PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 421
In determining what the bonnet was: (1) we find it distinguished from the miznepheth or turban of the high priest, on the compactly folded front of which the gold plate lay fastened with a cord (S-n? Ex 28*'-''), a leas ornate form being worn on the Great Day of Atonement (Lv 16*). (2) It was highly ornamental ' for gl…
962 wordsSECTION 422Section 422
2. ' Born again ' in 1 P 1» (RV ' having been begotten again,' as P) is one word in the Gr. (oi-o- ytvuiu) ; in Jn 3'-' ' born again ' (RV ' born anew ') two words {ftfriuj HvwOev) ; but that the compound word in 1 V !•■ "» is an exact eiiuivalent of the two words in Jn .3''', and lliat therefore ii>/u9ti'='anew' here,…
922 wordsSECTION 423Section 423
BOUGH Dt 24" AVm, 'when thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not bough it ' (text 'thou shalt not go over the boughs again '). This is the only example of a verb ' b.' in this sense, and It has been missed by Oxf. Eng. Dirt. It is formed directly from the noun in imitation of tlie Heb. (in?? from fr]K3 a bough). …
906 wordsSECTION 424Section 424
BOWL. — 1. A vessel of this sort, a hollow dish in which to receive the milk of the flock and present the simple family meal, is indispensable for even the lowest stage of nomad life, tor these purposes the primitive Hebrews, like the wandering tribes of today, doubtless used bowls of wood instead of fragile earthenwar…
984 wordsSECTION 425Section 425
juniper, J. mnarocarpa, »iDin. et Sra. ; the plum-fruited juniper, J. drupacea. Lab. ; any one of which wouhf do for tias/tshur. It is useless to come to the LXX for light, as it translates the word in one passage Xei'/ti;, the white poplar, arul in another «^5pos, the cedar. The positive determination of the tree is …
1,344 wordsSECTION 426Section 426
6. njB i» used repeatedly by P of the ' branches ' of the golden candlestick in the tabernacle, Ex 25" 37'8 etc. In NT four Gr. words are tr. ' branch.' 1. Patov, Jn 12" (cf. 1 Mac 13"). Palm Sunday ia called in the Greek Church ^ KvpiaK^ tC>v ^aXav. 2. K\d5os, Mt 13'" etc., used figuratively of descend- ants, e.g. of…
1,018 wordsSECTION 427Section 427
{B) Symbolical. — 1. {Dazzling heat and drought) Dt 28^ ' Thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass.' 2. (Strength, resistance) Job 6" 'Is my flssh of brass'? 'his (behemoth's §) bones are as ■tubes of brass,' Job 40'" RV ; he (leviathan ||) 'counteth brass as rotten wood,' Job 41". Z. (Power) Ps 107" ' He hath b…
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J. Hastin<;s. BREAD (anS lehem, i/rrot). — i. A word used in the Bible in several senses — 1. As food In general, of animals, as Job 24^ and Is 663s ; or of man, an Gn Slv, where the word is flrvt used. See also Gn -4713, Job 3^P) ct^ In the sense of solid food as op(>i>sed to drink, Ps lOli^. In the sense uf the bar…
1,037 wordsSECTION 429Section 429
2 S n**), and called by the Arabs /eriA: (see also 2 K 4*^), the best ears for the purpose being grown in highly cultivated garden-land (Lv 2", Targ. Ibn G'an4ch). The word hittah in the singular usually means the cereal as growing, and is used in the plural for the cut and winnowed grain. It was sown either broadcast …
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iii. Bread-corn of any sort is called Jj^, and this word is often associated with wine as descriptive of fertility (Gn 27»«- ", Dt 7" 11" 12" 18« 28" 33-"*, 2 K 18", 2 Ch 31» 32^, Ps 4', Is 36", La 2>», Hos 2»-» 7", Hag 1", Zee 9", Jl l'«- ", Neh 5» 10»»). Grain when winnowed and stored is called n;, as Gn 41» 42», Pr …
1,278 wordsSECTION 431Section 431
The first dough of the new harvest was made into a cake, and ofl'ered as a heave-offering (Nu 15^). This ng-i;; was leavened ; some have sup- posed it to be coarse meal, but the rabbinical initlioritics understand it as leavened dough (see JJ'i/l'i). This ofleriiig is referred to in Neh H^ and Ezk 44*", where it is sta…
1,121 wordsSECTION 432Section 432
iv. Breaking bread was part of the funeral feast among the Jews, as among other nations (.ler It)' RV, Ezk 24", Hos 9^). Thus tlie funeral feast for Abner was kept at Hebron (2 S 3"). The funeral feast is also mentioned in the apocr. Ep. of Jer (Bar 6") ; and Tobit bids his son to ' pour out his b. on the burial of the…
1,039 wordsSECTION 433Section 433
W. E. IJarnes. BREASTPLATE OF THE HIGH PRIEST.— The mo.>it important part of the distinctive dress of the high priest, according to the Priests' Code, was the pectoral or brea-stplate ([yn, more fully !:?;'c(i) "n, Targ. k;-i |5'n (Arab, husn ed-din, 'excellency of judgment') L.KX \(ryioi> (var. Xntiov) TTit Kpiatu! or…
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5 arment (Wilkinson in Rawlinson'Sjfferorf.'ii. 113). OS. gives a description of it as worn in his time {Ant. UI. vii. 1. Cf. Kalisch on Ex 28*; Braun, De Vest. Sacerd. ffebr. 1680, lib. ii. cap. i. De e'DJDD Brachis Sacerdotum, with illustr. p. 450). A. R. S. Kennedy. BRETHREN OF THE LORD. — The phrase ' brother ' or …
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These words of Tertullian, himself strongly ascetic, which were written about the end of the 2nd cent., do not betray any consciousness that he is controverting an established tradition in favour of the perpetual virginity. And Origen (d. 253 A.D.), thougn upholding the virginity, and objecting to the phrase used above…
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and Mary the mother of James and Joses, as distinct persons, 'although some contend that the mother of James and Joses was His aunt.' (1) In the above argument of Jerome it is assumed that the word ' brother ' (dS<\^4i) may be used in the sense of cousin (ave^j/ibt, found in Col 4'"). The supporters of this theory do …
1,050 wordsSECTION 437Section 437
The words on which Jerome lays stress are Gal J18. ly tit,TJ\$ov eU 'lepoa^XufUL laToprjaat Kfj^dv Kal irep-etva 7rp6s aurdv ij/xipai SeKdwevre- ^repov 5i tup dtroaTdXojv ovk eloov, el fiij 'laKuj^ov rdv ddeX<pdv tov K vplov. But even if we give its usual force to el piri, it will not follow that St. James was included…
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(5) I take next two minor identifications, that of ' James the Less ' with the ' brother of the Lord,' and that of 'JouSas 'laKui^ov, of Lk 6" and Ac 1'^, with Jude the writer of the Epistle, who calls himself ' brother of James.' We have seen that Mary the mother of James tov fuKpoO and of Joses, in Mk IS", is probabl…
909 wordsSECTION 439Section 439
This is a promise of continued help on thi part of God until a certain end is secured. VVhen that end is secured tJod is no further bound by His promise, however much the patriarch might be justiliud in looking for further help from his general knowledge of the character and goodness of God. To take now a case similar …
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(2) It depends more upon the positive age than the relative age of brothers, whether the inter- ference of a younger with an elder is probable or improbable. When all have reached manhood and have settled in their different spheres, a few years' difference in age does not count for much. It might, however, be thought t…
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BRETHREN OF THE LORD BRETHREN OF THE LORD 32.') ■but . . . came also (as the Church piously Wieves) into the world 80 without doing violence to the virginal and pure body of His mother, that He did also leave her virginity entire.' * This miracle, Bupertluous as it is, and directly opposed to the words of St. Luke (2…
1,400 wordsSECTION 442Section 442
LlTRRATniR.— Fuller Information may be found in Bishop I>iffhtfoot'8 iliiwortation on the ilrethren of the IjOrd. admimhle alike for thoroiii;hnciw, '?IcartieHi4, anil fairness, which iscontaiiu^d in his Commentary on the KpistU to the Gaiatians, ed. 10, pp^ 326 BKIBERY BRIDE 253-291. It is from him I have borrowed…
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W. M. Flinders Petrie. BRIDE. — In patriarchal times the bride is com- monly chosen, not by the hride^om, but by his parents or friends, and they do not necessarily consult him. Abraham sends a confidential servant to find a bride for Isaac (Gn 24). Judah takes Tamar as a bride for his son Er (38*). Isaac in- structs …
1,043 wordsSECTION 444Section 444
• But lhl» la vcrj- uncertain (c(. Frd. Delitzscti, PnUq. ISO t. ; Nildeke, XDIIO, iseo, p. 737). W. R. Smilti (Kinthip, 292) makea kalUih = ■ one closed in.* riage (Dt 2u'), and for a year after marriage (Dt 24°, comp. Lk 14*). This points to the conclusion that in the case of adults the time of betrothal did not usu…
1,230 wordsSECTION 445Section 445
• Dr. Blanckenkorn discuasefl the process of formation of r?T>seou8 deposits in the Jordan valley : ' Enst. und Gesch. des Todten Meers,' ZHUch. d. DeuUch. falattina-Vereiru (ISM). f Tristram, Land qf iloab, p. 3B3. j Ant. xvii. vi. j Land o/ iloab, p. 242. The above is the temperature of the hottest of several spri…
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BROID, BROIDER.— I Ti 2» 'with broided hair' {ir T\iyiuiaiv, 'in plaits'). RV gives the mod. spelling ' braided,' as AV in Jth 10* ' braided the hair of her head,' for Coverdale's ' broyded.' Cf. — ' Hir yelow heer woa broyded in a trewe Behind hire back.' Chaucer, Enighft Tale, 1061. Broldered is given Ex 28* as tr…
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BROTHERLY LOVE Brotheriylove {<t>i\<xit\<pla) is the love which Christians cherish for each other as ' brothers.' The word ' brother ' has, according to Grimm, four senses in the NT. It is (1) brother by natural birth, as in Mt 4" ; (2) member of the same nation, as in Ro 9'; (3) fellow-man, as in Mt S**- ", though it…
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• Lit. 'aenselesa animals.' In Ac 2527 (t;v 'unreasonable') i>iryts is taken by Tha.ver and others in the sense of 'contrary Ui reason.' t 'Bruit' was th« SDellinfr of AV cd. 1611 in 2 P 2'=, but brute ' in Jude v. 10 2 P 2" Wyclif and Rheims NT have ' unreasonabla beasts,' Tindale, Cranmer, Geneva, and AV ' brut€ be…
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K. M. COYD. BUKKIAH (i.T|?2, full form of Bukki).— A Levite of the sons of Heraan, and leader of the sixth band or course in the temple service (1 Ch 2d*- ^}. BUL (""s, Bou\ A, Bui, 1 K es*).— See Time. BULL, BULLOCK, WILD BULL.— See Calf and Ox. B U L R U SH.— See Keed. BULWARK.— 1. ( = bole-work, i.e. a defence m…
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J. Millar. BURGLARY See Crimes. BURIAL in Bible lands followed speedily upon death. Among the Jews of the E. at the present day burial takes place, if possible, within twenty- four hours of death. Mohammedans bury their dead the same day, if death takes place in the morning; but if in the afternoon or at night, not t…
1,146 wordsSECTION 451Section 451
It was a great indignity for a corpse to remain unburied and become food for the beasts of prey (2 S 21"'- ", 1 K 13-» 14" 16* 21", 2 K 9'», Jer 7** 8' gsj 1416 164, Ezk 295, Ps 79^, Rev IP), and uncovered blood cried for vengeance (Ezk 24'"-; cf. also Ezk 39"'"), — the idea being the same as among other peoples, that …
1,090 wordsSECTION 452Section 452
Besides the heaping of stones on ordinary graves for protection, stones and pillars were set up as memorials of the dead (Ezk 39", 2 K 23", wtiere RV reads, ' What monument is that which I see ? ' Mid the reference is not toa titleoi inicriplion, but to a sepulchral pillar). Jacob set a pillar upon Rachel's grave (Gn …
1,057 wordsSECTION 453Section 453
The follo^ving are among the thorny shrubs which grow in Sinai : — Cajrparis spinosa, L. ; C. galeata, Fres.; Ochradenus baccata, D. C; Zizyphus Spina-Christi, L.; Acacia Nilotica, Del.; A. tortilis, Havne ; A. Seycd, Del. Any one of these shrubs or small specimens of the trees, which often assume a bushlike form, woul…
1,099 wordsSECTION 454Section 454
BY BYWAY 33£ the way,' very common in Eng. of the 17th cent, and earlier ; as Dt 1 1*' ' by the way where the sun goeth down' [Ti'i '1"-?) ; Lk 10' 'salute no man by the way' (Kara r))i/ oSov, KV 'on the way') ; Sir 8" ' Travel not by the way with a bold fellow ' (€» oSi^, RV ' in the way ') ; cf. 2 P 3' ' by way of…
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4. As nearness suggests comparison, such ex- pressions as 'set by,' 'set light by' are easily under- stood. (See Set.) But from this, ' by ' came to be used after verbs of thinking, knowing, etc. in the sense of ' about,' as Shaks. All's Well, V. iii. 237 — • By him, and by this woman here, what know you?' Then this …
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J. O. F. MlTRRAV. C. — A gymbol used in criticism of Hex. by Dillmann to signify the work of the Jahwist (J) ; bv Schultz for that of the Elobist (E). See Hexateuch. CAB.— See Wbiohts AND MEASmiKS. CABBON (jSaj), Jos 15".— A town of Jndah near Eglon. The name has not been recovered. CABIN is used once in AV in the …
1,236 wordsSECTION 457Section 457
LrriRATURR. — I.ighlfoot, PhUippiant, n. on 'Cassar's HouM. hold' ; Conybearo and Howson, St. Faul, ch. xxvi. ; Kanuiay, St. Paul th» Trav. p. 863 : Wcizsackcr, Avott. Age (Eng tr.'), U 132. W. V. AdENE\-. C;ESAREA (Kai<rapf/o), Ac 10'" 21» 2.3=>- ».— The city N. of .lall'a, on the seashore, orig. called Strato's Towe…
1,009 wordsSECTION 458Section 458
The modem village consists of about fifty houses, occupied by Moslems. There are few antiquities. Fragments of broken columns and carved stones, a Roman aqueduct nearly buried in refuse, part of the old walls and castle, and several niches in the rock over the spring, are practically all that remain of the splendours o…
1,105 wordsSECTION 459Section 459
* So substAntially the received text and renderinfr. Many modern scholars translate : * Is it not so that, whether thou brin^' fair gifts, or bring them not, sin lies at the door?' — but do violence to the key-word (nxt') without any clear gain wj the sense. LXX reads : cCx i«v opSms wpi>ri*iyK>is, if>(tSi ii ^ 3*!At;,…
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The impression produced by the passage in Genesis is that Nineveh and the adjacent towns were founded at an age long previous to the time of Abraham. But we gather from the cuneiform inscriptions that the real founder of Nineveh was Sliulmaneser I. (n.c. 1300), and that he was the builder of C. (Kalhu), the southern su…
1,003 wordsSECTION 461Section 461
Taking all the data together, the course of events was proljably someuiing like this. The Kalibbites, separating from the main stock of the Kenizzites, who had their settlements on Mt. Seir, penetrated into the hill-country of S. Canaan as far as Hebron. Their relations with Judah were more or less friendly at the time…
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The following is a Hsumi of the leadin" features of the narrative as now presented : — Becoming impatient under the continued absence of their leader, the people prevail on Aaron to make a g.id (C'.-i^it) which should go before them. With the material famished by the golden earrings of the women and children ' a molten…
1,114 wordsSECTION 463Section 463
We can also understand the motives that led to tno selection of Bethel and Dan as the chief seats of the rival worship. The former recommended itself as having been, from time immemorial (Gn • Thia sutfpestion holds good whether we translate D'rSti in the above passages by * Ood ' or by ' gods.' On the constnic- tion …
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iv. The Origin of the Bull Symbols. — We have deferred to this stage tlie inquiry as to the origin of this form of religious symbolism. It is needless to occupy space witli proof of tlie absurdity of the opinion so long current in the Church, both Jewish and Christian, that we have here a species of avowed idolatry. Wh…
1,080 wordsSECTION 465Section 465
CALITAS (A KaXlrat, B KoXflraij).— One of the Levites who undertook to repudiate his 'strange wife,' 1 Es 9^. He bore a second name, Colius (A KiiXios, B Kilvot). The reaxling of B is KCim, tvTos KaXeiTo(s, «f Ilafloioj, which sliould jierbaps be read, as Dr. Swete conjectures, oirrot KaXetrai 'ZtrraSaTof ; but this is…
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• In the Gospels there is a distinction between the 'Calletl,' «A»jTo., i.e. those who have roceive<l the hivitjition to enter the Messiah's kingdom, and the 'Ctiosen' (ixXi«r«>), i.e. those who have obeye<i it ; Mt 22'* ' Many are CAlled, but few chosen.' Hut in the Epistles this distinction vanishes, the WTiter havin…
1,066 wordsSECTION 467Section 467
CALVARY See Golgotha. CALVES OF THE LIPS (Hos 14').— See Lip. CAMEL. — While the Arabic has scores of words for tlie camel and its varieties and states, the Heb. words are but two — (1) Sjj gAmAl, (td/tijXo?, camelus ; the generic name for the camel, preserved exactly in the Arab, jamal, and in all W. languages. It …
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(2) -i^ia bikr^, pi. const, of ^^3 b/=ker (Is 60"), is rendered in both AV and RV dromcrlnries. rrirs bikr/ih (Jer 2'") is also rendered dromedary, with the pronoun her following, to indicate that a female is intended. The etymological signification of both, however, is yoitntj camel, (so RVm) the first male, and the B…
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A camp was a collection of tents (.Ig 7"), or of huts or booths (1 K 20'^ KVm, Neh 8"). Camps, when large, were pitched in the plain for convenience (Jg 6**) ; when small, on hills for safety (Jg 4'-). In either case it was necessary to choose a spot within reach of water ; thus the army of the Northern Confederacy pit…
1,174 wordsSECTION 470Section 470
The only serious rival to Khirbet KS.na is Kefr Ken nah, on the Tiberias road, 3J miles from Nazareth. It occupies rising ground on the southern edge of Suhl Tor'dn, the branch cut from el-Battituf, by the Tor an hills. The doubling of the medial nun is against the identification with the Gr. Kai-a. Were other ditiicul…
1,050 wordsSECTION 471Section 471
In the bilingual Decree of KanOpos the Gr. Phcenicia is replaced in the hieroglj'phic text by Keft. W. Max Miiller has tried to show that Keft was rather Cilicia, but unsuccessfully. The name appears in Greek as Kdpheus and KCphfine. Kfipheus, father of Andromeda, was said to have been a king of Joppa (Steph. Byz. ».».…
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CANAN/EAN or CANAANITE occurs in Mt 10^ and Mk 3" as a designation of Simon, one of the disciples of Jesus. The first is the correct reading, the Gr. Kava.vaio$ being the transliteration of n;ji<.s (a late Heb. derivative from xjp = ;eafoj«). It is rendered in Lk 6" and Ac 1" by tv>^urH)s (zealot). The Cananffians or Z…
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There was no exact equivalent for the word r.mong tlie Jews in respect to OT, but we have the idea clearly implied in the expression ' the Scrip- tures' as emjiloyed by Jews addressing Jews in N f (e.jr. Mt 21«, Jn 5^, Ac IS^) ; and the word ' Scrii>ture,' as used in the singular for a par- ticular passage, also involv…
1,091 wordsSECTION 474Section 474
350 CANON CAPERNAUil pass to a later age. With Cyril of Jerus. in his catethetical lectures, delivereil circ. A.D. 340, the chusM of books ' openly read in the church ' is colerriiinous with that of those ' acknowledjjed among all,' and is the opposite of ' apocrjphiil ' ; and he knows no third division (Catech. iv.…
1,041 wordsSECTION 475Section 475
G. E. Post. CAPERNAUM (TR KmrfpraoiV, from which our English word is taken ; but Ka(papvaovft., supported by BnDZ, etc., is undoubtedly correct, represent- in" the original cinj— es). — This city is mentioned only in the Gospels, and derives all its interest from association with the life of Christ. To it Matthew appl…
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led the water across the vale, along the face of the cliff in a rock-cut channel, and into the plain at Minyeh suthciently high to water a large area. Historical evidence is on the whole favourable to Khdn Minyeh. Antoninus Martyr (GUli) is claimed on both sides ; but the latter site is sujiported |py Arculfus, end of …
1,117 wordsSECTION 477Section 477
LiTKRATURB. — MarquaMt, Rdmwche Staattverwaltung, I. pp. 365-374 ; Kitt«r, Ktnntuien, i. pp. 2:i6-339, ii. 230-272 ; Ramsay, Hut. (leog. of A$ia ilinor, pp. 267-319, 34ft-3S6, 449 f., and the map in St. ^aut the Trav. for provincial divisions ; N'eubauer, Giog. du Talmud ; Th. Beinach, Humigm. det Roit de Capp. \V. M.…
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CARBUNCLE.— See Stones, Precious. CARCAS (sr;;. Est 1'°), one of the seven eunuchs orchamherlainsof kinp Aliasuerus. AnetymoluL'y ett^;:ested is the Persian kargas, ' vulture.' The LXX gives a different name. CARCASE (the spelling has been indillorently carcase or carcass throuj,'liout, though dictionaries have given…
1,005 wordsSECTION 479Section 479
T. G. Pinches. CARE. — The proper meaning of this word, and of all its compoumls (of which there occur in AV ' careful,' ' carefully,' ' carefulness,' ' careless,' ' carelessly ') is trouble or sorrow. But from a very early perioil it was confounded with Lat. cura (with which it has no connexion, being a purely Teuton…
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Carefully. — In the sense of anxiously, c. occurs only Mic 1" 'the inliabitant of Maroth waited c. for good ' (n^n, lit. ' has been in pain,' RV ' waiteth anxiously '). In tlie sense of attentively, there are in A V Dt 15' ' if thou c. hearken ' (i'lcy'-cx V?v'B, ' if hearkening thou shalt hearken,' RV 'if thou shalt d…
1,084 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.