PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 961
ENFLAME This is the spelling of mod. edd. ol AV in Is 67°, though that of l^ll was ' inllame.' ENGAGE ENGRAVING 703 In Is 5" 1611 had ' enflame,' mod. edd. 'inflame.' The word also occurs Sir 28'", Su.s ', 1 Mac '2-' (1611 and mod. edd. 'iiillame'). Tlie iiieanin;; is always 'e.xcite,' and the ref. is to lust in I…
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In 1 Ch 26'° Uzziah is said to have ' made in Jerusalem engines invented by cunning men (lit. ' contrivances, the invention of inventive men,' ^s-in nj^'ijo nijiif-n, see Oxf. Heb. Lex. s. ftysr-) t<j be on the towers and upon the battlements, to shoot arrows and great stones withal.' These 'engines' were probably simi…
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ENLARGE, ENLARGEMENT.— To 'enlarge' is to ' cause to be large ' that which is narrow or confined. It also sio;nifies ' to make larger ' that which may be considered large already, as Mt 23° ' they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments' (/ieyaXww) , but the prefix en- ( = Lat. in) has …
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vru_ I. — di of all that the sinners and ungodly have wrought and ungodly committed against Him.' It is clear that Jude* quotes loosely and abbreviates, but it will be noticed that (1) in ISou Jude agrees with Novat. Eth. against Gr. ; (2) in iXiy^ai he coincides with Novat. alone, as possibly (for the tense of to'?!«…
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The Lat. VS is wholly lost with the exception of two small fragments : of these the first is 1°, and is found in the pseudo-Cyprian treatise. Ad Novatianum (see Zahn's Gescfi. des Neutest. Kanons, ii. 797-801). The second, which embraces 106'"'*, was found by James in an 8th cent. MS in the British Museum, and publishe…
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We shall now proceed to discuss this question directly, and try to carry the criticism of the book one stage further towards finality. Disregarding the interpolations from the Bk. of Noah already mentioned, as well as the closing chapter, we shaU adduce a few of the grounds on which the com- positeness of the rest of t…
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Part II., consisting of 83-90, was written between b.o. 160-161 by a ^asld In support of the Moccab. movement, and nminly from the same standpoint as Daniel. On a variety of ground's we are obliged to discriminate this section from the preceding. It will be enough to mention that, whereas there is a Messiah In the latt…
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in Ills attempt to solve the problem of the sufFeriDg of the 708 ENOCH, (ETHIOPIC) BOOK OF ENOCH, BOOK OF SECRETS OF righteous, this author haa no interest save in the moml and spiritual worlds. His view, too, is strongly apocaI>T)tic, and follows closely in the wake of Daniel. The orijpn" of ain is traced one st-ii…
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In Patristic literature Enoch is twice cited as Scrijiture in the Ep. of Barnabas (4' 16''). It is also quoted \vith ajmroval, though not always by name, by Justin Slartyr, Iren;eus, Athenagoras, Tertullian, Clement Alex., Origen, Anatolius. Thenceforward it is mentioned \^'ith disapproval by Hilary, Chrysostom, Jerom…
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This new fragment of the Enoch literature has onlv recently come to light through certain MSS whicli were found in Russia and Servia. Although the very knowledge that such a book ever existed was lost for probably I'JOO years, it was nevertheless much used both by Christian and heretic in the early centuries. Thus cita…
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Still earlier we find almost a verbal reproduction of 50^-611 Id the Sibylline Dracles, ii. 76. In Iren»us, Contra Ufjer. v. 28. 3, the Jewish speculation of 33* ^ is reproduced, and possibly in Origen (see Loiiiinatiwch, ed. xxi. 69). However this may be, there is no doubt as to the direct reference to 24-30. 33**, in…
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V. Analysis of Contents. — The book opens with a short account of Enoch as 'a very wise man" whom ' God loved and received, so that he should see the heavenly abodes, the kingdoms of the wise, great, and never-changing God.' In ch. 1 two an!,'tl8 appear to E., and bid him to make ready to ascend with them unto heaven. …
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seventh heaven (20-21), where he sees God sittingon His throne^ and the heavenly hosts in their ten orders on the steps of ths throne, and the seraphim singing the tnsagion. And t- (-.!) fell down and worshipped ; and Michael, at God s command, took from him his earthly robe and anointed hun with the holy oU from the o…
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ENOCH (CITY) EX-ROGEL 711 ^^I. Value of the Book rx f.i.ucidatijtg cox- TF.MI'ORARY AND SUllSEliUENT THOUGHT. — Fresh evidence on the following beliefs is contributed by this book. i. The millennium. — This Jewish con- ception is first found in 32--33°. From this its oriirin is clear. The account in Gn of the first…
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(2) Immediately fronting it, on the farther side of the valley, tliere is a rude flight of steps, cut out of the precipitous face of the cliff, which leads to the village of Siloam; this place is called at the present time ez-Zehwclch, and is identified by M. Clermont-Ganneau (PEFSt, 1869-70, p. 253) with the stone of …
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seke peace and ensue it ' ; and this was retained in the Bishops' Bible, and is now read in the Pr. Bk. But AV adopted the Douay word 'pursue.' In 1 P 3", however, which is a quot. of Ps 34''', AV accepted 'ensue,' which had come from Tindale, the Rheniish having here 'follow.' 'Ensue' is thus used with the unusual for…
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EPAEXETtJS EPHESIAN 713 12", Ja 3'*-" RV substitutes 'jealousy,' or its co"rnates, for 'envy.' For the iliffurence between f^Xot and ^(Jixot see Trench, Syrian, of NT, p. 83 U., and art. Zeal. A. Stewart. EPAENETUS CY.nltrro%).—One of the Christians greeted by St. I'aul at the end of the Ep. to the Koinans ( 16')…
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EPHER (n?K ' a [deer] calf ').—!. The name of the second of the sons of Midian nientioiiod in Gn 25', 1 Ch 1", and recorded as one of the descendants of Abraham by his wife Keturah (Gn 25'). For pre- carious attempts to identify this Epher with 'Ofr in Arabia (Wetzstein), with Appiir-u men tioned in Assurbanipal's Insc…
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A fuller analj-sia will l>ear out these oatliDM, 1-3 Doctrinal. 11.2 greeting. (o) 1H<. ThankBgivlng to God for the blesrings given to the whole Chr. Church. Tlieae blessings are represented as corre- ■ponding in spiritual form to the material blessings granted to ♦ We reg»rd the Beian and Syr. reading as founded on a…
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6. Gentleness and forgiveness : based on God's forgiveness o< us (431 32). «. Love : based on Christ's love and self-sacriflce (61. •). 7. Avoidance of all impurity and covetousnees as unworthy of our consecration (63), and of all foolish Jesting and talk, as ex- cluding from the kingdom of Christ and of God (ft-K), …
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familj' life are laid down in each ; the same phrases and words recur ; they are both conveyed by Tychicus (cf. Iloltzmann, Einleitung'' p. 291, foi exact details). But there are important tliiferences ; the personal element is strongly marked in Col (2i-< 411) ") and almost absent here ; the controversial tone (Col 2'…
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Again, tlie absence of any mention of the de- struction of Jems, possibly points to a date earlier than A.D. 70, and the absence of any clear allusion to any danger of persecution by the state (though that may be included in the dangers against which the Christian has to arm himself, 6") is, when compared with 1 P, a s…
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It is doubtful whether in any case the amount of similarity is sufficient to preve literary depend- ence. The similarity with St. John is one mainly of thought. It is possible that the language of St. .lolm was influenced by this Ep., but it is more Erobable that this Ep. was \vritten by one who ad heard of that great…
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There are two points indeed which present a rather striking difference from the earlier Epistles. The thought ol the quick return ol the Ixird is atieent, and in ito steail we have a vista ol genemtinns vet to <»me. through which the Church Is to glorify God (r;21). But it is conceivable that these generations arc thou…
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The more probable theorv, then, is that of simultaneous author- ship by one writer ; and that such a similarity is not unworthy of St. Paul may be seen by comjiaring instances of similar though less marked resemblance between Ko and Gal (cf. Lighttoot, Gaialiam, Introd. cap. iii.), and between 1 Ti and Titus. (e) The …
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Tradition, then, points to two Churches of Pro- consular Asia, Ephesus and Laodicea, and internal evidence is consistent with this. As long as it was regarded as addressed only to Ephesus, the lan- guage of 1" 3^ 4" and the absence of any special ref. to the circumstances of a Church in which St. Paul had spent three y…
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By that time St. Paul had been in prison for three or four years. That imprisonment had been incurred at Jems, just at the moment when he had taken up the alms of the Gentile Churches to the Churches of Jud.Ta ; his anxiety about his reception by the brethren there (Ro 15^*) had been removed ; he had been welcomed, mis…
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720 EPHESIANS, EPISTLE TO EPHESUS round about you, as about tlie Jews of old or about the Rora. Empire now, there are enemies, spiritual enemies ; you must be ready botli for defence and for attack, for you have to tight God's battles, and to represent His cause and to illustrate His wisdom in the eyes of the angels.…
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(g) The Consecration of Family Life. Family life is regulated in Col (3"-4') : it is dignified in 1 P (2"-3') as a means whereby Christians may hope to attract heathens to the faith ; but here it is lifted to a higher level still, as a type and nurseiy of Church life. (h) The Picture of the Christian at a Soldier, and…
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On the great line of communication between Rome and the East in general, E. was one of the knots where many side roads converged to feed the main route. From the N. and the S. coa.sting ships and land roads (Ac 19'' 20'-", 1 Ti 1', 2 Ti 4") brought travellers to the city on their way to Rome, or carried away travellers…
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722 KPHESUS EPHESUS it was somewhat troublesome to ascend the channel to the harbour ; and ships which were trading be- tween the N. jEgean ports and Syria, avoided E., unless the exigencies of loading or discharging freight req uired them to enter the harbour (Ac 20""). While the road up the Cayster valley towards…
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• Even under the Delian confederacy It seems clear that the Eph. contribution of 6 to 7^ talents v>-as paid only under compulsion (Head, p. 18), and the Gr. spirit was nearly dead. Lysimachus called his new city Arsiuoe, aft«r his wife, but thi« name lasted onlv a few years. t The Eph. Neocorate in the Imperial cultus…
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• Perhaps an example of thew Ephftia f^rammata occur* on a coin of the ImiKjrial time, as Mr. Head suggests in his Cat. Brit. Ahts. (Ionia), p. 70. t At K. the guilas of the Woolworkers (Katwrnpiti), the Sur- veyors (v«ujv<w), and the Workmen before the Uatc (i^yaiTaj wfi*ruki'iT»i ffitt f-M n«ri«%vH) are mentioned in…
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• It Is best described by M. L6vy, lievue cfes £'fui/c> Grrcjuff. IH!»f>, p. 2u:itt. t This implies that he sat on the board of the Strategol aa an as.sessor (or perhaps as ly chairman). t LAvy In Jievue de* Etude* Urecquet, 1805, p 216. 724 EPHESUS EPHESUS equanimity and general philosophic interest in the preac…
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There can be no doubt that the Temple of Ephesian Artemis was used as a place of deposit for treasure both by the city and by private individuals (as, e.g., by Xenophon.^-l/Kift. v. 3. 4). This function strengthened the bonds that united the city and the temple. It is uncertain how the treasure deposited in the temple …
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appendix of inscriptions, most of which are republished by Hicks, I.e.) ; and the scientific account of his discoveries, whicFi doubtless he contemplated, was never published. The sketch of the history, esp. the early history, ^iven by E. Curtius in * Belthi^e z. Oes. u. Topo^. Kleinosiens' in Abhandi. Akad. Berlin. 1…
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Y26 EPHOD EPHOD ark, 1 S 5', 2 S 6")— in Ophrah. That this was an object of idolatrous worship seems plain from the comment of the later historian (v."), who states that ' all Israel wctU a wfionng after it,' and that ' it became a snare to Gideon and to his house. ' The amount of gold spent upon this ephod (1700 sh…
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On the whole, we can hardly be said to possess the data for deciding this controverted question with confidence. There is, however, a decided probabUity that, at least in Jg 8'^, the term ' ephod ' is used of the gold casing of an oracular image. And if it has this nieanin;,' (in addition to that of a priestly linen wa…
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Apart from this, however, there is sufficient evidence to show that, in the earliest period of Isr. history in Canaan, the tribe of Joseph, or of Rachel, was still undivided. It embraced not only E. and M., but Benjamin ; and therefore we fina Shimei the Henjamitu regarding himself as a member of the house of Joseph (2…
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Ewald identifies it with the Ephraim in the neighbourhood of which Absalom's sheep farm was situated (2 S 13^) ; but the Ephraim there referred to is diHerently spelled, beginning with R, whereas Ephraim of Benjamin begins with v. If Ewald is right in accepting as genuine the words which the LXX puts in the watchman's …
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El'ICUREANS EP18TLE '29 aftem'ards bequeatlieU to tlie sect or 'thiasus.' He UieU in B.C. 270 of stoue, the pain of which he bore with philosophic ciilmuess. The moral or ethical theory of Epicurus was eugt;e.steJ by that of his predecessor Aristippus of Cyrene, who formulated the human good or end of life as consi…
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730 EPISTLE EPISTLE while Artaxerxes' ncjn? (rescript, v.") also = K:!riv'} {^ .'^)]. The two latter terms are regularly rendered by e-KKTroK-fi in the LXX. From all this it seems probable that familiarity with the royal posting system of the Persians (cf. d-jrya/jeivcic in Alt 5^') helped to make the lett«r stand o…
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(6) Pauline Epistles. — There was an impera- tive need for the single Apostle of the Gentiles to multiply his presence, as it were. This he did in part by trusted companions, but in part also by letters. Doubtless, their exact form would have been other than it is had the current models been other than they were.* But …
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(c) Post-Paulink Epistles, in a broad sense at least, we may style the other NT epistles (for James, see Sanday, BL 344). Some of them largely partake of the ' epistle ' in contrast to 'letter.' Deissmann, indeed, goes too far when he puts at least half of them into the former class in such a sense as to infer their ps…
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732 EE ERI his own cause — lusts and appetites so blind us.' Cf. Milton, PL X. 748— • Afl mv will Concurred not to my being, it were but right Aild equal to reduce me to my dust.' 2. As subst. in the sense of a contemporary, one of the same generation ( = L,at. mqituli-i). Gal I" 'And protited in the Jews' religio…
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Two deities who had temples in the city seem to have been worshipped in E., namely, Ishtar and Nana. The temple dedicated to Ishtar (Venus, as the evening star) was called E-ulma§ ' the house of the oracle ' ; the other, dedicated to Nana (the goddess whose image was carried off by the Elamite king, Kudur-nankhundi, B.…
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from the frontier to Memphis, being thrice defeated with heavy loss; while I'Lrhakah, their king, was wounded. On the 22nd of Tammuz, Memphis sur- rendered, Tirhakah and his son tied to Ethiopia, and Egj-pt became an Assyr. province. In B.C. 668 it revolted, and while on the march to punish it Esar-haddon fell ill, and…
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• The difTerencea in the n.%me8 and parentage of E.'8 wives, as given In Gn 2ti»* 28^ and 3ti2 are due, perhaps, not to divergent traditions (for these passages are all assi^^ed to the same * source,' P), but (1) to aouble names, (2) to errors in transcrip- tion by the editor of the documents. t The worda in Gn 2'^ ma…
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Besides exliibiting the scripture views of the final condition of tilings, eschatology may take notice of the phenomen.a, the physical convulsions, or the national commotions amidst which the final condition is ushered in ; or it may go a step farther back and refer to the moral forces bringing about these manifestatio…
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736 ESCHATOLOGY ESCIIATOLOGY Midian ' (Is 9*), and this may be its primary mean- ing. The day of the Lord to the popular mind would be the day when J" their God would interpose in their "behalf to deliver them. Tlie deliverance would be primarily from external hostile oppression, but internal social miseries might a…
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To follow tlie scripture statements regarding the Day of the Lord through the three periods just mentioned would lead to much repetition : it will be enough to state some general points con- nected with the Day. The Day of the Lord is Hi^ time for manifesting Himself, for displaying His character, for performing His wo…
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vol.. I. — At it. It has characteristics, but no internal de- velopment. It is a period of light and peace and the knowledge of God, which covers the earth as the waters cover the sea. Subsequent revelation has broken up the coming of the Messiah into a coming and a coming again, and history has intercalated between t…
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(6) Another feature in the eschatological picture is the relation of the nations to Israel and their God. In some prophecies, especially those that are apocal3ptic in their character, there is the idea of a final attack on Israel by the nations, and a great conflict near Jerusalem or in Canaan, in which the nations are…
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In regard to the Eschatology of the individual person there are two things wliich require to lie carefully distinguished. There are, first, certain ideas regarding death and the state of the dead lying in the popular mind, though cherished by ESCIIATOLOGY ESCHATOLOGY 739 all classes, the righteous as well as otlier…
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The other line of thought was somewhat diflerent ; it was not so much a protest against dying, as a protest that dying was not death ; it was a denial that death was to the saint of God that which the popular mind regarded it to be — a separation from God and descent into SheM. The fellowsliip with God had in life, and…
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of the persons in Shebl, there was naturally • popular superstition that they could be reached. This belief^ gave rise to the necromancy practised among the Hebrews, as among most peoples, though it is proscribed in the law and ridiculed by the prophets (Is 8'*). The practice probably did not repose on any general idea…
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It has ilways been felt strange that the Penta- teuch, which gives the constitution of the people of God, should be silent on death and immortality, or only refer to the popular idea of Sliehl. in explanation it may be said tliat tlie earliest part of the Pent, is anterior to the pro])licts of the 8lh cent., while the …
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2. Th^ conception of the mdiindual, and his grow- ing claims. — The doctrine of individual retribution was evolved in OT.* It is the direct antithesis of the earlier view of the solidarity of the family, tribe, or nation. The latter doctrme, which identi- fied the responsibilities of the individual with his family or n…
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Observe that (1) justice is done to the claims of the righteous nation by the establishment of an eternal Messianic kingdom ; (2) and likewise to those of the righteous individual by his resurrection to a long life m this kingdom ; also (3) that Sheol has undergone transformation, and become an intermediate place of mo…
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Obsei-ve that (1) the dualism we have noticed above has already led to its logical results. (2) Thus the Messianic kingdom is apparently for the first time in literature conceived of as temporary. (3)Sheol has for the first time become the equivalent of hell (yet see Eth. En. 22"). (4) The resurrection is for the first…
1,018 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.