PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 481
C. ia very conspicuous from most parts of central Pal. ; its high sky-line, with the line of Bashan and the great mass of Hermon, form the three grandest features of all views from Esdraelon, Galilee, and the mountains of Ephraim. Accord- ingly C., Gilead or IJashan, and Lebanon are frequently named together in OT (Is …
1,004 wordsSECTION 482Section 482
Probably for rea-sons already stated, C. does not again ai)pear in OT as the scene of any sacred function ; but in heathen hands the sanctity of the hill was preserved. Tacitus describes it as the site of an oracle, without on image ' tantum ara et reverentia' [Hist. ii. 78); and Vespasian, having sacrificed here, is s…
1,131 wordsSECTION 483Section 483
CARPUS.— An inhabitant of Troas, with whom St. Paul stayed, probably on his last journey to Rome (2 Ti 4"). The name is Greek, but we have no means of proving his nationality. His memory is honoured, as one of the seventy disciples, by the Greek Church on May 26, and by the Roman and Syrian Churches on October 13. A la…
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CARVING.- 1. Can-ed (KV graven) image (Vcs), the ligure of deities and such-like sculptures used in i.lolatrous worship (Jg 18", 2 Ch Xi'-^, Zi"-*). Tcref pcfcl, idolatrous food, is a Jewish name for NT. 2. Caning in relief-work (rU'^P? '■■"'5), as in the ornamental panelling in the holy place of the temple (1 K 6'.",…
1,023 wordsSECTION 485Section 485
G. E. Post. CAST as a subst. occurs Lk 22" ' a stone's c' {Po\r)) • as an adj. Jer 38"- " ' old c. clouts ' (ni;np [all]). The verb is freq., and is used in some obsol. meanings. 1. In its simplest sense = ' throw,' it is now archaic, having been displaced by 'throw ' itself, but is often found in AV, as Jn 8' ' let h…
1,044 wordsSECTION 486Section 486
J. Hastings. CASTANET.— See Musia CASTLE.— 1. The word, .ttij, rendered castle in the AV of Gn 25", Nu 31'°, ] Ch G", denotes properly a circular group of tents, the encannmicnt of a nomad tribe — RV 'encampment'; LXX f-ravXis; 1 Ch Kwfit); Vulg. nppiditm, ca.stellxm, aula, etc. In English translations of the Bible ti…
1,035 wordsSECTION 487Section 487
G. E. Post. CATERPILLAR.— See LocuST. CA'THOLIC EPISTLES ({vKrroKal KaBoKiKal).— The title given to a group of seven Epistles of the NT, which bear the names of James, Peter, John, and Jude. From an early period in the history of the Church these Epistles were dealt with as a class by themselves. There were reasons fo…
1,065 wordsSECTION 488Section 488
Nor, again, has the group of Cath. Epp. been of the same com- pass at all times or in all parts of the Church. The first of the seven to be generally received seem to have been I P and 1 Jn. The other five were accepted later, and at different times, Ja apparently at a comparatively early period. Chrysostora'8 Si/nopsi…
1,130 wordsSECTION 489Section 489
There is much that is still far from clear as re CATHOLIC EPISTLES CATHOLIC EPISTLES 361 gards the ori^'in and use of the terms Catholic and Canonical iu this connexion. Dill'erent views have been taken of the precise meaning and intention of the title Catholic. Some fanciful speculations have also been indulged in…
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3. Others suppose that the term refers to the character of the contents of the.se Epp., the catho- licity of their doctrine, distinguishing them from others which were heretical as orthodox or authori- tative Epp., — Epp. whose teaching was in harmony with Christian truth, or the Church's faith. .So Salmeron held it to…
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to be by Peter, that they are not iv Ka6o\ucoU TrapaSebotiiva.. We have another in HE iv. 23, where mention is made of the ' Catholic Epistles ' of Dionysius of Corinth. The Churches to which these Epistles were addressed are named — the Lacedcemonians, the Atli^nians. the Nicomedians, the Church of Gortyna, and the ' …
1,223 wordsSECTION 492Section 492
\V. M. Ramsay. CAUL (Fr. cale, a small cap or headdress. Now obsol.). — 1. (n-;n*) The fatty envulojie of the liver, which, with the fat of the kidneys and other inward parts (Ex 29"", Lv3Sete.), was to be burnt on the altar as an offering by lire unto the Lord. In IIos 13' the rending of the caul or enclosure (i^;?) …
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(6) The cave of Makkedah at Beth-horon, in which the five kings of the Canaanites hid them- selves (Jos 10"). (c) Caves in which the Israelites hid themselves from the Midianites in the time of the Judges (Jg 6'), and from the Philistines in the time of Saul (1 S 13''). Both these references point to the conclusion th…
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CEILING CENSER 365 ornamented with its yellow staminate and purple pistillate cones. (4) It was suitable for the masts of ships (Ezk 27"). It lias been objected that the cedar has a thick, gnarled trunk, too short for a mast. This is true of the old weather-beaten veterans in the open groves of Lebanon at the presen…
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CENSER. — Two Heb. words are thus rendered in our Eng. version, nijn.p and n-i^p?. The latter, from the same root as the word for incense, is ren<lered by Uie LXX in the two places where it occurs (2 Ch 26'», Ezk 8") 8v^a.T-fipLoi/. For this reason XpvaoOr Ovmar-fipLOf of He 9* has been understood since Jerome's time t…
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A. K. S. Kennedy and E. M. Holmes. CENSUS.— See David, Quieinius. CENTURION (Latin, centurio ; Gr. Ktrrvplwv in Mk ; ikarovipxT)^^ iKarifapxos in Mt, Lk, and Ac, — see critical authorities in Grimm-Thayer for the two forms of this word). — An officer in the Roman army in command of a century {centuria), nhich correspo…
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2. When a person or tiling' is taken out of the fluctuating multitude and hxed in the mind, it need not be further specified, and so becomes in- definite, as in the common phrases ' a certain man,' etc. (Heb. e-in, i?-x, or iij.x, Gr. tis mostly, also iyepwToi, Mt 18-» 21" 22% and ds). Thus we have, Ac 8" ' a c. water …
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CHAIN. — The Bible frequently refers to chains, and uses a great variety of words to describe the dilierent articles and their uses. Chains were chiefly employed for (1) ornament, (2) restraint. 1. Urnnment. — 1. 'I'here was the more solid form of simple or twisted rinjj for the neck (t;i from ij"! ; cf. Arab, rabnt, …
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ii. The People.— The origia of the Chaldieana is enveloped in the mists of antiquity. Whence and when they migrated into lower Babylonia is also an unsolved riddle. Winckler {Gesch. Bab. und Assyr. p. 99 f.) finds the first hint of such a people in the ' dynasty of the coast-land ' Imeer- landes], in the person of Ea-m…
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CHAMELEON AV so renders nb Ic/lilh, xafnat- \4ui',chnmdfun, the second of the lizards mentioned in Lv 11*', which RV renders land-crocodile. On the other liand, RV renders by rlmmeleon the last of the animals mentioned in this passage, nrij'jB tin.ihemcth, d<nrdXo|, talpri, wliich AV renders mole. The Ileb. ki'ifth i…
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CHANCE. — The 'reign of law' is no discovery of the 19th century. It was an accepted, even an axiomatic, fact to the ancient Hebrew through- out the whole course of his history. And more than that, the law was the immediate expression of a personal will, not the fortuitous harmony of working forces. ' Chance,' therefor…
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G. M. Mackie. CHANT was formerly (and is still poetically) used as a simple synonym for 'sing.' So Am 6' 'that chant (Coverdale, 'synge') to the sound of the viol ' {aip [all], RV ' sing idle songs '). CHANUNEOS {Xavovraioi, AV Channuneus), 1 Es 8** (•" LXX). — A Levite, answering to Merari, if to anything, in the pa…
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chargeable,' Neh 5" ' the former governors, that had been before me, were c. unto the people ' ('T?jn Si', lit. ' made heavy on,' RVm ' laid burdens upon ') ; esp. in the matter of expense, 2 S 13^ ' let us not all now go [to the sheep-shearini/ feast], lest we be c. unto thee ' (i;?), RV ' be burden- some ') ; 1 Th 2'…
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J. Hastings. CHARIOT {33^, 3tr) Ps 104', n;;n;, nSj^ Ps 46', ipiM., xurrus). — In ancient times war chariots formed an important part of the military strength of a nation. We learn from Egyptian monu- ments that they were largely employed in the armies of the Hittite and Palestinian kings, and thence they were introduc…
1,251 wordsSECTION 505Section 505
-Assyrian chariots did not ditl'er in any essential points from the Egyptian. They were, however, completely panelled at the sides, and a shield was sometimes hung at the back. The wheels had six, or, at a later period, eight spokes ; the felloes were broad, and seem to have been formed of three distinct circles of woo…
968 wordsSECTION 506Section 506
The Rhemish Bible, being tr. from the Vulg,, returned to the use of 'charity' and 'love.' following the Vulg. precisely, except that (as with Wyclif) the third * charity * is omitted In lOolK The translator! of AV followed the Bishops, except In Ro 1310 bii, 1 Th 3i» 68, 1 Jn 31, and Jude », where they capriciously p…
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CHASTENING, CHASTISEMENT, TRIBU- LATION. — The idea represented by the words chastening or chastisement tills a considerable space both in OT and NT. In Heb. it is usually expressed by the verb np;, n?:, and the substantive ifiD, with which n'jin and nnjin are frequently com- bined ; and in Gr. by the corresponding ver…
1,019 wordsSECTION 508Section 508
J. Dennev. CHASTITY.— See Crimes, and Marriage. CHEBAR (133, Xo;3ip, Ezk li-» 3"-2» 10"- *• « 43'). — A river in ' tlie land of the ChaUUeans,' by the side of which Ezekiel saw his first vision of the Cherubim. Near the banks of this stream was Tel-abib, the home of a colony of Jewish exiles, among whom Ezekiel lived…
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CHEEK, CHEEK-BONE (-n^, Arab, lahi, 'jaw- • The namo Ku-tiur-la-ukh-fju-mar hu now bopn rewl hy P. Bcheil on a tablet of Khnramiiralii (see liev. Bib. Internal. ISiMJ, p. (300, and liev. dt Thiol. 1897, p. 83 IT.). bone'; liliyah, 'beard'; aia.'/wv). — 1. The cheek, with fts ruddy token of health, is a feature of bea…
1,135 wordsSECTION 510Section 510
J. Taylor. CHEMOSH (ciias KemCsh, XoMiis).— The national deity of the Moabites, as .1 " was the national deity of the Israelites. He is frequently referred to as the ^od of Moab both in the OT and on the Moabite Stone, and the Moabites are referred to as the people of Chemosh (cf. Nu 2r-», Jer 48-'«). On the Moabite S…
1,325 wordsSECTION 511Section 511
J. A. Sklrie. CHERITH (n-15 ijnj).— The brook by which Elijah lived (1 K 1 7'' ") was ' before .Jordan,' i.e. , accord- ing to familiar usa^e, on the E. of .lordan. Elijah 'was of the inhabitants' (or ' sojourners,' UV) of Gilead, or according to the LXX 'of Tishlieh of Gilead,' and would be well acquainted with the h…
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number (lO'O); they had each four faces the face of a cherub, a man, a lion, and an eagle (»), and ' four wings' (=')• As one of their faces was that of 'a chel-ub,' and the prophet on seeing them ' knew that they were cherubim ' (=»), the shape of a ' cherub ' as of a fabulous creature must have been well known throug…
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^\f hethcr its name is of Sem. origin or not, is a disputed point (see below). There is not sufti_ cient reason to doubt that the original idea belonga to the early childhood of Israel's religion, and is thus related to simUar conceptions in other races. The prominence given to the cherubim in the passages we have pas…
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ii. In NT they are spoken of in the Ep. to the Hebrews in connexion with the ark, ' above it the cherubim of glorv overshadowing the mercv-seat' (He y), where tlie expression, "the cherubim of glory,' conve3's the special thought of created beings ministering to the manifestation of the divine glory. In the Ajioc. they…
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CHESIL (Vp3), Jos 15»°.— The LXX reads Bethel, probably for Bethul, as in the parallel passage, Jos 19*, and S'c? of MT is prob. a textual error. (So Ox/. Heb. Lex. and Siegfried-Stade.) CHEST. — 1. In order to defray the cost of certain repairs of the temple, the priest Jeho'ada placed in the court (our authorities a…
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CHIEF. — 1. In old Eng. as in modem, 'chief was both a subst. and an adj.; but in AV (though it is the tr. of some twenty Heb. words, all substs.) it is seldom if ever a substantive. The Oxf. Eng. Diet, quotes as a subst. the occurrence of ' c' in Nu S*' and Ps 105^ ; but even these are not certain instances. If ' c' w…
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2. Parental and filial affection. — ChUd-life baa always been the great emblem of wliat apjjcals to human afl'ection and responds to it. \\ itli the young, love, that in the ordinary lives of men is often the hireling of selfish interests, is always a free and independent instinct. The child's natural assurance that it…
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5. Spiritual sense of father, son, brother. — The nse of the word so7i in a fig. sense carries the three chief meanings of the literal use, namely, (1) affec- tion, (2) obedience, (3) likeness. By these signifi- cations we must interpret ' sons of the Highest, 'children of belial,' 'son of peace — perdition — dis obed…
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Elace or oven, ' or ever the chimneys in Sion were of (RV, after Syr., 'or ever tlie footstool of Sion was established '). This is the oldest mean- ing of the word in Eng., and is found as late as Goldsmith. Cf. Milton, L' Allegro, 111— • Then lies him down the lubbar fiend, And, strct<:h'd out all the chimney's len^t…
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* Schroder, in the obovo-cltod po.s80ge, states that Sokknt i:i another name for Ailar or Adrammelech, and thot as A-tar = Father of Fate, so Sak.knt = Head of Decision, both wortls b«ijig of AccodiAn-Sumerion orifln. 381 CHLOE CHRISTIAN of another, as in nThc'y, T,hb, nch, and so on. In this case the pointing is t…
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The objections made to the statement of Ac 1136 are based ultimately upon the theory which discredits the authority of that book as a comparatively late document. If we re^'ard the Acts as the work of St. Luke, the account it gives of the origin of the name 'Christian' is invested with the authority of con- temporary e…
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(e)R. A. LipsiuB urges the silence of St. Paul's Epistles, and Indeed of the whole body of the earliest Christian literuture. He retfards the Asiatic ori^rin of the name as probable, but is Dot inclined to dat« It earlier than tbs last decade of the Ist cent. But e\en if we set t^side, as he does, the evidence of Acts …
1,026 wordsSECTION 523Section 523
IV. Significance of the nmne. — St. Luke evidently wishes to connect the origin of the name with the final departure of Christianity from merely Jewish ideals and the dawning consciousness of this fact in the (Jentile mind. It is then fair to ask, ' What were the distinctive marks of the new sect to those who first use…
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Throughout his Epistles we notice the profound reverence with which St. Paul bows before Christ as in the presence of One incomparably greater than himself or the greatest of men. There is no com- parison of Christ with other men, and no trace of familiarity, or of that sense of equality, which no differences of rank o…
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As recognised oy St. Paul, but more conspicu- ously, Christ claims in Mt 7"*- 13"'- 16" 25»'-", and in the parallel passages, that in the great day He will sit upon a throne and pronounce judgment on all men ; while the angels do His blading as His servants. This teachmg raises Christ as much above the rest of mankind …
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g'ves to Hiiu the supreme title God, and records is own earlier accej>tance of the same, iii. In this hannoniims account, by various writers, of the dignity of Christ we notice marks of develop- ment. In the Synoptic' Gospels we find it in ita most rudimentary form ; in the Epistles of St. Paul it is more fully develop…
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The only remaining alternative is either that Christ is in very truth what the various writers of NT represent Him as claiming to be, and being, or that His immediate followers, those who gained for Him the homage of succeeding ages, and through whom He became the Saviour of the world, misunderstood altogether the teac…
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Na.me. — The name of Chronicles in Hebrew is Dihk^rf ITayt/fimSm (c'T.'C '■';i), a |ihr.a.se occurring frequently in K and Ch with the meaning onnci/,*, or rerorih of such and such a king (lit. the arts of t/ie r/ay.i of, etc.). The LXX (followed by the Vulg.) adopted the name T4 Uapa\enrineva, of doubtful meaning ; th…
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scurs T rr 18 , a <^n si--;. . 22. n,V.i^on co„„^^^^^^^^ re!rs^«.'??y:.?.^li28>- >»■>-. 2 Ch 5"8'^» 23« 3ia.a.u.u.i7 354.10, Neh U*". , . „ pu oom 3528 23. •n90=p»oi" <^<^ (°f °'«°^' T 2 Ch 32" 35 , ^^^ ^^"' . 7 .7^. t 9 Ph ii»"-"; also Dn 1*-' 24. J75 knowledge, \ 4. ,n"o and ( ='mind, thought), Ec 10- . t 2 Ch …
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""17' 3BJ Niph. be expressed by name, T 1 Ch 12" (Baer^ne"'' 2Ch 28''»31'», Ezr f ■ a «oNu 1^'JP^ 18. n5y = me(for earlier c>plCh iO- 21 , Ezr 2^ = Neh 7", Neh 8» ; also Dn 8=- ="• •"' 10 U CUK0^■1CLKS, 1. a2sD II. CHKU.MCLES, I. AND IL 391 •.1J.31 ]oi^ ggt, 414^ jf_ transition to this usage £zk 2' 37'". 19. 2zr: i…
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15. •»; adj. right (hand), 1 K 6» 7», 2 K 11" ; also 1 K 7" = 2 Ch 3" Iferi, 2 Ch 4" 23*». Ezk 4« ^'crt', 47'-', Ex 29^ + 8 t. P. 16. I'O Hiph. set up, prepare, etc. 2 S 5>-, 1 K 2" etc., but esp. 1 Ch 14' 28', 2 Ch 12' 17»-(-36 t. Ch. 17. Dij gatlier, t Is 28» (Hithp.), but also 1 Ch •22', Neh 12** ; also Ezk 22^ 39…
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Date. — (1) The peculiarities of language already noted give an overwhelming presumption in favour of a very late date for Ch. (2) Specific evidence appears— (a) 1 Ch S-* where Anani is named accord- ing to MT in the 6th generation after Zerubbabel, or about B.C. 350; (ffi, followed by SF, makes Anani the 11th from Zer…
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chase of Oman's threshing-floor = 2 S 241-25. 221-19 David's preparations tor temple-building, no I. 231 David appoints Solomon his successor, cf. 1 K 18**. 23^2734 David's elaborate Levitical and ritual arrange- ments, inct. music^al ; appointment of other othcials, no I. 281-21 291-19 Further announcement by David of…
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C. Tn those parts of Ch which have no parallel in S and K, as well as in Ch's expansions and modi- fications of narratives occurring in them, certain definite interests are prominent :— (1) Moral reflections and explanations of calamities as diN-ine judgments, e.g. 1 Ch 10"- ", 2 Ch 36"-" ; so Shishak's invasion is ex…
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11. 2 Ch 21' says ' J " would not destroy the house of David, be*\a\ise of the covenant,' etc. ; hut 2 K 819 says 'J" would not destroy .ludah for llavid his servant's sjike.' 12. i Ch 2'29 de8<;rihes Jehu's mmihr i.f Ahaziah thus : ' And he sought Ahaziah ; and they caught liini (for he was hid in Samaria) and brough…
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almost spotless excellence, and enjoy undi.sturbed prosiieiity. The ceremonial law of the Priests' Code is recognised and observed by David, even before there is a temple. The service i.s stately and rich. After the division of the kin;;ilom the ten tribes are not of importance enough to be mentioned, except incidenta…
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2 Ch 15" 20»» state that Asa and Jehoshaphat did not remove the high places. This is in conflict with the author's own statements 14° 17' (cf. 19^), and is evidently due to unthinking imitation of his source. It appears 1 K 15''' 22", and the a^ee- ment is almost verbal. These statements, how- ever, certainly belong to…
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396 CHROyiCLES, I. AND II. U^xhs buUdings and wara, Hezekiah's water- works Manassel"s captivity, et^., may be in part or alto.'et!"er, stated accurately, and to some of them afertain degree of P™^-WUty attaches (cf^ Kitten, but on the unsupported evidence of Ch we Cannot be sure af them. It is not cer am wliether h^°…
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TEXT -^Ch appears to have been less read^and henS^less often copied, than many other books. One source of textual error is therefore mmimised The h^tory of its transmission is, however, long JnouKh U-T-ive much room to textual criticism The text of Ch can often be corrected, m para el nassa^es, by that of S and K. but …
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i. Fro.m the Creation to the Flood. — The data for this period, which are found in the genea- logical table of Gn 5 and the notice of the year of the Kl(X)d in Gn 7', are given dilferently in the Heb text, the Sam., and the LXX. These ditlerences are exhibited in the following table : — Age of each when next was born…
1,068 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.