PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 1081
ETHICS ETHICS 787 end as a kind of climax is iyKpireia, self-control. It will not lie justilialile to press too far its position in this catalogue ; but there can be no doubt that it holds an important position in St. Paul's mind. It is one of the qualities required of the bishop (Tit 1') ; it is inculcated by the e…
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In like manner, the natural object of the virtue of hope is the second coming of our Lord, and the consummation of all things which that event will bring. It is this hope that enables men to endure the sorrows and pain of the world ; it is hidden in some sort in the groaning and travailing of creation (Ro S'"'^). It re…
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with the paramount importance of the spiritual world. We are well aware of the importance and the difficulty of many of the critical questions which surround the books of the Bible. In the present article, as has been already observed, they have been deliberately left aside. It would have been impossible, iu the first…
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1. DERlVATl0>f, etc. — The word occurs in the earliest tir. literature a.s the name of a race to be found in the e.xtreme E. and the extreme W. ; in later writers* the nation is more definitely localized as dwelling S. of Egypt. The name would seem to be Greek, and to signify 'Rwl-faces' (cf. the similar word alSo\f/ a…
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(c) Thirdly, on the E. side of the Ethiopian range, and ex- tending to the Red Sea and the Gulf of .\den, is a vast tract inhabited now by three Hamitic races called Oromo or Gallas, Afar or Danakils, and Somalis, not yet thoroughl.v explore'I, ainong the descriptions of which may be mentioned Horelli'a J'Jthwpie 3f**n…
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4. Language, etc. — The chief monuments of Nubian monarchs are in the Egyp. character and language ; although, in the opinion of experts, niany of them display a very imperfect acquaintance with both. Ergamenes, however, in the 3rd cent. B.C., after overthrowing the power of the priests (it is thought), introduced the …
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ETHIOPIC VERSION This subject wiU be treated under the following heads : — i. T)ie Ethiopic Canonical Booln. U. The Manu^cripto. 111. Printed Edilions. iv. Source of tlie Text. V. Critical Value. Ti. Date, 1. The Ethiopic Canonical Books.— (A) Old Testament. — The Eth. OT embraces all the books included in the LXX …
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iv. Source of the Text.— (A) Old Testament.— The Ethiopic or Geez version, which from the earliest times was universally used in all branches of the Abj'.ssinian Church as well as amongst the Jewish Falashas, was, according to some of the poets of the country, derived from the Arabic, its authors being variously said t…
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Until, liowever, we have a complete and critical edition of the Eth. version, it will not be possible to settle finally the above questions. Even iJill- maiin's edition (vols. i. ii. v.) is inadequate for this purpose, as vols. i. and ii. were completed before the best MSS were accessible.* (B) New Testament. — Zotenb…
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ETHNI C^K).— An ancestor of Asaph (1 Ch 6", oaJled in v." Jeatherai). See Genealogy. ETHNOLOGY.— See Races. EUBULUS (Eff^ouXos).— A leading member of the Christian community at Rome, who sends greeting to Timothy through St. Paul at the time of the second imprisonment (2 Ti 4^'). His name is Greek, but nothing furthe…
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G. Walker. EUODIA, AV Euodias {EvoSla, fem. form of Evoolos. Both names are found in Gr. literature and on the inscriptions. The Euodias of AV seems to liave arisen from a mistake of the translators, who took EioStav for the accusative of the mas- culine form Ei'oSfas, and regarded it as the name of a man). — A Christi…
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H. A. White. EURAQUILO. — Euraquilo (ivpaKiXwu) is the read- ing adopted at Ac 27'* by WH and the RV, instead of Euroclydon in the TR and AV, as the name of the wind, which, suddenly descending from the heights of Crete on St. Paul's ship as it was sail- ing closely along the shore, seized it and drove it before the s…
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should use the word which he heard the sailors employ on the occasion ' ? I.rrERATDRR. — The subject is discussed in the ' Lives of 8t Paul ' by Conybeare and Howson, Le\vin, and others ; at con- si'ierable len{;th. but with unequal relevancy, by Falconer, f>ie9. on St. FauCs Vof/a-je. 2nd ed. pp. 12-19, 24-2(i ; most…
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The three passages, as above discussed and illus- trated, suggest the following conclusions: (1) The evangelists were inferior to the apostles. They are placed third in order in Eph ; PhUip was unable to impart the Holy Spirit to the Samaritans ; Timothy was the assistant and delegate of St. Paul. Consistent with tliis…
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EVE EVERY 797 worthy, and of the (open) mystery of godliness which is the story of Jesus (2X1 1'-, 1 Ti 0-'"'-l", 2Ti 2"''- ; cf. '1 it 3», 1 Ti 3"^). We aliall, then, favour the conclusion that tlie NT evanj,'elist3, as such, were depositaries of the facts of the (Jospel as it gradually crystallized ; dealing with …
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Elsewhere event is found only in the sense of ' issue,' ' result,' Wis 8" ' [Wisdom] foreseeth . . . the events of seasons and times ' (^x/Jdo-fis) ; 2 Mac 9-^ ' expect what shall be the event ' (rd airo^riabixe- vov). I'liis, which is the common meaning of Lat. event%is, is most frequent in writers of the time of AV, …
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EVIL. — This word is likely to become obsolete except in the theological sense of the doctrine of evil (for which see SlN).t In AV it is freely used as subst., adj., and adverb. 1. As subst., often in immed. antithesis to ' good,' as Gn 2" ' the tree of knowledge (RV ' the knowledge ') of good and evU' (y-ii 31E) ; 2 E…
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and Herbert, The Temple : ' Faith,' 1. 43— • What though my bodie runne to dust? Faith cleaves unto it, counting every grain With an exact and most particular trust. Reserving all for flesh again.' 2. As verb frequently. Notice Ps 89*" ' The enemy shall not exact upon him ' (u K-orrfS, RVm ' do him violence ') ; the…
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Gal 1" (jrfpi<r<rori?pu!) ; and ' exceedingly the more,' 2 Co 7" ' e. tlie more joyed we ' (irepio-croT^pui /idWoK ixifnt^^')- Notice al.so ' very exceedingly,' Gn 27" 'And Isaac trembled very e.' (pns: Tin;) iNS-iV r['^-[: .T;-;n, lit., as AV^m, 'trembled with a great trembling greatly'; LXX, i^iaT-q Si 'I<ro4a (KffTa…
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1. There can be no doubt that from the 1st cent, onwards the word was an official title, but there is no proof that it was always so used. For instance in Jos., although in Ant. XVIII. viii. 4, XX. i. 2 we find the technical sense, in Ant. IV. vi. 8 (u> KpaTLaroi i>eaviu>y) it is certainly not so used, whUe in the dedi…
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EXCHANGER.— See Money. EXCOMMUNICATION is the name applied to the temporary or permanent exclusion, for errors of doctrme or morals, of a member of a Church from the privileges of its coininunion. The word is not used either in AV or KV, but the practice which it describes meets us in NT, both in the case of the Jewis…
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The Corinthian letters picture a loose organiza- tion, without formal oflicers, in which discipline is administered, now by the Corintliians, now by St. Paul himself. There is no definite rule of procedure. The general princijile is laid do^vn in 1 Co 5'''=, and special apjilication is made ace. to the circum- st.ances…
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• Where pain of unextingfuishable fire Must exercise us wittiout hope of end ' ; and Par, Reg. L 156 — * But first I mean To exercise him in the wilderness.' Ab a tubst. : 1. Wis 8" ' in the exercise of conference with her, prudence ' (iv avyyviivaaif 6/iiX(o5, RV ' a.ssiduons communing,' RVm ' practice of communion…
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We may go further, and say that whatever may be objected against the general facts of the Exodus, the list of stations (or mansiones) in the wilder- ness which is given in Nu has every appearance of being part of a conventional itinerary or pilgrim book, and is therefore susceptible of identilication and verification, …
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ii. FitoM EoYl'T TO Sinai.— After cros.sing the frontier of Egypt the Israelites go three days in the wilderness and find no water. It has "been suggested that thej' went by the /cy route right across the plateau of the Tib to Akabah, and that this Akabah (or Elath, as it is called in OT) is the Elim of the itinerary, …
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The second passage (Nu 20"''"^') records Edom'a refusal to allow a passage through his territory to the children of Israel, in consequence of wnich they journeyed ' by the way to the Red Sea to compass the land of Edom ' (Nu 21^). Comparing this with Dt 2', very similar Ian<juage is there used to describe a compassing …
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But against accepting this view of the journey, it may be argued as follows : The two stations in Nu 'S'S^-*^ which follow Ezion-geber are the wilder- ness of Zin (Kadesh) and Mt. Hor. The.se verses imply that, after reaching the (iulf of Akabah, instead of bearing eastward as above described the children of Israel ret…
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LiTBRATURR. — OoDimentariefl on the Books of Nu and Dt, especially those of Dillmann in the Kurzgef. Exerf. Handb. z. Alten Testament and Driver on Dt in the Intemat. Crit. Comin., may be consulted for further information. Trumbull's Kadesh-Bamea discusses the whole route from Ej<>-pt to Canaan, and contains a full lis…
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Durplac*d pataane. — The J portions of 3 and 41-12 prob. stood originally before 4^. Tabweh ha^ already told Moses in iluiian (i^ to go back to Egypt, and the theopliany accordingly seems to b«loDg to Goshen, or (better) to the journey thither. C. Parallels and Contrasts. Each iet 1b marked with the same letter nnder…
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D. Other Cities to the Aiialysis. J — That generation 16 (in P always plur.); mighty 17.8.20b Gn 2610 Nu 220 etc. ; come, or go to l^" (in 113f. ' 381«' ; falleth out 110 Gn 42<- 33 491 ; enemies (haters) im Gn 2400 ; laskmasten liif cf. 3' 66. 10. lar. • ; aOlict l" cf. 8' 48i ; who made thee a pHncel 214 cf. Nu 16" …
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P — (a) Moses and Aaron lead the whole congrega- tionld'' with a high hand 14' ; (b) not by Isthmus because deliberately turned back 14'"* to give occa- sion for a wonder, and Pharaoh pursues because hardened ♦•••" cf. I C 1 ; (c) Moses' hand was stretched forth "»• "*• "', and the waters were divided miraculously, no…
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^ / j^\ Qq(1 193^ 17. ii> 2u'* '"• ^' -' 21*' " 22*** ^*'' " *° Lxx» 24"" 31'*'' (cf. DUh) comes I9» 20» (c) in a thick cloud 19»" 20"'-'" cf. U*" 33" Nu 11» I'i" Dt 31">B (d) to the mount of God 24" (cf. I C J), (e) that the people may HEAR 19"- '» 20'- '». (f) So Moses has to sunctify the PEOPLE 19'"'-'*'-, (g) an…
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810 EXODUS EXODUS E— /VotM, 80", i!e« no a: lord of (wife, etc), Deb. ba'al, RV marritd, owner, etc 21>- »». «. 2a»b 34.V38 228.lif.l4f. 2414 Qn 2()> 87i» Nu 21»* Job 2411 In J only once, in the poem Gn 49" ; bondtcoman 2» 21'. *>■ *f. W (Heb. word never used by J) ; stress on severity of Qod 2321 3233 Nu 23i» Joa 2…
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HI The Dwelling. HI 0 A.261S gifts asked . a. 354-9 a. 35*88 workmen in\'ited b. ioi» 6. 9-19: gifts presented . c. ™-2a t 20.29 C. siiu Bezalel. etc. d. 30-3U1 d. 30.391 gifts linished e. 362-' e. 362-7 E. 261" curuius f S-19 k. 37if-: p 16-30 boards g 20.34 «. 3818-21! G. 8if- veU . h! …
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ii. The Lciditii; lileris. — The Heb. «Titer8 are not mere annalists, but interpreters of history. Hence thi-ir permanent value. They may be criticised as chroniclers of outward events, but tliey sought and found God everywhere, and they iihiile to hiuid im their secret. In all tliree dociiiii<-iits we lind the same fu…
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The first of tne series (No. 2422), from which we shall quote, was evidently employed to exorcise the demon of a man who was suffering from leprosy. • Id thy name I form a heavenly cure for AchdebuJ the son of Achathabu of Daithos, by the compassion of Heaven. Amen, Amen, Selah. Bound, bound, bound shall be all the ma…
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• The Ritual for exorcism may here be appended. The priest, having arrayed himself in the otflcial robes, first sprinkles the de- moniac with holy water and then recites the prayer of the litany of all saints, the paternoster, and Ps 53 ; after this the twoor(UMm««, in which he makes the sign of the cross over the demo…
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EXPIATION.— See Atonbment, PROPi'nATiON. EXPOSURE.— See Crimes and Ponishmknts. EXPRESS.— Only He 1* 'the express im,age of his person ' (xapa/cr^p, RV ' the very image,' llVm ' the impress') ; and Wis 14" ' they . . . made an express image of a king ' {i^ipavTj tUbva, RV ' a visible image '). On x<»pa»oT)p see Westc…
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The fig. references to the eye are many and varied. As the chief means of contact with the outer world, tbi eye is the source of pleasurable sensations and the principal avenue of tempta- tion (Gn 3«, Pr 27^, Ezk 242>, 1 Jn 2'«). Know- ledge is the opening of the eyes (Gn 3', Ps 119", Epli l'«). The prophet was first …
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EZEKIEL EZEKIEL 816 Erk ; the picture is partly supplemented by the i29th ch. of Jer. Those carried captive were the (lite of the nation ; and they seem to have lived in tolerably easy circumstances, enjoying a large measure of freedom and self-goveninient, forming a little world Df their own, and cherishing a passi…
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•The MT gives u the <lBt« 'the ISth year' of Jchoiachln't captivity, i.f. &&4. But it is hardly credible that tlie trani- niiiwlon of the news should have been delayed so loinr as 18 months, and hence the reading '11th year'"found In th« Hyr. and some Heb. MSS is generally regarded a« oomot. 81C EZEKIEL EZEKIEL at …
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There is, however, another feature of E.'s work which cannot be wholly explained by the novelty of his position, and has sometimes been regarded as the result of abnormal physical states to which the prophet was subject. Amongst the most per- plexing references in the book are those ti a spell of ' dumbness,' which lay…
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the word of God to Israel, hia inspiration being set forth under the 8>-mbol of eating' the roll of a book (chs. 2i-3l») ; third (alttr an interval of 7 daysj, a more precise definition of his office ae that of a watcliman to warn every individual of his dan^'ei (3i'>-2i); lastti/, a second ecstasy^ in which he receive…
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h. The next eight chapters (25-82) consist of prophcoiet against the foreign nations (seven In number) lying inunedialely round the land of Canaan ; viz. Ammon, Moab, ICdom, and th« Philistines (25), Tyro (26-28»»), Sidon (28»«). and Egypt (2'J 3?' ms EZEKIEL EZEKIEL The Insertion oJ these oracles in this place is …
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^' in the beautiful lament over the banished princec of the royal house, ch. 19), as well as by the many fine images which occur throughout the book. His first conceptions, indeed, are almost invariably beautiful and true, although to our minds their sesthetic eti'ect is frequently lost through over- elaboration. E. i…
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But the part of hzekiel's work that was destined to have the most direct and powerful historical influence was the ideal emlx)die<t in the vision of chs. 40-48. The unique significance of that re- markable creation lies in the fact that under the form of a Messianic prophecy it presents the ecbeme of a politico-religio…
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to its canonical authority as late as the 1st cent. A.D. According to one tradition, it narrowly escaped being ' hidden ' {i.e. reduced to the rank of an apocryphal work) for this reason, hut was saved from that fate by one Hananiah ben-Hezekiah, wlio reconciled the discrepancies. Unfortunately, the works of this self-…
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E. is called the priest, the priest-scribe, and in 2 Es the prophet. He was of a priestly family, but, as his work was chiefly that of the scribe, that designation gradually supersedes the others. E. represents in a way the transition from the prophet to the scribe, but his prophetic functions are not conspicuous excep…
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On the second day's reading the peojile licard the directions for observing the feast of booths. Stejis were taken at once to celebrate this feast, and the reading of the law was continued on each day of its observance. Two dsys later a great fast wa8 held, the people separttting themselves from strangers, and confessi…
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• See Wellhausen, Itr. u. JUd. Oach. p. 108 n. ; Kncneo, Cntimie d« L'A ncunx Test. p. 610. t There is an article in TSUA 11. pt. 1, In which the wrlt«f argues from the chronology that E. and Neh. came to Jenu. to- gether. The argument Is more Ingenious than convincing. I .See Baer, Litrri Danielit Szra <( Xeh, pp. …
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Ezr 10 is the proper continuation of the pre- ceding section of E, but Ezra is spoken of in the third person. All efibrts to explain this change of person as due to Ezra have been hopeless failures.! The force of the fact lies in the change taking place right in the middle of the narrative without any explicable cause.…
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48_Qi8 This passage is written in the Aram, language, and is a portion of a more or less com- plete history of these times written originally in Araraaic-t The compiler, linding his best sources for this period in Aramaic, incorporated consider- able portions without translation. In its present arrangement, however, th…
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Zecli. says : ' The hands of Zerub. have laid the foundation of this house: his hands sliall also finish it'(4«), referring to the laying of the foundation just accomplished. Two years later he said : ' Let your hands be strong, ye that hear in these days these words from the mouths of the prophets, which were in the d…
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The hrst part of these books was undoubtedly the genuine memoirs E and N. To these, other material was added from time to time, to complete as far as possible the history of the restoration. It is highly probable that Neh 8-10, which we have seen reason to believe a revised edition of portions of E, was originally a pa…
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EZRI ("^ii). — David's superintendent of agri- culture (1 Ch 21^). EZRIL (B 'EfpefX, A -<-, AV Esril), 1 Es »" ; AzAREL in Ezr 10". * On the value o( these books, see Byle, Ezra and J/A. Introd. 1 11. FADLE FACT 825 F FABLE is nsnally defined (with Dr. Johnson in his lite of Gaj') to be ' a narrative in which be…
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The face or countenance as the noblest part of the person was used to mean presence, and is often BO translated. From the imiuied invitation or per- mission to approach (Est 4"), it came to mean favour, acceptance. On the other hand, the with- held or averted face was equivalent to disapproval or rejection (Ps 13' 27»8…
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J. Hastings. FAINT.— From /etn< the ptcp. of Old Yr.feindre to feign, faint signified first ' feigned,' ' pretended,' as Earl Rivers, Dictes, 144, ' He that loueth the FAIES with feynt lone.' But it passed early into the sense of weak : whether (1) as a purely physical state, as Gn 25'' ' Esau came from the field, an…
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The most common construction of pcNn is with the preposition 3, and in this construction its fundamental meaning seems to be most fully ex- pressed. It is probably never safe to represent this phrase by the simple 'believe' ; the preposition rather introduces the person or thing in which one believes, or on which one b…
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828 FAITH FAITH are the object of His people's confidence. God Himself is the ohject to which they believingly tarn, or on whom they rest in assured trust, in some eleven cases. In two of these it is to Him as a faithful witness that faith believingly turns (Dt 9^, Is 43'»). In the remainder of them it 18 upon His v…
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The disparity in the use of the terms 'faith' and ' believe ' in the two Testaments is certainly in a formal aspect very great. In contrast with their extreme rarity in OT, they are both, though some- what unevenly distributetl and varying in relative frequency, distinctly characteristic of the whole NT language, and o…
947 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.