PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 121
William P. Dickson. AMPLIATUS ('AaiitXiotos, RV correctly with y A B F G, Vulg. Boh. Orig., for TR 'AmtXiSs, D E L P, AV Amplias, the abbrev. form). — A Chris- tian greeted by St. Paul (Ro 16') as the ' beloved in the Lord.' It is a very common Roman slave name. (Lightfoot, Philippians, p. 172; CIL vi. 4899, 5154, etc…
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AMULETS AMULETS 89 the Oriental mind familiar with this amulet faith, the words seem very natural, 'lie strong' in the Lord, and in the I'ower of His nii^dit.' ' I'erfect love casteth out fear.' ' I can do all tliinf,'3 in Him that stren<;theneth me.' Thus the a. has a true word of jiower, for it teaches, 'When I am…
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ANAH (njy). — i. A daughter of Zibeon, and mother of Oholibamah, one of Esau's wives. On 3g2. u. 18. » (H). The mention of a daughter in this genealogical list has been used to prove that kinship amongst the Horites was traced tlirougli women (\V. R. Smith in Journal of Philology, ix. p. 50). As is pointed out, however…
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The first part of the word Anammelech contains perhaps the name of the Bab. god of the sky, or of a third of the sky, Anu. The whole name is taken by Schrader (KAT'', 1883, p. 284) to mean ' Anu is prince,' but the meaning is doubtful. Possibly the writer of Kings meant by the name to identify the Bab. Anu with the Amm…
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LiTERATURR.— Baur, Paulut, i. 28 fl. ; Neander, Planting o, Chrtsdamti/, Bohn's tr. i. 27 ff. ; Weizsacker, Apott, Age, i. 24, 55 f. : Comm. of Aliord, Meyer, etc. 8. See preceding article. 9. The high priest before whom St. Paul was brought by Claudius Lysias (Ac 23'"'-), and whose outrageous conduct upon this occasi…
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J. Hastings. ANCIENT OF DAYS (ppV p-nv). — A common Syriac expression, used three times of the Divine Being in Daniel (7"- "■ ^), at first without the article (wrongly inserted by AV in v.*), and meaning simply 'old,' 'aged,' (see RV). The expression has no reference to the eternity of God, and does not bear upon the …
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Briefly summuifled, the literature consists of : — (1) Acta Ajuirfoeet Matthaf\{OT ilatthiae),^. by Tischendorf , Act. Apost. Apocr. Matthew or Matthias is a captive in the land of the Anthropopha(;ri. Christ sends A. to rescue him : and then assumes the t^ise of a seaman and takes A. and hia disciples (who seem to be…
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A. C. Hkadlam. ANEM (cjv), 1 Ch 6" only.— A town of Issachar, noticed with Ramoth. It appears to answer to Kngannim (which see) in the pariiUel list (Jos 21^) but might perhaps represent the village of 'Antn on the hills west of the plain of Esdraelon. This place, which is well watered — whence perhaps its name, 'two …
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go before thee' (Ex S2^ S."?'). But how these last pa-ssages are to be interpreted appears fnmi Ex 33"- "(14'") 'My face (1 myself) shall go wiili thee' . . . ' if thy face (thou tliyscli) go not with us, carry us not up hence.' The ' angel of His face ' (presence) is not an angel who sees His face or stands before it,…
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iv. It belongs less to the sphere of redemptive history than to the conception of the majesty of J" the King (Is C), when God is represented as surrounded by a court in heaven, by multitudes of ministers that do His pleasure, and armies that execute His commands. He has a 'council' (nto Ps 89', cf. the four and twenty …
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fireting angel is one among a thousand (5'), and 4" lis 'servants' are also his 'angels' (messengers). Naturally, however, as the idea of ministering hosts belongs to the conception of J" as .sovereign, some of the bre.idth with which the idea is ex- pressed may be due to the iioetical religious ima- gination, as when …
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vi. Two further developments complete what is said in OT of angels — (1) a moral distinction appears among the angels ; and (2) a distinction of rank. The first distinction is not carried far, and the second naturally follows from the idea of an army or host. In the earliest period angels seem morally neutral, they are…
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ANGEL ANUEK (WRATH) OF GOD 97 87«, T« 30'), Ps 74'»-'», l8 27> (Job 40»-», Ps 6S"), Job 7", Am 9»-« (Ezk 29''' Si-"") ; also Job 25» 'He makelii peace in His lii"li places.' These passages contain reminiscences of Cosmic or Creation mytlis, victories of God, the principle of light and order, over the primeval darknes…
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A. B. Davidson. ANGELS OF THE SEVEN CHURCHES.— If these angels are men, they cannot be less than bishops ruling their several churches. In favour of this, we have — (1) Mai 2' 3', where the words may be used of men ; (2) the i^2)f n'^^'f, who, however, was not an officer of the synagogue, but one of the congregation c…
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latest parts of the Pent. (Lv 10=, N-i !«• 18»; cf. Ex 12'» 30'^ Nu 8'"— all from P). The Book of Genesis, remarkably enough, has no men- tion of the wrath of God, though its equivalent is there in repeated manifestations of God s judgment on sin (expulsion from Eden, cursing of the ground, flaming sword, the Flood, So…
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ANIM (D'4V), Jos 15"* only. — A town of Judab, in the mountains near Eshtemoh. It seems prob- able that it is the present double ruin of Ghuuvin, west of Eshtemoh. The Heb. and Arab, guttural letters are equivalent. In the 4th cent. a.d. (Onomasticon, s.v. Anab and Astemcc) Anea or Anem is noticed as a large town near …
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ANNAS ('Aci-ot, ijo ' merciful.' Josephus'Ai'OFot), 100 ANNAS ANOINTING — 1. Son of Seth, appointed high priest A.D. 6 or 7 l>y the legate Quirinius, and deposed A.D 15 by the procurator Valerius Gratus (Jos. Ant. xvill. ii. 1, 2). He thus lost office, but not power. ' They say that this elder An anus was most fort…
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ANOINTING.— 1. The application of unguents to the skin and hair as an act of the toilet is an ancient custom ; the oldest prescription extant is for this purpose, and professes to date from about B.C. 4200. Among the Jews a. was a daily practice (Mt 6"), the oil being applied to exposed parts (P8 104"), soothing the sk…
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7. Priests were set apart by a. In the case of Aaron, and probably all hit'li priests, this was done twice : first by pouring the holy oil on his head after his robing, but before the sacrifice of consecration (Lv 8", Ps 133') ; and next by sprinkling after the •acrifice (Lv 8*°). The ordinary priests were only sprinkl…
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of apology or defence (Gr. diroXoyla) in 1 Co 9" mine %. (RV 'my defence') to them that do examine 7. TheodulluB, Epise. Aurel. Capit. de Presb., cd. Migne, 193 ; Ito CarnotenBis, Uecret. vi. 121. A. MaCALISTEE. ANON, a contraction for ' in one,' is used in AV for ' in one moment ' (R V ' straightway '). Mt 13™ 'a. w…
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With reference to the wisdom and foresight of the ant there has been much discussion. Although not expressly stated that the ' meat' which the ant 'prepares' in the summer is for winter use, it is generally agreed that such is the meaning of the passage. The Greeks, Romans, Arabian natural- ists, and Jewish rabbis cont…
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Ants also have accurate methods of division of labour. To the younger ones are assigned some of the lighter tasks, while the older ones engage in the more serious and laborious work. In some cases individuals are appointed to collect honey and store it in large sacs in their bodies, to be distributed to their idle mast…
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andria (BJ ill. ii. 4)— that she entered the history of Christianity. Antiochean Jews and proselyte Greeks must have come under the influence of the apostles' ministry in Jerus. Nicolas ' a proselyte of A.' was one of the seven deacons (Ac6'). Upon the persecution that arose ahout Stephen, the disciples were scattered …
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food and trusty supporters ; many thousands of ews were settled in the cities of Phrygia (Jos. Ant. XII. iii. f.; Cicero, pro Flacco, 28. 66-8); and a synagogue at Antioch is mentioned Ac 13'^ The influence ascribed to the ladies of Antioch (Ao 13**) is characteristic of Phrygia and Asia Minor generally, where women en…
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K. W. Moss. ANTIOCHUS III. ('the Great') was the son ol Seleucus K.allinicus (B.C. 24G-226), and succeeded to the throne of Syria on the death of liis brother, Seleucus Keraunus (B.C. 223). Immediately after his accession he made war upon Egypt ; and in two successive canijiaigns he led his army as far as Dora, a few m…
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A decree was then promulgated by A. through- jut his kingdom that in religion, law, and custom 'all should be one people' (1 Mac 1"; Polyb. xxxviii. 18). In Judaea alone the edict seerns to have met with serious opposition. Accordingly the observance of the Saboath, circumcision, and abstinence from unclean food were s…
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R. W. Moss. ANTIOCHUS ¥. {ECrdrup, 'bom of a noble f%ther') succeeded his father, A. Epiphanes, in AJS^riOCHUS VI. AXVIL 107 B.C. 164, at the age of 9 (App. Syr. 46, 66) or of U (Euseb. Chron. Arm. i. 34S) years. Kpipli. had appointed his foster-brother (2 Mac U^) I'hilip as his son's guardian (1 Mac 6'^ " ; Jos. A…
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Autii>as does not occ«r In the list* of the 70 disciples (Pseud. -Dorotheus, Solomon of Brtsra), but Andrcaa find Aretiias, the conimentatore on the Auot^alypse, speak of lia\ ing read the acts of hie martyrdom- These are to he found in the Acta Sanctorum, April 11 (April, torn. ii. pp. 2, 4, an<I 9(i7). They are rliet…
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' When those that lewd and wicked ut spring quickly up like ^raas. And workere of iniquity do flourish all apace.* * Gallop apac«, you fiery-footed steeds.' Shaks. licnn. arid Jul. til. 2. 1. ' Bmall weeds have grace, great weeds do prow apace.' Rich. It I. ii. 4. 13. J. Hastings. APAME {'Ardiiii). — Daughter of …
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APHEKAH (••tijsi;).— A city not yet clearly identi- fied. It may have been in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15"), but is probably the same place as Aphek 1. W. Ewing. APHERRi ('Ai^ppd), 1 Es 5".— His descendants were among the ' sons of Solomon's servants ' who returned with Zerubbabel. This name, with the five precedin…
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2. But Prophecy and Apocalyptic differ in the following respects : — (1) I'rophecii still believes that this world is God's world, and that in this world His goodness and truth will yet be justified. Hence the proiilict addresses himself chielly to the present anu its concerns, and when he addresses himself to the fut…
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The chief Apocalyptic writings which will be treated of in this Dictionary are — 1. Apocalypse of Baruch, a composite work written 50-90 A.D. in Palestine, if not in Jerus., by four Pharisees. Preserved only in S3rriac. 2. Ethiopic Book of Enoch, written originally in Heb. by at least five ^Jasid authors, 200-64 B.C.…
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1. In the New Testnment. 2. In the Eastern Cliurch- a. Orij^nal Usage. b. Scholarly Theory. e. Manuscripts. d. Versions. «. The Ijitcr Greek Churcb. 8. In the Western Church. a. Roman. b. Protestant. Vdlo. r.xx OraiL. Hn. Cod. Vat. (B). Cod. AUa. (A)k Pent Pent Pent 1-6. Pen* L • Torah ' (Law)— Jot …
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There was, however, another way in which the love of hidden things and reverence for antiquity could be a<ijusted. Instead of hidden meanings in openly published books, it was possible to think or pnvate teachings, by the side of the public, committed by patriarch or prophet to the few, and handed on to the present in …
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It is a striking fact that while official Judaism rejected these hidden books, and declared for tlie exclusive recognition of the 24 books of the Canon, it yet proceeded to claim for itself the possession of an oral law which Moses delivered to Joshua when he gave the Pent, openly to Israel, and which passed on through…
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114 APOCRYPHA APOCRYPHA kingdom were disclosed by its realisation. Yet this faith gained a slow and hard victory. In two ways the love of mysteries and of tlie books that contained thera was fostered. (a) The Christian religion made its start in the Jewish world in close connexion with the Messianic ideas as they h…
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Clement of Ale.x. uses Ass. Mos. and 4 Ezr, and also many other prophetic A. unknown to us. He was a warm defender of the value of secret traditions, and used not only Jewish, and even heathen, but Christian secret books. He believed in a secret tradition entrusted by Christ to His disciples, and valued it highly {Stro…
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The Chronography of Nieephonia (patriarch of Constantinople 806-^15), In a revised fonn which originated in Jerus. about 860, contains a stichometric list of Biblical books which has inner marks of a much earlier dat« (Zahn, 'perhaps before 6U0'). It contains (1) the can. books of OT and of NT; (2) the antile- ffomena …
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The usage of I'rotestantism is prepared by Carlstadt in his Pe canoniris scnpfuns, 1.V20. He reviews the opinions of Augustine and .lerorne. and sides with the bitter in respect both to the intiT- jtretation of the word and its api)lication to our A. Not uncertainty of authorsbij*, but simply noD-canonicity, is the mea…
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(6) The Apocrypha in relation to the Hagio- grapha.— That the three divisions of the Jewish Canon (compare the list at the beginning of this article) represent three successive collections, widely separated in time, and that they stood originally, in the Jewish view, in a decreasiu'' order of authority and importance, …
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2. Use of the Ai'ocryi'ha and its relation TO THE Canon.— (a) In Hellenistic Juilaism.— The a'' books are found in all MSS of the LXX, scattered among the books of the Heb. Canon without discrimination. These MSS are, indeed, all of Christian origin, and some of tliera even contain Christian songs; but, apart from thes…
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The step from Sir to the Hellenistic Wis is not great. Here, too, the Law is the supreme revelation (e.g. 18*), t and here, too, in answer to prayer (cf. Sir 39°), the spirit of wisdom is given to men, that spirit which is the life and reason of the world, and which 'generation after generation enters into holy souls a…
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But it was especially the Maecabayin crisis that sharpened the contrast between the two tendencies. The desecration of the temple by Antiochus was the occasion of the war. The recovery and recon- secration of the temple was the great deed of • Ootteadiemtlichen Fvrtrage der Judm 2 Aufl. 1892, p. 106. APOCKYPKA APOCR…
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It is evident that the later marks of Pharisaism (cf. Ac 23'"") were not uniformly present. Legalism stands as the characteristic mark. 'This is the book of the commandments of God, and the law that endureth for ever. All they that hold it fast are destined for life, but such as leave it shall die' (Bar 4'). And since …
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Jewish (Heb.) Canon. That the LXX was a tr. of the Heb. was, of course, never lost sight of, but it was an inspired tr., sanctified by Christian use from the apostles onwards. The discrepancy between the two was obvious, and yet could not be given its natural weight. The question of the status of the A. depended upon t…
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APOCRYPHA APOCRYPHA 121 {Hmr. 7«, cf. Uctr. 86, de m^nM. 4). He thus provides for the practical reco^ition of all the A. except Mac and Pr. Man. There are still other booka, ajtoer^pha proper, some of which the Seventy traDslate, upoa which be does DOt wboUy shut the door (de rmru. 5. 10). Alhanatn'uSt in his 30th …
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The .4 rmenian version also draws no line between Canon and A. (e) The Later Gr. Church.— The views of the Fathers of the E.astem Church could not be without permanent inlluence, but their failure to reach consistency made it possible for the LXX to retain its currency. At the time of the Reformation some Eastern scho…
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Casnicdorus {liutitutio, etc., chs. xii.-xiv., c. 544 A.D.) gives Jerome's (Ueb.) Can., then Augustine's, and finally the Can. of the antiqua (ra7W!^afio, which represents Lat. usage before Jerome, \iz. t:n-<Jb ; Ps, Sol 5 (Pr, Wis, Sir, Ec, Ca); Prophets ; Job, To, Est, Jth, 1. 2 Es, 1. 2 Mac. The two groups are to be…
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This consistent position is deserted by modem Catholics for the unhistorical view that the LXX Can. was the original one, which was shortened by Jews for an antichristian purpose ; so that the words proto-can. and deutero-can. reverse the true state of the case, and have not even an historical justification (Kaulen, in…
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(1648) : 'The books commonly called A., not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the Can. of the Scripture ; and therefore are of no authority in the Chmch of God, nor to be in any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human waitings. This means the exclusion of the A from the Bible and from use in Cliu…
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4. At 2 Mac 12' A., ' son of Gennsns,' appears as one of the local commandants who, notwith- standing the covenant that the Jews should have rest and leave to observe their own laws, continued to vex them, and to countenance such attacks on their liberties as the treacherous massacre at Joppa, which Judas hastened to a…
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In the spring of 57, A. having returned to Ephesus, we learn from 1 Co (see esp. 1'^ and 3°) that there were divisions amon" the Christians at Corinth, the names of Paul and A. (as well as of Peter) being used as those of party leaders.* The question at issue may have been only as to the relative importance of Paul and…
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The OT conceptions respecting Abaddon may be gathered from a comparison of the passages Job 20'> 28=^ 31". In the hrst of these the word Abaddon stands in parallelism with SheOl or the underworld (Hades), just as we find in Pr 15". Delitzsch in his comment on this la.st pas.sage endeavours to draw a distinction between…
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The work of the apostle was (1 Co 1") to preach, or (2 Co 5**, Eph 6''"') to be an ambassador on be- half of Christ. He was (Lk 24^) to be a witness to all nations, and (Mt 28") to make disciples of them, so that the whole world was his mission field. There is no authentic trace (legends in Ens. HE iii. I, and apocryph…
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APPEAL.— I. In the Old Testament.— There is no provision made in the OT for appeal in the proper sense of the word, that is, for the recon- sideration by a hif^her court of a case already tried. The distinction made in the Law between the com- petence of higher and lower courts is of a different nature. A ' great matte…
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J. Hastings. APPHIA. — A Christian lady of Colossa-, a membiT of the household of Philemon, very probalily his wife. Iler memorj* is honoured in the Greek Church on Nov. 22, as having been stoned to death at Colossa; with i'liilrnion, Archippus, and Onesimus in the reign of Niru ; but the authority for this fact is un…
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The 'pictures of silver' (Pr 25") in which .apples of gold are said to be placed, may have been filigree silver baskets for fruit. The Oriental silversmiths excel in thi! manufacture of such ware. G. E. Post. APPLE OF THE EYE (lit. •child [[W'x, dim. of ^'x man] of the eye ' ; sometimes nj ' daughter of the eye.' Ps …
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APRON (n^'iiq, Gn 3' ; aiiuKlvBiov {semicinctium), Ac 19'^). — "The OT instance is sufficiently explained by the context. That of Ac 19'" was a wrn|)per of coloured cotton, in shape and size resembling a bath-towel, worn by hshermen, potters, water- carriers, sawyers, etc., as a loin-cloth; worn also by grocers, bakers…
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130 AQUILA'S VERSION ARABAH account of tome great danger tliey had run on Paul's behalf, the warmth of the apostle's greeting proving, further, the general esteem in which tliey were held (Ko W). Eight years later we lind them again at Ephesus (2 Ti 4'"). The frequency of these changes of abode has caused diliiculty…
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On the E. the Arabah is bounded by the high escarpment of Edom (Mount Seir), often broken through by deep ravines which descend from the table-land of the Arabian desert ; except along these ravines, the valley is almost destitute of herbage. On the W. side the Arabah is bounded by terraced cliffs of cretaceous limesto…
946 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.