PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 61
The last place where St. Paul uses the term adoption is Eph 1', where he says that God eternally foreordained believers unto adoption as sons through Jesus Christ unto Himself. This refers to the eternal purpose, in accordance with which God does all His works in time, and corre- sponds to what he had said in Ro 8^, th…
959 wordsSECTION 62Section 62
As regards the attitudes and acts expressive of A., these, as already stated, symbolised the feeling experienced, and varied therefore with the kinds and degrees of emotion indicated. Humility was naturally expressed by prostration, kneel- ADORXIXG .LDRIA 49 in^, or simply bending head or body ; sub- mission and re…
919 wordsSECTION 63Section 63
ADRIA (Ac 27^, RV Sea of Adria).— The sea ';amidst ' which the ship carrying St. Paul wa? driven during fourteen days, before it stranded on Mclita. After passing Crete, the voyagers en- countered a violent 'north-easter' (KV Eura- quilo), before which they drifted, and running under the island of Clauda (RV Cauda, now…
998 wordsSECTION 64Section 64
William P. Dickson. ADRIEL (SxTtv).— Son of Barzillai, a native of Abel-nieholah in the Jordan Valley, about 10 miles S. of Bethshean. He married Merab, the eldest daughter of Saul, who should have been given to David as the slayer of Goliath (1 S 18"). Michal (2 S 21^) is a aiistake for Merab. J. F. Stennixo. ADUEL…
937 wordsSECTION 65Section 65
J. Hastings. ADVICE, ADVISE, ADVISEMENT.— 'To take advice' in mod. Eng. is to consult with another and receive his opinion. But in Jg 19^ and 2 Ch 25" ' to take a. ' means to consult with oneself and give an opinion ; Jg 19* ' consider of it, take a. (RV ' take counsel ^ and speak.' So Shaka. 2 Menrt/ VI. II. ii. 67—…
962 wordsSECTION 66Section 66
AFFINITY.— In 1 K 3» 'Solomon made a. >vith Pharaoli ' ; 2 Ch 18' 'Jehoshaphat . . . joined a. with Ahab'; and Ezr 9" '.Should we . . . join in a. with the peo]>le of these aboniinalions?' a. has the s|ieiial sense of relationship by marriage, being distinguished from consanguinity or relationshi]! by blood. Cf. Selden…
926 wordsSECTION 67Section 67
R. W. Moss. AGAG (3;k, Nu 24' 3:15 ' violent (?)' Assyr. ag&gu, ' displeasure '). — A king of the Amalekites, con- quered by Saul and, contrary to the divine command, saved alive, but put to death by Samuel (1 S 15). From the way in which the name is used by Balaam (Nu 24'), it seems not to have been the name of any on…
908 wordsSECTION 68Section 68
AGE, AGED, OLD AGE.— Rcsi^ect towards the aged as such, apart from any special claims of kin- ship, wealth, or public oflice, has always been a characteristic feature in Oriental life. tn modern Syria and t^gypt it has a foremost place among social dutie.", taking rank with the regard paid to the neighbour and the gues…
1,109 wordsSECTION 69Section 69
18 AGEE AGRICULTURE The refreshment of the brook makes men think of the fountainhead. Hence in Israel the akedia of Ecclesiastes on account of the omnipresent past ; and in heathenism the inscription of religious despair, 'To the unknown god,' and the unrest that urged phUosophy to 'some new thing' (Ac 17^). The Bi…
990 wordsSECTION 70Section 70
The climate of Pal., owing to the removal of forests, must now be much less humid than in early times. The summer is rainless and warm, the winter and early spring are rainy and colder. During tlie dry season the heat, esp. in the low country, is excessive, and rapidly bums up all minor vegetation ; while any surface-w…
908 wordsSECTION 71Section 71
aODKBS BTaiAN piouaH. (1) EI-Eabuaah, grasped in working by the left hand ; (I) d-akar, the handle or slilt ; (3) el-buruk, the beam ; (4) el-niteh, a support, secured by a wedge ; (5) el-sawajir, the couplings; (6) el-wuslah, the pole ; (7) el-sikluh, the ploughshare. the surface after the plough, as in Egypt. (See…
909 wordsSECTION 72Section 72
The Threshing usually took place in the fields. a custom made possible by the rainless Aveather of harvest. The Threshing-floop (pS) consisted of a round open .space, probably of a permanent character, and ])referably on an eminence where it was exposed to the free sweep of air currents. For bringing in the sheaves, ca…
964 wordsSECTION 73Section 73
AHAB [zmif, 'Axorfj9, Assyr. A-hn-abbu) signifies ' father's brother.' (Cf. analogous uses of the same element nn 'brother' in Syr. proper names.) The meaning of the compound is jirobably 'one who closely resembles his father.' The father in this case was Orari, the founder of the dynasty, and from him the son inherite…
917 wordsSECTION 74Section 74
was refused by A. with the unanimous approval of his people and their elders. To the arrogant menace of the Syrian, the king of Isr. replied in the proverbial phrase, 'Let not him who girds on the armour boast as he who puts it ott'.' Btnhadad at once ordered the engines of war (LXX ' lines of circumvallation ') to be …
1,014 wordsSECTION 75Section 75
In the foregoing account of the Syrian wars of A. we have a^iopted the sequence of events recoinmcnded by Schnuler {COV i. 189 ff., whopvcs the Assvr. text and tr.), Ed. Jlcyer (OmcA. de» Alterthuim, i. 39,1), and recently bySayce (UCM 320, 392), which places the battle of Karljar near the close of A. 'a life. On the o…
1,010 wordsSECTION 76Section 76
H. A. White. AHAZ (mK 'he hath grasjie.!,' LXX 'Ax<li-, .los. 'AxiiV^, NT'Axos" [WH'Axas]). — Son and successor of .lothani king of Judah. His name is probably an abbreviated form of Jeho-ahaz (inx'iT), since it niipears on the Assyr. inseriiitions as la-u-tja-zi. 'I lie date of his accession has been fixed at 735 B.C.…
1,071 wordsSECTION 77Section 77
A. S. Peakk. AHAZIAH ('H'lrK or .tito 'J" hath grasped').— 1. King of Israel, son of Ahab. He is said to have reigned two years ; but as he came to the throne in the 17th year of Jehoshaphat (1 K 22"), and his brother Jehoram succeeded him in Jehoshaphat's 18th year (2 K 3'), the duration of his reign would not much e…
1,017 wordsSECTION 78Section 78
• For a fuller rlitK;uB8iOD of the meantnjf of this name and tlif followiotc DoiueB beginning with Ahi, Bee Nxuiis, I'lLOrSB. followed by another name of which the letters .ijr (in njnni) are a mutilated aurvivaL G. B. Gray. AHIAH.— See Ahijah. AHIAM (DK'nK, meaning doubtful, according to some, 'mother's brother').…
1,203 wordsSECTION 79Section 79
Ahijah was one of the historians of Solomon's reign according to 2 Ch 9^. 3. 1 K 4', one of two brothers, Solomon's scribes or secretaries. Their father Sliisha (Seraiah, 2 S 8" ; Sheva, 2 S 2(r-» ; Shavsha, 1 Ch 18'") held the same post under David. 4. Father of king Baasha, 1 K 15^-» 21», 2 K 9». 5. 1 Ch 2» (LXX iSe…
901 wordsSECTION 80Section 80
A, then, was a clan resident in Hebron (the more familiar name of Kiriath-arba) at the time of the Heb. conquest, and driven thence by Caleb. The clan may have been of Aramaic origin, since the names of Sheshai and Talmai are of an Aram, type, and the name Ahiman has analogy in Aram, as well as Heb. See further, Driver…
1,157 wordsSECTION 81Section 81
AHITOB (B "AxfiTii/S, A 'Axir-, AV Achitob), 1 Es 8'. — An ancestor of Ezra, son of Amarios and father of Sadduk [Ahitub]. U. St. J. Thackeray. 58 AHITUB AIR AHITUB (aiB-nK 'brother is goodness'). — 1. Son of Phinehas and" gianilson of Eli, the father of Ahimelech or Ahijah the priest who was put to death by Saul …
904 wordsSECTION 82Section 82
AIN (ry ' an eye, or spring ').—!. On the northern boundary of Israel, as given Nu 34". It lay west (S W. ?) of Riblah. It is almost impossible now to describe the boundary there given. Riblah has been identified with the village stUl bearing that name, 20 miles south-west of Hums (Emesa) and Zedad, viith Sadad some 30…
1,050 wordsSECTION 83Section 83
cent, the Latins got it from the Syrians, in the 16th cent, it was in the possession of the Anneniiins, in the 17th cent, of the Greeks, and it passed again to the Armenians, who at the close of that century paid a rent for it to the Turks. More strange is the virtue attached to its soil of quickly consuming dead bodie…
1,106 wordsSECTION 84Section 84
R. W. Moss. ALEMA (^i- 'AXd/nois A, 'AX^mo's »), 1 Mac 5».— A citj' in Gilead. The site is unknown. ALEMETH (n^'-y). — 1. A son of Becher the Benjamite ( 1 Cli 7*, AV Alameth). 2. A descendant of Saul (1 Ch 8» 9"). ALEPH (K).— First letter of Heb. Alphabet. See Alphabet, Psalms, and A. ALEXANDER ("AWfoi-Jpoj).— The …
1,170 wordsSECTION 85Section 85
By A. Palestine was included in the province of Coele • Syria, which extended from Lebanon to Egypt. The governor was Androraachus, who chose as his residence the town of Samaria, because of its central position, and possiblj also of the amenities of the neighbourhood. A''ainst him the Samaritans rose in revolt, prompt…
989 wordsSECTION 86Section 86
Alexander Epiphanes, I Mac 10' = A. Bala-i. R. W. MO.SS. ALEXANDRIA (4 'KMivipua.), the Hellenic capital of Egypt, was founded by Alexander the Creat, B.C. 33'2. Under the early Ptolemies it 62 ALEXANDRIA ALEXANDRIA rose to importance, and became the emporium of the commerce of the East and of the West. Oblong in…
991 wordsSECTION 87Section 87
The Jewish philosophy of A., which was not confined to A., but spread through the whole ot the Greek-speaking Diaspora, exercised a certain influence upon the Greeks, who were drawn towards Judaism by its accent of certainty abont God, which was always wanting even in the loftic-l theology of their own philosophers. It…
932 wordsSECTION 88Section 88
The conditions for any canclidate for the algum or almu" tree, imported fioiii Ophir, are — (1) that it should be a wood of sullicieiit value to make its importation from so distant a country a.s Oiv>iir, be it Arabia, India, or the East Coa.st of .Afnea, pro- fitable ; (2) that it should be suitulile lor r^>af terrac…
1,023 wordsSECTION 89Section 89
J. Hastings. ALLAMMELECH (-^5^n).— Perhaps ' King's oak,' a town of Asher probably near Acco (Jos 19-*). The site is not known. ALLAR (B 'AXXdp, A 'AXdp, AV Aalar), 1 Es 5'". — One of the leaders of those Jews who could not show their pedigree as Isr. at the return from captivity under Zerubbabel. The name seems to co…
986 wordsSECTION 90Section 90
iii. Allegorical Interpretation. — The ten- dency to allegorize has its foundations in human nature. Constantly and unconsciously we read into the creations of other men, as, for example, into a painting or a poem, our own thoughts, con- ceptions, and emotions, and are scarcely to be persuaded that they were not the or…
914 wordsSECTION 91Section 91
\Ve find the Alexandrian method employed upon the OT as early as the Book of Wisdom and its allegorical interpretation of the manna in the Pent, (le^*"-), and of the high priest's robe as the image of the whole world (18^). Tlie early Christians therefore found this current and acknowledged method of interpretation to…
1,026 wordsSECTION 92Section 92
When the monarchy became settled and com- paratively powerful under Solomon, treaties with forVicners, m the stricter sense, became fremunt. '^Sn himself formed an alliance -Uh Jiram king of Tyre (1 K 5). and it is most probable that some of his marriages, and especiaUy that with the daughter of Pharaoh, cemented a po…
923 wordsSECTION 93Section 93
D. S. Margououth. ALMON. — See Allemeth. ALMONDIBLATHAIM {r^C',i\)q.Tp% Nu SS"-"). — A station in the joumeyings, prob. identical with Bethdiblatliaim, Jer 48'''. The meaning of the word Diblutliaim is a double cake of figs ; its application to a town may indicate the appear- ance of the place or neighbourhood. Conde…
1,033 wordsSECTION 94Section 94
G. E. Post. ALMSGIVING.— i. The llUlory of the Wurd.— This is interesting and instructive. The Gr. word f'XfTj^ocTi'i'T;, from which alms is derived, is one of I hose words which owe their origin to the u.se of the Gr. language by .lews imbued with the religious and ethical ideas of OT. The l,.KX (including the 68 A…
1,041 wordsSECTION 95Section 95
iii. The Teaching of the NT. — In the Sermon on the Mount (as recorded in Mt), our Lord, after setting forth His New Law as a true fulfilment of the Ancient Law (5""*), proceeds to treat of certain chief religious observances from a similar point of view (6'"'*) ; and, in full accordance with the Jewish thought of the …
904 wordsSECTION 96Section 96
The order Aquilariaceie supplies several trees, which produce commercial aloes wood. The most noted of these is Aquilaria Agalloclut, Uoxb., a native of Northern India, which grows to a height of 120 ft. Aquilaria sccunil'irin, of China, pro- duces some of the varieties alluded to by Avicenna. It is a well-known fact t…
917 wordsSECTION 97Section 97
ALPHA AND OMEGA.— This phrase is found in Rev 1* 21' 22". In the first passage it is used of God the Father, in the other two of the Son. In the TR it wrongly appears in Rev 1". This phrase calls for treatment in two respects : (1) as to Its form, (2) as to its meaning. 1. That the form of the phrase was familiar, or,…
1,068 wordsSECTION 98Section 98
Forty-fi\e of the Egyp. Hieroglyphics had acquired, as we have seen, a semi-alphabetic char acter, and Ue Roug6 contended that the Hieratic representatives of 21 of the most suitable of tlie>e Hieroglyphs were selected, and employed by some Sem. people as the prototypes of tlie .-V. they constructed, only one of the 22…
932 wordsSECTION 99Section 99
The art of writing must, however, have been known to the Hebrews at an early period of their history. Hiram, we are told, wrote a letter to Solomon, and David wrote a letter to Joab. From the lists of the kings and dukes of Edom, preserved in Gn 36 and 1 Ch 1, we gather that the Edomites, at the time when their capital…
907 wordsSECTION 100Section 100
ALPHABET ALPHABET 73 the owl coming to resemble the undulations of waves (see col. 2 and 3). Tlie Sem. names are iiometimes more easily exjilained by the Egyp. forms of the Papyrus rrisse than by those in the oldest Sem. inscriptions. The Sem. names are usually interpreted as follows: "a/e/y/i means an 'ox'; beth si…
1,179 wordsSECTION 101Section 101
This earliest type of the Sem. A. gradually passes into another, somewhat more cursive, which goes by the name of the Sidonian, its chief repre- sentative being the great inscription on the magni- ficent ba.salt sarcophagus of Eshmunazar, king of Sidon, now in the Louvre, which is a.ssigned to the end cf the 5th cent. …
918 wordsSECTION 102Section 102
letters had practically «issumed their modem forms though not their modern aspect, the useless ornamental apices in our printed books (col. 8) being due to the schools of Heb. caligiaphy which arose in the 12th cent. The square Heb. of our printed Bibles is thus one of the most modern of existing A.s, and was not, as w…
995 wordsSECTION 103Section 103
LlTERATtmB. — Besides the works referred to in the text, see Lit^htluot, Gttluians, lOtlied. Loudon, ISIK), p. 267; Mayor, The BfH*Ut «'/ St. Jiivita, 18i*2, p. xvif. See also an intert-sting and clever bat perverse not« In Kelm, Jtsus of Xasara, iii, 276. J. Macpherson. ALTAR. — i. Altar is the invariable rendering …
948 wordsSECTION 104Section 104
iii. Pre - Deuteronomic Altars. — A very marked distinction, as is well known, exists l>e- tween the attitude to sacrilice of the |)rophetic and priestly narratives respectively in our present Pent. The latter (P) limits sacrilice to the great central a.,+ while the former (JE) relates numerous in- • See Conder'B repo…
1,058 wordsSECTION 105Section 105
Of the other a* made by Ahaz we know nothing, nor of those set up by later kings (2 K 23'* luc. cit.). As to the a. to Baal which Ahab erected in Samaria (1 K 16'-), we may assume that it re- sembled the a' erected by his Phoen. neighbours to the same deity (cf. Perrot et Chipiez, Hist, de I' Art dans I'Antuj. iii. fig…
903 wordsSECTION 106Section 106
LlTlRATURR. — Of the earlier literature the standard worit is John Spencer's De legibut Heb. rUuatibiu, etc. IGSii. Of the modeni works the most important are the works on Hebrew antiquities by De Wette. Kwald (Eng. tr. 187(1), Nowack (Ilrh- raUche Arcbdolnqie, 1894, lland li. SacralaltfTthiinier, § 73ff.), and Benzing…
971 wordsSECTION 107Section 107
78 AAIALEK, AMALEKITES AMALEK, AMALEKITES nsed, the names do not always belonp; to persons his- torically real. All that we need understand by this iniroduction of an Anialek, son of Eliphaz by a concubine, is that Tinina the Horite, the concubine referred to, represents the importation or incor- poration of a forei…
922 wordsSECTION 108Section 108
During this same period, it would seem that a branch of the Amalekite tribe had secured a settlement in Mount Ephraim. Pirathoa, the residence of the judge Abdon, some 15 miles south-west of Shechem, bore the name of ' the Mount of the Amalekites,' or had in it a hill so called (Jg 12"). The settlers who had thus given…
1,050 wordsSECTION 109Section 109
Ahitub, Zadok' occurs twice; only three high priests are given between Amariah under Jeho^-ha- phat, and Hilkiah under Josiah. 4. A priest clan, lourth in the list of 22 in Neh 12 (v.^), who ' went up with Zerabbabel' 'in the days of Je.sluia,' and in the list of 21 (v."), 'in the days of Joiakim,' and tifth in the lis…
1,016 wordsSECTION 110Section 110
Besides the strictly historical details which he borrows from 2 Kings, the Chronicler adds certain particulars, the purpose of whose insertion is evident (2 Ch 25**- "■"). (On these additions see Graf Die geschichtlichen Biicher des A.2\ p. 157 ff., and Driver, LOT, p. 494.) 2. The priest of Jeroboam II. who opposed a…
961 wordsSECTION 111Section 111
(2) It is used in confirmation of one's oton prayers, thanksgivings, benedictions, doxologies. Before AJMEN AMMIHUD 81 NT the word occurs only at the end of a privatu prayer in To 8*, and at the end of a personal ascription in the last verses of 3 and 4 Mac. Tlio personal doxological or ascriptional usage is much m…
911 wordsSECTION 112Section 112
AMMAH (.ivt<), 2 S 2" only.— A hill near Giah, in the wilderness of Gibeon. It was probably to the east of Gibeon above the Jordan Valley, but the name has not been recovered. C. R. CONDER. AMMI (•!?«= 'my people,'* LXX Xo6s m"")-— The name which is to be applicable to Israel in the time of restoration ; Lo-ammi ( = …
946 wordsSECTION 113Section 113
J. A. Selbie. AMMISHADDAI ("^P-PS! 'kinsman is Shaddai,' see God). — A Danite, father of Ahiezer (see art.), Nul"2»7*'-" 10" (P). AMMIZABAD (i?!"?!! 'kinsman for, my people) has made a present'). — Son of Benaiah, for whom he appears at times to have officiated ; but the statement in the only passage (1 Ch 27') where…
1,039 wordsSECTION 114Section 114
When we next hear of them, in the early years of king Saul, the children of Amnion form a powerful nation under a cap.able ruler, kini; Nahash. One of the first di.-tinetions in battle gained by Saul was his defeat of Nahash and the Ammonites, and the deliverance of the inhabit- ants of Jabesh-gilead, to whose city the…
923 wordsSECTION 115Section 115
J. Maci'Ukrron. AMNON (iteK). — 1. Eldest son of David by Ahiiioiim the Jezreelitess. Hedishonoured his halt- sister Taniar, and was, on that account, slain by lier brother Absalom (2 S 3'^ 13"-). In2S IH^heiscalleil Aniinon(pro.-i),suppo.se<lby many (on the analogy of Arabic) to be a diminutive form, iiurpos<^ly usec…
1,031 wordsSECTION 116Section 116
In the age of the Tel el-Amarna tablets (B.C. 1400) and of the Nineteenth Egj-p. Dynasty (B.C. l.'iOd) 'the land of the Amorites' denoted the inland region immediately to the north of the Pal. of later days. In many passages of the OT, however, the Amorites appear as the predominant populaticm of Canaan, and accordingl…
921 wordsSECTION 117Section 117
• The s.lrne oivler is observed in our c<litionH of the Ilet). Hible, but in tlie \.\\ v\nio» follows Iloseft. The sanuj is the caj*e iu tlu' Syrlac Lives of the I'l-ojiliets. t^Jreg. Nuz. says — Miai- txitf tiaiv i<i ypaittrtv oi Sut&tKa 'iluift, K afif^f, Ka't /At\a(ac o TpiTOC. t The natne has been very variously …
946 wordsSECTION 118Section 118
86 AMOS AMOS splendid achievements had already been wrought. The ministry of Amos sliould therefore be dated about 760 B.C. An attempt has recently been made, on the ground of internal evidence, to bring it down a quarter of a century, and date it about 734. This, however, would require us to set aside .\m7'"'"", a …
1,145 wordsSECTION 119Section 119
(2) Tm relation between J" and Israel. — In common with all his countrymen, Amos believed that J" was in a peculiar sense their God, and they His peojile. But they regarded the bond as a natural and indissoluble one, like that which was conceived to exist between other nations ant their deities, so that, provided they …
1,022 wordsSECTION 120Section 120
4. There was a time when Jerome's verdict on the Style of Amos, iniperitus semione, sed non scicntid, was generally acquiesced in. Now, however, it is seen that the Christian Kather was prejudiced by his Jewish teacher, and that the prophet was as little deficient in style as in know- ledge. In point of fact, he is ver…
928 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.