PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 241
ASSAPHIOTH (B A<r<Ta<pelu>9, A 'A<Ta(f,<t>i<ie, AV Azaphion), 1 Es 5". — His de.scendants returned with Zerubbabel among the sons of Solomon's servant.s. Called Hassophereth (B 'kae<pfipa.$, A ' kac<pupo.e), Ezr 2» ; Sopliereth, Neh 7" (B A Za<pi.pae, M -Bt). H. ST. J. THACKERAY. ASSASSIN.— Used in RV of Ac SI" as a t…
970 wordsSECTION 242Section 242
LmRATTRR. — Moore, Judges, 20', crit. not« ; fJiesebrecht in 8t«de'» ZriUchrift, i. 243 I. On Sni; read llolzinger, ibid. ix. lO.'i f. Od itft/A^t ixjcAitr'a (Ac 193^), liamsay in Kxpos. 5th Ser. iii. 137 ff, A. K. S. Kennedy. ASSENT, the subst., in the archaic sense of accord or consent, occurs 2 Ch 18'^ ' the words…
932 wordsSECTION 243Section 243
ASSURANCE. — The religions and moral value of linn conviction is fully recognised in Scripture. It is the very aim and object of the divine message in whatever form it conies to produce it. Without it there cannot be that peace and joy in the soul wliiili constitute the highest blessing of religion, nor that inward str…
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As a ruler and warrior, as a builder, as a littera- teur, he is well deserving the title given him in Ezrii". The last years of his reign are compara- tively wrapped in obscurity. Literati-re. — In the original. G. Smith, Hist, of As»urb., original and interlinear tr, 1^71 : An. Disc. p. 317 ff.; KawllnsoD, Went. Asiu…
1,197 wordsSECTION 245Section 245
VOL. I. — 12 The As.syrian Religion, too, is essentially the same as the Babylonian, with some modifications. When, for instance, on the so-called Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II. (n.c. 859-825) mention is made of the following gods : Asur, Anu, Bel, Ea, Sin, Ramuian, Samas, Merodach, Nindar (or Ninib), Nergal, Nusku,…
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As far "as Agriculture is concerned, As.syria was not, owing to its more northern aspect, the rich corn-bearing land that Babylonia was; but all the more on this account efforts were made on the jiart of the kings, by the construction of canals and weirs, to increase the fertility of the soil. The water needed for the …
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ASSYRIA ASSYRIA 179 wat, witli its sculptures dating from the 9th cent. B.C. (see below, under Slialmaneser II.), and 1400 more tablets from the library of As.surbanipal, not to speak of the ' finds ' on Bab. ground niaile in 1878-71t and 1880-81. Since then no further systematic excavations have been organised in A…
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From B.1-. 900 to (i(17 (that is. to the time of Assurbanipal) these incomparable and invaluable lists give year by year the chief officers of state, and always make a special point of noting the accession of every new king to the throne. After the time of Sanisi-Hainnian IV. (B.C. 824-812) this list is further supplem…
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• I.t. 'my son l.i Bnmman' (Bel). t I.e. ' Dofiran lu-nnl.' I)af;an is another name fop Bel. An old Bab. kinjr of Nl.sin bore the same name. i I.e. ' Bel Is inlffhty.' Igur (Ocean of Heaven] Is another name for the god Bel. the arrangement by which the year (limm^t) was called after the chief officer of state ; and …
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above (reigned till c. lloO). Asstir-rish-ishi, son of above. Tuklal-pal-i.tharra I. (Tiglatli-pile.ser), son of above. Assur-bfl-kala, son of above. Sams't-IiammSn, brother of above. Assur-nazir-pal II.. son of above (c. B.C. 1050). While at the beginning of this period (c. B.C. 1400) Babylonia had .still the …
1,163 wordsSECTION 251Section 251
Shalnianeser's son Tuklat-Nindar I.* was prob- ably still a contemporary of the Babylonian king Sharjarakti-shuriash (c. B.C. 1269-1257 ( ? ) ), certainly of his successors Bibeiash (B.C. r25(5-1249(?)), Bel- nadin-shumi (li.c. 1248), Kadashman-kharhi (u.c. 1247-6), and Ramman-shum-idina (B.C. 1246- 1240(?)). The last-…
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ASSYRIA ASSYRIA 183 incursion into Xorth Mesopotamia and conquered the land of Kuinmttkk (^Coniinagene, on the farther bank of the Euphrates). The Kurl<hi (Kurdi?). who lived in the mountainous districts towards Armenia, had also joined the Mosks as allies. The scene of the war lay between Comma!;ene on the Euphrate…
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Aasur-nanrpal rebuilt Kalakh, and selected it for his royal residence in memory of his great predecessor Shalmaneser I., after whom he also named his son (Shalmaneser II.). His main ambi- tion was to ainiex the whole of Mesopotamia to Assyria, which he succeeded at any rate partially in accomplishing. The little Araman…
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time calling upon the king of Assyria for assist- ance. Shalmaneser attacked and killed the re- bellious brother of the Babylonian king, and naturally claimed an extension of frontier in return for his services. Of far greater interest for biblical history is the campaign of Shalmaneser against the town of Hamath (Ama…
1,199 wordsSECTION 255Section 255
I'nder the succes.sors of Ramman-nirari, Shal- »»<nic.ier ///. B.C. 782-773), Ansur-tlaii Iff. (B.C. 772-705), and A.i.inr-niriin II. (Itf. 754-745), Assyria was always losing more territory to the Arnienians. Armenia was ruled at this time by • From Uohohonm to llie Rl.xth vear uf llozeklnli tliepo nru 2(l't years. w…
1,036 wordsSECTION 256Section 256
The following synchronisms in Tiglath-pileser's annals, which may be safely trusted, are of supreme importance for the chronology of Israel and Judah: — 738 B.C., Menahem of Israel. 733-2 ,, Pekah of Israel. 732 ,, Ahaz of Judah. 731 (?) ,, Hoshea of Israel. To this it may be added that Rezin of Damascus, as is st…
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* Proplietlc literature clearly shows that Uzziah was his only name, as also does the well-linown old Ileb. Seal *of Shebanyo, servant of Uzziyo,' ivy 13y vja;:*^. ASSYRIA ASSYRIA 187 (Europe and Asia Minor) upon Syria and Egypt in the (lays of Hamses 111. Tiglath-pileser was followed by Slialman-asliarid IV., the…
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In the year li C. 711, the same year in which the North Syrian state Gurgnm (capital town Markasi, modern .Mar' ash) became an As.syr. province, t a certain Vamani, who is also called Yatna, } over- threw king Akhitniti of Ashdod. When the As.syrians despatched an expedition against Ash- dod (cf. Is 20), Philistia (Pil…
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In Sidon a new king, Tuba'al (Ethobaal), was appointed, to whom Sarepta, Akko, and other Phcou. states were given. Arvad and Gebal • Ku'i (^V 1 K 10"), on the other hand, is the Cllii-lan coast- lnri<l. Khilakku rirobablv occurs in the Bible, Ezk iV iS'nl ll-iN, Arvad and Kheiak. Thus both names for Cilicia are found …
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Ashur-akhi-idina's chief .successes, however, were in the West. After he had conquered and beheaded (<i7(i) the king of Sidmi, Abdi-Milkut, he besieged king Ba'al in Tyre, and brought to a successful issue a very hazardous expedition to the remote land of Stizu (iia of .Job ;J2'-), in the interior of Arabia. He also le…
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* The Aamo thlnff also probably happenod In the cano of Mntm.s<(eh, orilv at a Intor time, when j\«»iir-banl-pal wai* staylitf? In lliit.ylon (ln'«U'i\il of NIncvoh). probably Bliortly after tbeilealh of Ills rebellion!" brother ^aiuas-auin-ukln (n.c. tUS), wlione ally .ManaHiteh had been. 190 ASSYRIA ASTONISHED na…
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(/') Special Books on ttir History of Assyria. — George Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchiesof the Ancient Eastern iro;-W,4vols. London, lsG2-tM ;4thed. Is7!U.Vssyria= the second monarchy); George Smith, Assyria/rout the Earliest Times to the Falt'of Kineveii, London, IST,"!; llommel, Geschichte Bab. n, Assyr., Berlin,…
1,059 wordsSECTION 263Section 263
Not less than tlie Hebrews did the Babylonians and Assyrians regard the lieavenly bodies as for signs and seasons, days and years ; and tliis view was associated with their usual heathen ideas that the heavenly bodies were divinities. The following translation of the portion of the Bab. creation story, corresponding wi…
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The well-known constellation of the Great Bear, dv 'ash (,)ob 9-') or s>;yi 'atjish (fern. Job 3M"),* is said to be connected with na'.ih ' a bier,' the name of that constellation in Arabic. The ' sons ' of 'Aijith (c*-i') arc spoken of in Job 38", and are regariled as the three stars in the tail of the bear, a paralle…
961 wordsSECTION 265Section 265
The sign of the 'Twins (Castor and Pollux, AV; The Twin Brothers, RV ; Gr. At6iTKovpoi) is men- tioned as the name of a ship in Ac 28".* The word mi;? mazzdrCth (a plural form, Job 38"), is, with common consent, regarded as signi- fying ' the signs ' of the zodiac, which come forth ' in their season,' and, as is impli…
1,128 wordsSECTION 266Section 266
"The Adsyr. word for the planet Venus i» penemlly read I>ilhat, more correctly Deletial (.^mi>«t), exptaineil ae Nabal kakkabu ' the atAr Nahat,' or '(Hhe who) proclniniH.' t It ia to he noted t)iat the Ileh. word ti^Ut tfl raaac., and in ihis reaemhles HeOHi>horos(Heni»eni*) ; hnl the name in Afwyr., \rah., etc, ia f…
1,083 wordsSECTION 267Section 267
Older, however, than the above, are the many tablets of the Babylonians and Assyrians referring to forecasts. Through a long series of years, prob- ably extending into four millenniums, these nations seem to have carried on observations, which they quoted, with the omens derived from current events, for future referenc…
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ATAR (A 'Krip, B omits, AV Jatal), 1 Es 5»«.— His sons were among the porters or door-keepers who returned with Zerubbabel. Called Ater, Ezr 2«, Neh 7". ATARAH (may), wife of Jerahmeel and mother of Onam(l Ch'^-"). ATARGATIS.— The worship of this Syrian goddess is nowhere named in tne canonical books, but in 2 Mac 12…
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Aterezias, reading 'Ar^p 'Efe/tiou as one word) 1 Es 5" ; cf. Ezr 2". His sons returned with Zerubbabel. The title '(son of) Ilezekiah' was probably given to distinguish him from Ater (1). H. St. J. Thackeray. ATERGATIS.— See Atargatis. ATETA (A 'AriTTi, B om. : AV Teta, from the Aldine Tirrd), 1 Es 6^ = Hatita, Ezr…
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ATHENIANS {'kertvaXoi, Ac 17" ; 'kvSpct 'kBrivatoi, 17" AV, KV 'men of Athens').— Inhabitants of Athens. ATHENOBIUS {'A0T,vi^ios, 1 Mac 15«-»), a friend of Antiochus VII. Sidetes. When Antiochus had gained some successes against Tryphon, he sent Athenobius to Jerusalem to remonstrate with Simon Maccab;uus for the occu…
1,066 wordsSECTION 271Section 271
' II was only yesterday that the actors were exhibiting tragedy, and were reciting those famous lines of Euripides — *' For Freedom is a name all precious, Even if a man hath tittle thereof, Let htm estc-em himself to have great riches." Then I beheld that all the spectators stood up on tiptoe with excitement, and with…
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In NT, though the thought is fundamental, and finds expression in a variety of forms, e.g. Forgive- ness, Pro])itiation, Redemption, the word Atone- ment or its equivalent Reconciliation (itaTaXXo7/j, in L.X.X )iracti(iilly confined to 2 Mac fi*) is found only in 2 Co S'""', Ro 5'°' U", cf. Col l'". Here, as in (")T, t…
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(1) Christ Himself, as the Head of our race, presented Himself as an offering on our behalf. The laying down of His life is represented as His own deliberate voluntary act (.In 10'"-). He made His soul an ofl'ering for sin (Is 53'°, cf. Mt 26^). He gave His life {<j/vxv) a ransom for many (Xiirpoy uKxi iroXXiy, Mt 20'^…
1,080 wordsSECTION 274Section 274
The distinctive ceremonial of the D.ay of Atone- ment is described at length in Lv 10. The high priest first selected for himself a young bullock for a sin-ofTering, and a ram for a burnt-otl'ering ; then, having bathed, he discarded his distinctive golden vestments, and arrayed himself in gar- ments of white linen. Af…
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t V.20 seems to be misplaced. Its natural poaltion would be Immediately after v.m (cf. 4»-'0. '»• » etc.). 200 ATONEMENT, DAY OF ATONEMENT, DAY OF t lought of the people than was the case pre- viously. The phrase ' to artlict the soul ' (^jj njy, see Lv 16^- " 23-''- ^- ^^, Nu 29') occurs elsewhere only Is 58»- »• …
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A different solution of the difficulty is proposed by Benzinger. In an interesting and suggestive study on Lv 16 (ZATW, 1889, p. 65 0'.), Benzinger points out that the literary form of the chapter is imperfect. Thus v." and v."' are really doublets, suggesting that w.'"'" are derived from another source ; tliere is a s…
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t The cinMiiiiHtantial enumcmtion of v. 83 must surpiv pro- •up|».«e Hointjthitij; more than cith-jr the oprlirmry Biii-otTc*riii(f o( the eninimmity (Nil l.'iSlaa)^ or even Lv 0»- 1^ ;"mort'f»vfr. it exa<-t!y flMinnmrlRCH the prinripal present contents of vv.'***, 1 The 'olferinjf uiftiie liy Are' of t:':^ will not b…
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As regards the part taken in the office by the high priest, it is to be observed especially that the ceremonial of the Day of Atonement was the highest exercise of his mediatorial office : he per- formed an atoning rite on behalf of the entire people ; and, represented by him, the entire people had access on that day t…
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S. R. Driver and H. A. White. ATROTH-BETH-JOAB.— See Ataroth. ATROTH-SHOPHAN (Is^rf nnpv. LXX has 2a.0«l,) and yr]v ^oi<pdp, as well as ^tinpdv [Swete's notes]). — A town of Gad (Nu 32*°). The identification is doubtful, as the tribes of Gad and Reuben seem confused, Dibon, Ataroth, and Aroer being given • airocl ToZ…
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ATTENDANCE in the obs. meaning of attention is found 1 Ti 4'» 'Till I come give a. (RV 'heed ') to reading.' Cf. Barrow, Works, vol. iii. sec. 22, ' What is learning but diligent attendance to in- struction of masters ? ' The same Gr. verb (n-poir^x") is used He 7" 'no man gave a. at the altar'; but it is generally tr'…
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W. F. Adenky. AUGUSTUS' BAND (Ac 27' aTelptx Xe^arr^, RV 'the Augustan Band'). — A similar name is the Italian Band (Ac 10' ffirtipo 'IraXiK^). In each case RVm has 'cohort' for ' band.' The two designations have been fully discussed by E. Egli (to whom I am chiefly indebted in the fol- lowng article) in ZlVTh. xxvii…
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AVITH the children of thy people.' In mod. Ubnge 'a,' IB retained for the sense of just venjre.ince, while 'reveni;e' is used for the gratilication of resentment. This distinction does not obtain in AV, but RV has endeavoured to introduce it. Thus Jer 15" ' a. me of my persecutors ' (for AV * revenge me '), Nah 1' ' T…
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AWE.— Besides He 1^ RV (for AV ' reverence,' Gr. J^os), only in the phrase 'stand in awe.' AV gives Ps 4* (in), 3,r {tr.), and 119"' {ir.p). RV re- tains these, changin" also ' fear ' into ' stand in awe ' in Ps 22» (k->.;), Is 29-=' (p;;) ; and ' was afraid ' into 'stood in awe of in 1 S 18" {-oi), Mai 2' (a^rr). Rusk…
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AZARIAH ('n.liv, n,-i'5!, 'Whom J" aids').— 1. King of Judah ; see tJzziAH. 2. 2 Ch 22» for Ahaziah. 3. 2 Ch 15'"' a prophet, son of Oded, who met Asa's victorious army, on their return from defeating Zerah the Ethiopian, at Mareshah, and urged them to begin and persevere in a religious reform. His speech is a general …
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2 Ch 28", one of the four ' heads of the children of Ephraim,' in the reign of I'ekah, who sujiported the proiihet Oded when he rebuked the army of Israel for purposing to enslave the captives of Judah. He and his fellows treated the captives kindly, and conducted them back to Jericho. 18, 19. 2 Ch 29''^ two Levites, a…
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• Of. 54^^- 6M, 6^ and 81, which also mention 'Azazel, but treat him not an flrBt but on tenth in command, are considered by l>illm. aniit'Iiur)es(A'MorA, ]>, (U)to lielonjj to a later stratum of the worit. Tile tlrst part of tiie mime I>iula-el has been ingeniously exi>Iained i)V i'-vust-r (Jii/t. Ztitc/ir. 18(34-1811…
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the LXX (v.S rm K<rtTefi/Ttt,^, v.IO tit rrf ir»Teu.<rnf, v. 38 tlf i,'i»i>) seems to have rendered freely, treating the word in v. 8 as meaning ihe out sent awai/ (see Field, Utxapla, Auctarium, p. 60), and in v.i0-2fi a-s meaning dimnUsal ; the latter rendorinn has also been adopted by some moderns. But these expl.ii…
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In the Gospels B lacks the Ammonian sections and Eusebian canons, and presents a division into sections which appears besides only in E (Codex Zacynthius) an 8th cent. MS of St. Luke. In Acti, besides the system already referred to, there is an earlier (?) one, making 36 chapters. The Cath. Epp. also show an earlier an…
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We may now pass to the miestion whether the common view is correct, that 15. was the name for the supreme deity of the Canaanites. It is a serious objection to this view, that, except in names, neither on the monuments nor in the OT can we find B. as a proper name standing by itself. We frequently have B. with the arti…
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The Baalim were chiefly worshipped at the high-places, but also on housetops. Obelisks stood beside their altars, and sometimes an Asherah or sacred pole. Children were olTered as bumt- oll'erings in the valley of Hinnom (Jer 19'; Init cf ."jiS' 372 n. ). We often read of incense being BAAL BAAL-ZEPHON 2H oflered t…
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A. S. Peake. BAAL-PERAZIM (o-rcn? Sys), 2 S 5™, 1 Ch 14". It was near Jerusalem, but the situation is un- certain. See Driver on 2 S 5-'. BAALSAMUS (BadXira/ios, AV Balasamus), 1 Es 9* ; in Neh 8', Maaseiah. BAAL-SHALISHAH (v^y Sy;), 2 K 4". Com- pare Slialisha. The 8ituati(m is uncertain, but it seems to have been …
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long war with Asa, king of Judah. Unable to wiliistand him, Asa purchased the help of Ben- hadad, king of Syria, who invaded the northern frontiers of Israel, and captured several towns. This drew Baasha away from the work in which he had been engaged, the building of a fort called Ramah, to blocKade the north of Judah…
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With regard to the site of Babylon, the ruinous heaps running from N. to S. and all on the E. bank of the Euphrates, represent the following ancient structures: Jumj una = the great banking- house ; Tell ' AmTlin = Sag -ilia ; Kassr = one of the palaces of Nebuchadrezzar (the royal palace mentioned by Herodotus was on …
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214 BABYLOXIA BABYLONIA with (i.) The context. The language is allcgorioal, the Church being spoken of as a lady (cf . 2 .In i- 1^). Moreover, St. Mark is mentioned as being with St. Vetcr. Now, St. Mark was summoned to Rome by St. Paul (2 Ti 4"), probably towards the close of A.D. ()7, and very early tradition desc…
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With regard to the Fauna, the lion ((li.sw, labbti) was a very common tenant of the reed-beds between Arabia and Babylonia ; and not only the i>anther (nimru), the jackal (ak-hti, hnrbani), the fox (.^elilnt), and the wild lioar (shakhS, dabw), but especially the wild ox (r?niH, Heh. 2s-i)^ frequently figure in the lit…
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the storm, was Ramman (Sumer. Marlii and Imir), who in course of time became a separate god, worshipped alongside of Bel. In primitive times the Moon-god (Sin) and Ea had likewise common titles (e.g. En-zu, 'Lord of wisdom,' Semitic Bel- nimeki), the Moon-god being hence called the first- born son of the god Bel. Anum…
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The Babylonians also connect the serpent with Paradise. In the epic of Ninirod it is the serpent which snatches the plant of rejuvenescence from Gisdubar as he returns home. In a well-known picture on an old cylinder-seal, a serpent is twining itself behind a seated female (?) figure. In front of the figure stands a pa…
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BABYLONIA BABYLONIA 217 The Heb. j^i also has its equivalent in the Bab. miuU-'inii (from mii.^kahinii), ' one who pays homage or worships.' The rich cultus of the Babjloniaas, in addition to its immerous sacrifices, prayers, and litanies, included from an early period also sacred water (aijuhbu), censers (arftji/Hc…
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The circumstance that each month had its patron deity, has a partial connexion also with the Division of the Zodiac, which originated in Babylonia before m . ."000. At th.at early date the principal constellations, and especially tho.se that are traversed by the sun, moon, and planets, were already known by nearly the …
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Babylonia was the home not only of Mathe- matics (see below) and Astronomy, but of Astrology. This is eloquently witnessed to by the so-called astrological work mentioned above, which bears the special title, n^r Bel, ' illumina- tion of Bel.' The seers (ftarfi) and magicians (ma/i/nt), who are so often mentioned along…
937 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.