). 211-9 (e.xpiat…
1,037 wordsSECTION 828Section 828
Other 8Ui)po8ed archaisms seem to arise from the mannerism of the author rather than from any real antiquity in their form. The use of lui, equally for masc. or fem., appears indeed to be a genuine archaism ; but the fact that iTisi^i appears as the fem. of lyj elsewhere in the Heb. Scriptures excei)t in the Pent., is…
1,025 wordsSECTION 829Section 829
Another instance of ritual dkcrepancy is found in the description of the priestly dues. In Dt 18'' the sacrificing priest received as his share ' the shoulder, two cheeks, and maw ' ; in Lv 7"-*' ' the wave-breast ' and ' heave-thigh ' or shoulder are assigned to the priest. Added to this, there is the argument from s…
967 wordsSECTION 830Section 830
The traditional view, that the work in its present form was written by Moses, is now generally recognized by critical scholarship as inipo.ssible. The fact that Moses is described in Dt 31'- ** as having committed the Deut. legislation to writ- ing, wa-s, in former times, regarded as sufhcient proof that the whole work…
901 wordsSECTION 831Section 831
LiTKRATU&R. — For a fuller discussion of the aubject the reader la referred to the admirable truatincnt of It by Driver, in his commentary on 'Deuteronomy' (Jntcniationai Critical Coin. mentdTy, T. k 1. Clarl<, EdinlmrKti). in his LOT, and in hia art. ' Deuteronomy ' in Smith's Visi; U) all of which the writer of the p…
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iii. In the Book of Job the formation of dew is pointed to as one of the mysteries of nature insoluble by man (Job 38^) ; but in Pr it is ascribed to the omniscience and power of the Lord (Pr 3^). iv. Dew is a favourite emblem in Scripture ; the following are examples : (a) Richness and Fertility, ' God give thee of t…
1,088 wordsSECTION 833Section 833
H. A. White. DIAMOND.— See Stones (Precious). DIANA OF THE EPHESIANS is the Latinized rendering of the name Artemis {'Apreius tCiv 'E(p(aiai'), by which the Greeks designated a foddess whose sanctuary was situated close to IphesuB. The situation and splendour of the temple, and the part that the sanctuary and its pri…
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The epithets 'Qiicen of Ephesus' and 'i^roat' or '(greatest* teem to liave l)cen specially appropriutt'<l to Artemis m Asia ; so CJ(r 29U3 c. r^( /uyitiv (liii "A., 11707, 'E;iir«u i.»rr« ; Xen. Evh. i. 11. p. 15, rr.r fMy^Xyt* 'l\,Tiffitn "A. ; Achillea, Tat. viii. 9. p. 601, J "A. li <iiy<i>i Ci«t : lliiks, No. 481, …
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* Canon Iiicks, Expositor, June 1890, p. 403 ff., takes a different view. to resemble more closely the Hebrew word foi blood (Dam), and support the play on words in that verse. The modem name of the town is Dhiban, aboat half an hour N. of 'Ara'ir, which is on the edge of the Amon Valley. It is a dreary and featurele…
1,048 wordsSECTION 836Section 836
'The h&rmony of their tonnes bath into bondage Brought my too diligent ear.' J. Hastings. DILL.— See ANISE. DIMINISH. — To diminish is to make less, and that primary meaning is alone in use now. We do not even use the word fiL;uratively, ' to lessen the influence of,' 'belittle,' as Ezk 5" 'therefore will I alsod. th…
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DIONYSIUS. — Dionysius, designated the Areo- pagite (6 'ApewraylT-qs), is mentioned as one of the few converts made by St. Paul at Athens (Ac 17'*). He is probably thus specially named as having been a member of the Council of Areopagus (see Areo- TAGUS). Nothing further is known of him. It has been suggested that St. …
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LrrKfL&TURB. — Se>'ffart, Diet, of Clast. Antvj. by Nettleship and SandyB*, Bicb, DicL qf Antiq. ; Pa^e, AcU of the Apoatiei, <nUx. C. H. Prichard. DIOTREPHES (Aicrrpf0))», WH-^^j).— A person, other\\ise unknown, who is introduced in 3 John (w.'") as ambitious, resisting the writer's author- ity, and standing in the …
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The usage of the word in NT is very simpie. We read of the cllgiiplos of John the Baptist (Mk 2"), of the Pharisees (same place), of Moses, Jn O"* (only by way of contrast to .le.sus), but most of all of Jesus, to whose disci]ilcs, in fact, the subst. is almost entirely, and the verb entirely, limited. The word maintai…
1,010 wordsSECTION 840Section 840
1 ih&U discover a thing to you.' 2 Fvhibit disDlav, as Blount (1600): 'The moie he mounted, the more he discovered his incapac.Ue ' hemountea ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ '^«"f ''> ""u M RV t:$^''\.y discovered a cert^ -^^^^r ' RV ' perceived ). DISCUS.-See Games. DISEASE.-See Medi- cine. DISH.-See Food. niSH&N dc'-^).— A son of S…
1,110 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.