PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 601
How far, then, did all this lead to the establish- ment of one organic unity, or of a higher unity of organization than the city-Church? We find, in- deed, in a sense, an organic unity embracing the whole Church in the earliest period. In the Church of Jerus., and esp. in the apostles, is to be seen a centralization of…
922 wordsSECTION 602Section 602
III. The Ideal Church. — So far as we have pro- ceeded hitherto, we have considered the word in- K\7)<rla always in the sense of the Christian body in its actual state of imperfection. We come now to a conception of the Church in which the empirical CHUKCH CHUKCH GOVERNMENT 439 idea disappears and an ideal Church ap…
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T4 Kf^.'« is parallel to « x«AA^^ui>«( r^ ^h*^) l)econie3 one ' spirit ' (m;uf)uith Him, and belongs to His (spiritual) bwlv,— 'your bodies are members (/luah) of Christ.' The idea of the Church as bride is found also in the iuKigerv of the Apocaly^»se. The marriage table is spread (Rev 10'), the bride is arrayed in fi…
1,079 wordsSECTION 604Section 604
Next to the apostle comes the Prophet. He, too, sustained the Church, and shared with him (Eph 2-'" 3') the revelation of the mystery. He spoke ' in the Spirit' words of warning, of comfort, or it might be of prediction. His work was universal like the apostle's, but he was not like him an ej'e-witness of the resurrect…
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iii. Bishops. — Is there any trace of an order of bishops in NT ? The name of a bishop, as we have seen, is applied to elders ; but are there i)ermanent local oflicials, each ruling singly the elders of hia own city? This is the definition of the bishop when he first ajqiears distinct from his elders ; and if we find t…
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In 2 Mac 4^- the epithet 'church-robber' (AV, ' author of the sacrilege ' RV) is ajijilied to Lysi- inachus, brother of Menelaus the high priest, who perished in a riot (B.C. 170) provoked by the theft of sacred vessels committed by his brother and himself. LiTEEATCTiR. — Neumann, Der rom. Stnat und die allgemeinA Kir…
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That a large Jewish population existed in C. is evident from Ac 6* ; and it is rather strange that Cilician Jews are not mentioned in Ac 2'"". The existence of Jewish colonists in the Seleucid cities of C. would be in itself highly probable, for they were always the most faithful and trusted adher- ents of the Seleucid…
1,146 wordsSECTION 608Section 608
The characteristic of Hebrew circumcision is its being performed in infancy. Wellhausen (Hist. 340) sees in Ex 4* the substitution of this for the older and more severe operation in youth or man- hood. (See the same writer's Skizzen, iii. 154, 215 ; and cf. Nowack, Heb. Archdol. i. 167 ff.; Cheyne, an. ' Circumcision '…
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Among the Jewish teachers circumcision was regarded as an operation of purification, and the won! foreskin has come to be synonymous with obstinacy and imperfection. The rite was regarded as a token in the llesh of the ell'ect of Divine grace in the heart, hence the phra.ses used in Dt 30*. Pliili) speaks of it as a sy…
1,042 wordsSECTION 610Section 610
C. W. Wilson. CITHERN.— See Music. CITIZENSHIP So RV for iroXirefa, Ac 2«», instead of the vague A V rendering ' freedom. ' Here Claudius Lysias says that he had obtained his c. by purchase, possibly from the wife or the freedman of the Emperor Claudius whose name he bore. Cf. Dio Cass. Ix. 17, where, however, it is …
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2. D'-vclo/iiiicnt. — The city grew out of the village, as tlie village owed its origin to the house. The expansion was on the same lines as that of the nation from the tribe, and the tribe from the family. Looking, therefore, to these ultimate factors, we find that each house had its ba'al or lord, and under him (lie …
1,059 wordsSECTION 612Section 612
CITY OF DAVID — See .TrnnsALEM. CITY OF SALT.— See Salt City. CITY OF WATERS and CITY ROYAL.-See Rabbah. CLASPS.— RV for KV Taches (wh. see). CLAUDIA (KXai<J/a).— A Christian lady at Rome, who, with Eubulus, Pudens, and Linus, was on intimate terms of friendship with St. Paul and Timothy at the time of St. Paul's sec…
1,080 wordsSECTION 613Section 613
(2) St. Paul met at Corinth two Jews, Aquila and his wife Pri.scilla, who had come thither ' be- cause C. had commanded all the Jews to depart from Rome' (Ac IS''). Suetonius says (Claud. 25) that C. ' Juda'08 iirijiulsore Chresto assidue tumul- tuantes expulit.' Dio (LX. vi. 6), perhaps correct- ing Suet., asserts tha…
915 wordsSECTION 614Section 614
CLAW. — In older Eng. c. was used for an animal's honf, and for any of the parts into which a cloven hoof is divided. So in Dt 14° AV we read, 'And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, . . . that ye shall eat' (RV 'and hath the hoof cloven in two'); and in Zee 11" ' he shall eat the…
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2. Before passing from its physical uses we may notice an early application in the sense of complete, still retained in such a phrase as ' a c. sweep.' The only example of the adj. is Lv 23'* ' thou shalt not make c. riddance of the comers of thy field when thou reapest ' (RV ' shalt not wholly reap the coraers of thy …
1,144 wordsSECTION 616Section 616
.1. Hastings. CLEAVE, CLEFT, CLIFF, CLIFT.— There are two verbs ' to cleave ' distinct in origin and mean- ing. (1) Cleave, to split asunder, clave, cloven. (2) Cleave, to aiihere, cling, cleaved, cleaved. But the one lias afl'ected the other so as to cause some ctmfusioQ. Thus c. = to split, has also a past ptcp. clef…
1,072 wordsSECTION 617Section 617
450 CLOPAS CLOUD the robe that Jonathan gave to David (1 S 18^), Saul's cut robe (1 S 24*), Samuel's robe (1 S 28'*), the 'best robe' of tlie parable (Lk 15--). The cloke of 2 Ti 4" (^cXAktjs) may have been a light mantle like a cashmere dust-cloak, in which the books and parchments were wrapped. The use of cloke in…
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II. Clouds as a Symhol of the Transitory. — It is a common phenomenon of the Syrian sky to see a cloud, borne eastward by the sea-breeze, suddenly and mysteriously dissolve as it encounters the hot dry air of the inland district. The cloud is something that melts and leaves no vestige of its existence. The artistic app…
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LlTBRATlTRB. — Newton, liixt. of Ditcov. at fjalicamanmui, Cnuiiu. etc., and TravtU and Didcoo. in the Lfvant, HuperHcdes all older dMcription*. \V. M. liAMSAY. COAL (rhnf, d^s, .ipn, ^1, i^nv" ; AfSpai, ivSpaKtd). — The variety, esp. in uT, of the words rendered 'coal ' in AV makes it advisable to consider them separ…
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COAST (Lat. costa, rib, side) is now confined to the sea-shore, but formerly was used of the side of any person, place, or thing, and in AV is freq. used lor the border or neighbourhood of any place, inland or other. Thus Mt 2" ' Herod . . . sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Beth- lehem, and in all the…
1,047 wordsSECTION 621Section 621
A word from the same root, dVx? b^Hshlm (Is 5'-*), is tr. in AV and RV wild grapes. The context and the etymology are against this rendering. The terrible judgment pronounced against thevineyard (vv.'-')miglit seem unjust if the product were simply inferior. The contrast must be as sharp as in v.' — between judgment an…
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COIN.— See Money. COL-HOZEH (nih-'?? 'seeing all').— A Judahite in time of Xehemiah (Neh 3" 11°). COLIUS (A KiiXios, B Kd^os), 1 Ea 9».— See Calitas, Kelaiah. COLLAR.— 1. The collars of Jg 8=« (rfs-pj) are golden ear-drops, KV pendants. 2. The ref. in Job 30'" is to the collar-band (nj) of the under- garment or coat…
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Wu.LI.m P. DICKSOX. C0LOSS./G (KoXoffffoi) was an ancient city of Pliryj;ia (very important in early history, dwind- ling in the later centuries as Laodicea waxed greater), overhanging the river Lycus (a tributary of the Marauder) on the upper part of its couree. It was distant only about ten miles from Laodicea and t…
1,064 wordsSECTION 624Section 624
II. DErfTlNATlD.V. — The situation of Colos-saj and the chief elements in its population have already been described (see Coldss.e). It will be enough here to notice that whatever may have been the proportion of resident Jews in the place, St. Paul treats the Church througiiout a.s specific- ally a Gentile Church (I-')…
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The following analysis may help to bring out the setiuence of thought, and to show how this central conception is interwoven with the whole of the Epistle. .1. The opening section, ofler tlie salutation (vv. ■. '), Is de- voted to an elaborately exiianded thanksjrivin^ (•''-*<). St. I'aul sint'les out for speeiai ment…
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T.iTEKATi'RE. — Of Eng. Coinm. the most complete is that of I-i::litfool. whose conclusions should, however, be carefully cheeked bv reference to the sections in Jndaitttic ChviittianHij, In which flort examines minutely into the characteristics of tlie fal^e teaching prevalent at Colossae. Other commentaries :— Harrv…
938 wordsSECTION 627Section 627
Blue (nVrn, LXX Wm^Soj, AXoirip^i/pos only in Nu 4', cf. JCen. Cyrop. VIII. iii. 13). In NT there is no mention of this colour. In As.syr. the word ta-kil-tu occurs in .several inscriptions (Delitzsch, Assyr. Hwh. p. 70(i). This colour .seems to have been a violet-purple as distinguislied from [ca^N (see PUKPLE), but e…
1,113 wordsSECTION 628Section 628
A lighter shade of the .sjinio colour is expressed by the word reddish (o'^^'in), used of leprous spots on the tlesh Lv 13, or on the wall of a house Lv 14". Scarlet (yi>'in, .-iv^^b, ")5», and very commonly nv'i'^B 'Vf, LX.X oni! NT ndxKivot. See also Crimson). — yS'in denotes t he source of t he colour, 'W the brill…
1,079 wordsSECTION 629Section 629
' Love is like a child. That longs for ever>-thing that he can come by.' S. Come in, 'enter upon,' 'begin,' Ro 11^ 'until the fulness of the GentUes be c. in' (da^pxofuu). Cf. Shaks. 2 Henry IV. v. iii. 52— * Now comes in the sweet of the night.* For the phrase ' He that should come ' (6 ipxi/J-eyoi, RV ' he that co…
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* Une that attends your Ladyship's conunand.' For the Ten Commandments see Decalogue. J. Hastings. COMMEND, COMMENDATION.— To c. is now to approve of, speak well of, and in this sense it is used in AV, as Gn 12'° 'The princes also of Pharaoh s,aw her, and C^ her before Pharaoh' (h'?n RV ' praised ') ; Pr 12' ' A m,an…
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^60 COMMUNE COMMUNION COMMUNE. — In its earliest use 'commune' (wliirli had the same origin as 'common') siguilied to make common property, to share. This maj- be eitlier by giving, as Wyclif s tr. of I'h 4''' ' Ye lian don wel, comunynge to my trihulaciouu ' ; or by rercivinq, as his tr. of 2 .In " ' He tliat saith…
1,193 wordsSECTION 632Section 632
The meaning in this place seems to decide the otherwise doubtful sense of Ph 2' ' if there be any fellowship of the Spirit.' Here, again, the context speaks of love and unity. So that it is most natural to interpret the phrase in both places of the sense of unity, membership or fellowship, which it is the peculiar work…
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4. We come, lastly, to the passage (1 Co lO"- ") in which the word is iLsed in connexion with the Holy Eucharist. To understand this passage, the whole section, commencing at 8', ' Concerning meats oD'ered to idols,' needs to be studied con- tinuously. The more immediate context begins with 9'^. Just as not all who ru…
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In P» 6830 the word hayydh has been taken by AV in the Bense of * c.' (* Rebuke the c. of spearmen '), after Ibn Ezra, Calvin, etc. : but there is no absolutely certain instance of this meaning of the word (see Driver, Notes on Sam.^ on 1 S 1&^^ 2 S 2313, and Oa/. Heb. Lex. i.v.), and RV returns to the tr. of Vultf. ' …
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C. is in the Bible a Di\ine as well as a human quality. But its attribution to God has raised certain questions among theologians. The relation between pity and ^raa {iKtot and x*m) 'B one of these. In the Divine mind, it is said, and in the order of our salvation pity precedes grace, but in the order of the mani- fes…
1,087 wordsSECTION 636Section 636
• O deeper Bin than bottomless conceit Can comprehend in still imagination.' J. Hastings. CONCERT.— See Consort. CONCISION.— See Circumcision. CONCLUDE.- 1. In the sense of 'shut up,' 'en- close,' mod. include, Ro 11'* 'God hath c'-'tlicm all in unbelief,' and Gal 3*" ' the Scripture hath C^ all under sin' (RV 'shut…
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The most remarkable work, however, is the • high-level aqueduct,' which probably entered Jerus. at the Jatfa Gate. It was apparently con- structed by Herod for the supply of the citadel and palace which he built on tlie W. hill, and of the fountains and irrigation channels in his palace gardens (BJ v. iv. 4) ; and it d…
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CONFERENCE is what we should now call con. verse, almost the same as conversation, which in Bacon's meaning in the passage, Essays ' 01 Studies' (p. '205, Gold. "Treas. ed.), 'Reading maketh a full man ; Conference a ready man ; and Writing an exact man.' C. occurs Wis 8" (A/uXia, Vulg. Iiiquel'i) and Gal 2* ' they who…
1,023 wordsSECTION 639Section 639
The connexion between repentance and con- fession was so ingrained in the Jewish conscience that when, under the Baptist's preaching, many were led to repent, open confession accompanied their baptism (Mk 1°), and doubtless the Apostolic baptism was prefaced by a confession in tins sense as well as the other. Such a co…
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'So quick bright things come to confusioo.' But the Heb. (which is the word tr. 'without form,' RV ' waste,' in Gn V) makes it probable that in all the passages from I.saiah the meaning is dliorder. 2. Shnme, di'tgrare, as Ps 35'- * ' brought to c' (iDij, RV 'confounded,' Cbeyne 'abashed'); Job 10" 'I am full of c.' (…
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(6) >r.i] occurs variously, as '?K-;f: Snp (Dt 31*"), ni.T •?!!? (Nu 16', 20^), c-.T^xri ^rif (Xeh 13'), and absolutely, '■^n-n (Ex 16', Lv 4"). It is frequently employed in Dt, 1 and 2 Ch, Ezr, and Neh. In the Ps both Ti;; and Srij are used without any per- ccj)tible diti'ercnce of meaning to designate the ' congregat…
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(c) nto (s6d), originally = friendly conversation (SfiiXla), then on the one hand = friendliness, friendship, and on the other = a bocly of friends (cf. Driver on Am 3'). It is used of a gathering for familiar converse (Jer 6" 15", in the latter of \vliieh the Sept. has (nviSpiOf), of a deliberative council (Job 15», …
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2. In the history of religion as set forth in the Christian Scriptures, we find a similar succession in the order in which the above-mentioned problems emerge. A doctrine of conscience is not found till late in the development of Christian thought, when the consciousness of individuality is strong and full. There are i…
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3. After the varied Christian life of the early- centuries of our era had died away, Christian ethic, like Christian theology, fell under the blight of niediii'val scholasticism. Christiau truth was stilfened into a system of dogma. Christian morality was elaborated into a legal system more cumbrous and wearisome than …
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The value of such ' dianoetic ethics,' to use Martineau's designation, depends obviously on the view taken of reason ; and in the above-mentioned writers, reason is conceived too much as a mere formal power, limited to the recognition of truths submitted to it. Thus, while phrases in Cudworth, for instance, remind one …
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* The most illumiiifttlDf; critique of Butler with which I am acquainted is contained in Green's Works, vol. iii. pp. 98-104. logical changes in the brain and nervous system, whicli render these actions constant. Thus, according to Spencer, is begotten a conscience ci faculty, to whicli lie i ven gives the name of int…
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B. OuTLiSE OF Christian Doctrine. i. The Nature of Conscience. — The locus ctn.txicus here is Ro 2'*- ". The connexion of thought is the responsibility of all men for their actions, their condemnation in sin, their acceptance in righteous- ness. This apjilies to Gentiles as well as Jews. It would not apply had Gentile…
1,004 wordsSECTION 648Section 648
472 CONSCIENCE CONSCIENCE be brou^lit within the sweep of conscience, and every element in it is to be made subject to that great and just arbitrament. It may be true that in a society so largely Chris- tianized as ours, tlie man who acta from conscience will not behave in a manner markedly distinct from the behavi…
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2. The alleged conflict of duties, which occasion- ally arises, reducing conscience to perplexity and silence. This certainly would be a fatal objection, not to the supremacy of conscience only, but to morality as a whole. If there arise circumstances, not due to any human crime or error, in which duty confronts duty i…
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speaks of faith as the Christian conscience. Cmi science, accordingly, is involved in man'? moral history. It suffers in his sin and alienation from (;od, becoming clouded in its insight, feeble in its testimony, anil may even come to be jjrievously pervertea in its judgments. It gains in hu restora- tion through grace…
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iv. Thr Witness of Conscience.— The work of conscience lies, no doubt, within the moral sphere. But in considering the basis of ethics, we are led to see that moral action implies a reference to an infinite Personality as the ground and origin of man's personal being. Morality presupposes re- ligion as the basis of its…
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Second, that of ritual observance. Action that is good, i.e. in absolute moral ((uality, can spring only from harmony with absolute good. lience no action of a merely external kind can produce the requisite h.armony. The historic demon- stration of this incapacity is the Jewish ceremonial law. It did, indeed, cleanse, …
1,049 wordsSECTION 653Section 653
CONSIST.— Col 1" ' by him all things c' [<Tvi>{<r- TrjKi, RVni 'hold together ') = mod. 'subsist.' This is the oldest meaning of thf word and the tr. of the Rhemish NT ; Tindale gives ' have their being,' and is followed by Cranmer and the Geneva ; Wyclif simply ' ben '=are. J. Hastings. CONSOLATION.— See Comfort. CO…
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J. Hastings. CONTENT.— When Gehazi in his greed begged of Naaman a talent of silver, Naaman said (2 K 5^), ' Be content, take two talents.' Evidently he did not mean ' be satisfied,' but ' be pleased, let it be your pleasure.' So also Ex 2-', Jos 7', Jg 17" 19', 2 K 6\ .lob 6-» (RV ' be pleased ') where the Heb. is I…
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CONTRARY.— 1, In the sense of 'antagonistic,' c. is now obsol. or dialectic, except in ref. to wind or weather, where the phrase in NT, ' the wind waac.,' has kei)t the meaning alive. This is tlie meaning of c. in Lv 26, where it is used as tr. of "ip IclTi in all its occurrences (20-'- ^- "■ "• =»• «• *»), ' if ye wal…
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* a good example of conversation in tlic old ai dirtinffuiaht-^t from the mod. sense, is in Bunyan's Pilgrim'$ Prog. * Voiir Conversation gives this your Mouth-profession, the lye.' 478 CONVERSION COKAL The NT words for converse in its modern sense are o.^Xfii' (Lk 24'''- " ' they talked tof;etlier '), awo/iiKeiy I…
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J. S. Banks. CONVERT. — In AV c. is used once intransitively, Is 6'" ' lest they see with their eyes . . . and con- vert and be healed' (RV 'turn again'). Cf. Wyclif's tr. of Jn 1'^ (1382) ' Sothli Ihesu convertid and sejTige hem suwynge him, seith to hem, What seken ve ? ' The most frequent meaning of c. in early Lng…
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In Ned'irim, c. ix., retractation of, and absolu- tion from, vows is considered. The problem wa.'i a knotty one. Oblations were needed for the sanctuary, and vows were a fruitful source of income ; and besides this, Dt 2:!-'-^ most rigorously forbade any retractation of vows ; and therefore the Rabbis, while they did n…
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•ISO CORINTH CORINTH It was situated at the southern extremity of the narrow isthmus wliicli connected the Peloponnesus witli the mainland of Greece, on a slightly raised terrace, sloping up from the low-lyiiig plain to a bold rock, the Acrocorinthus, which rises abruptly on the south side of the city to the height …
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The oration of Dion Chrysostom, delivered in C. in the early part of the 2nd cent. (Or. .■?7), gives a lively idea of the prosperity of C. ; he de.scribes it as the most prominent and the richest city of Greece (vol. ii. p. 120, ed. Reiske), and alludes to its library, but enlarges chiefly on the historical and mytholo…
1,006 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.