PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 6
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,371,720 words · 1335 reading sections
Section 541
III. Later History. — After the return from the captiv- ity, it was a Moabite, Sanballat of Horonaim, who took the chief i)art in annoying and endeavoring to hinder the operations of the rebuilders of Jerusalem (Neb. ii, 19 ; iv, 1 ; vi, 1 ; etc.). He confined himself, however, to the same weapons of ridicule and scurr…
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6 MOABITE nius conjectures to be a IMoabitish form of the word which in Hebrew appears as Ir ("l^", a city); Amon, the river ("^:"1S); Bamoth Baal, Beer Elim, Beth-dibla- thaim, Dibon or Dimon, Eglaim, or perhaps Eglath* Shelishiya (Isa. xv, 5),Horonaim, Kiriathaim, Kirjath- huzoth (Numb, xxxii, 39; comp. Isa. xxiv, 1…
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Mocetto, GirolaSio, a painter and engraver of the Venetian school, and sometimes called Ilieronijimis Mo- cetus, was a native of Verona, according to Lauzi, or of Brescia, according to Vasari, and was probably an early disciple of Bellini. Lanzi mentions an altar-piece in the church of S. Nazario-e-Celso bearing his na…
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The ancient history of Modena affords evidence that it enjoyed at an early period a considerable degree of prosperity; the splendor, wealth, and arts of its capital, of like name, being mentioned by Cicero, Pliny, and Strabo. In modern times Modena has shared, more or less, the various vicissitudes which befell Italy, …
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graces of him of Urbino," Pellegrino met with a tragic death at the hands of some Modenese, who turned tlieir fury against him because liLs son had slain an antago- nist in a quarrel, in 1523. See Lanzi, Hist, of Painting, transl. by Roscoe (Lond. 1.S47, 3 vols. 8vo), i, 397: ii, 350; Spooner, h'iog. Hist, of the Fine …
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(3.) We should be moderate in our expectations. When our state is flourishing, and the course of events proceeds according to our v.ish, we ought not to suffer our minds to be vainly lifted up. We ought not to flatter ourselves with high prospects of the increasing favors of the world and the continuing applause of men…
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Modern Question, The, is a term used by some to designate a controversy on the doctrine oi sal- vation. The question raised is, "Whether it be the duty of all to whom the Gospel is preached to repent and believe in Christ ?" It is called the Modern ques- tion because it is supposed never to have been agitated before th…
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Modigliaiia, Fkancisco, a Bolognese painter, fldurisht il aliout the beginning of the 17th century. Lanzi says he " was not remarkably powerful, nor al- ways consistent with himself, but very graceful and beautiful, and deserving a jilace in our lexica." His works at Urbino, where he is known under tlie name of Francis…
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The descriptions of the tomb by the author of the book of Maccabees and Josephus, who had both appar- ently seen it, will be most conveniently compared by being printed together : 1 Mace, xxiii, 2T-30. "And Simon made a build- ing over the sepulchre of his father and his brethren, and raif'ed it aloft to view with pol…
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Modus, in ecclesiastical law, signifies an exemption from the payment of tithes, and is of two kinds : first, a partial exemption, when it is' called a modus deciman- di; secomlly, a total exemption, when it is called a mo- dus de nan decimando. There is a third species of ex- emption, called a real comjwsition, where …
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Mogila(s), Peter, a distinguished Russian prelate, was born in Moldavia very near the close of the 16th century (about 1597). He stutlied at the University of Paris and other high schools, afterwards entered the Polish army, and greatly distinguished himself. Be- coming sober-minded, he decided to devote himself to the…
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Sources for his Life. — Arabian literature is very rich in sources for a biography of Mohammed. Besides the Koran, which records the most important events of his life, there exist numerous collections of traditions in which the expressed views of the Arabian prophet on various incidents and relations of life are introd…
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iStaft' of A rab'ui prtrious to the I nt roduclion of Islam. — From time immemorial tlie aboriginal inhabitants of the peninsula had been divided into a great number of free and wandering clans, limited communities, and i)et- ty states, wliose peculiarities of character, mode of life, and political institutions, as the…
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Among the foreign settlers in Arabia, we pass over in silence the few adherents of Zoroaster, scattered along the Persian (Julf, and the Sab;uans, on the south- ern coast of the peninsula, who, even from the time of David and Solomon, stored their rich emporiums of Ophir, Saba, and afterwards Aden, with Indian nierchan…
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Preparation for his Mission. — Placed in affluent cir- cumstances by marriage, Mohammed gradually aban- doned commercial enterprises and gave himself up to religious contemplation, to which he may have been in- duced by a cousin of his consort, who, like many Arabs- of his time,'had relinquished idolatry, and had been …
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Mokdinmed as n Rtliijiou s Teacher. — Mohammed was, according to iMohammedan reports, forty years of age when lie began to act the part of a prophet, and this he did first among his nearest relatives and friends. He claimed to have been " moved" to teach a new faith by a special "divine" communication which he had rece…
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About a league from IVIecca, at the cave of Thor, the fugitives halted, and there they remained hiding for three days from their Jleccan pursuers. According to one account, these, after exploring every hiding-|)lace in the vicinity, came to the mouth of the cave. But a spider having providentially spread her web over t…
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Mohamvied as an Impostor. — ^^Vhile at Mecca the prophet had kept unflinchingly in his path, through mockery and persecution. No threats, no injuries, I had hindered him from preaching to his people the unity and the righteousness of God, and exhorting to a far purer and better morality than had ever been I set before …
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Meccans, inexperienced in siege operations, and by JIo- hammed's intrigues having fallen out with their confed- erates, were obliged after a few weeks to retire without accomjjlishing anything. We pass over the wars waged by Mohammed against the Jews in Medina and in other parts of Arabia, all of which were marked by …
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After his return from Mecca, IMohammed busih' ap- plied himself to the fitting-out of a new expedition against the Byzantines. In the very midst of his war- like preparations he was suddenly taken dangerously ill with fever. One night, while severely suffering, we are told by Mohammedan chroniclers, Mohammed went to th…
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MOHAMMED 410 MOHAMMED was in sympathy with sufferers; he was generous and forbearing, if policy did not dictate a contrary course. His benevolence and liberality were especially marked; and indeed they must have been great, for he left no riches, though the war-booty which he shared, and the presents which flowed to…
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Tlic articles Kokan and Mohammedanism contain some further details on his doctrine and its history. Mohammed Abd-el -Wahab, the founder of the^Iohainincdan sect nanie<l after him \V(ihahit(s,wtia born in TS'cjed or Nejd, Central Arabia, about the close of the 17th century, in the tribe of Temim, and claimed descent fr…
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bay, 1832, 4to). Mohammed Hakim Ispahan! died at Bombay about 184C. See Zenker, Bibl. Orient, s. v. ; Spiegel, Chrtstomathia Persica. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Geueni/r, xxxv, 759. Mohammedanism, called by its professors Isla?7), meaning "resignation" or "entire submission" (i. e. to the will of God), in accordance with t…
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Much controversy arose also concerning the dogma of divine foreordination, and both contending parties found no difficulty in bringing proof from the Koran, which is especially rich in contradictions on this point. In one passage it reads : '■ To him who wants this world we give directly according to our pleasure ; but…
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MOHAMMEDANISM 413 MOHAMMEDANISM althougn Mohammed goes so far as to say that the birth of Christ was due to a miraculous divine opera- tion. But after all it is taught that, as the Koran super- seded the Gospel, so Mohammed supersedes Christ, and he is declared to be by far the most illustrious apostle (Sur. xxiii, …
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Mohammedan theologians are verj' much divided in regard to the doctrine of the resurrection. Mohammed himself seems to have held that both soul and body will be raised, and the " Bone Luz" of the Jewish Haggadah was by him transformed into the bone Al-Ajb, the rump- bone, which will remain uncorrupted until the last da…
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Regarding the punishment of the wicked, thelMoslcm has received detailed information from the Prophet. According to him, hell is divided into seven stories or apartments, one below anotlier, designed for the recej)- tion of as many distinct classes of the damned. The first, which is called Jeheniim, is the receptacle o…
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The praj'ers (.Salah) performed by every Jlohamme- dan five times daily consist partly of extracts from the Revealed Hook, the Koran (Fard), partly of pieces or- dained by the Pr(>i)hot. without allegation of a divine order (Sunnah), The first time of prayer commences MOPIAMMEDANISM 415 MOHAMMEDANISM at the Maghrib…
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(G) There are various regulations referring to food. Wine and intoxicating beverages are not allowed ; also the drinking of the blood even of clean animals is inter- dicted. Quadrupeds and birds must be killed according to certain fixed rules, God being invoked before the slaughter; but game shot by a hunter may be eat…
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(3) The marricifje law. A man is allowed to see but the hands and the face of the maiden or widow ■whom he intends to wed; then follows the courting in person or by proxy ; a marriage-contract is concluded, in •which the nuptial gift is fixed, i. e. what is allotted to the wife in case the husband dies or has himself d…
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Of the Mohammedan procedure, we mention oidy the peculiarity as regards witnesses. In civil suits the tes- timony of two men, or of one man and two women, or of one man in conjunction with the plaintiff, is required. In affairs of tutelage, as testament, divorce, guardian- ship, and the like, tlie testimony of two men …
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III. Ethics. — The moral law of the Koran may be con- sidered as the most perfect part of this remarkable book. The ethics of the Koran, an element of Islam which (because not to be circumscribed and defined by doctors) has undergone the least change in the course of time, most distinctly reveals the mind of its author…
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ious principle; for he himself, as already mentioned, belonged not to the ruling party in Mecca, and his first adherents were for the most part of the lower class, so that the Meccans retorted on lum : " If God had pleased to send a prophet, he would have selected him from a more prominent family." Mohammed was frequen…
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IV. Mohammedanum and Christianity. — The friends and advocates of Mohammedanism have repeatedly, es- pecially in our day of comparative religious research, urged upon the Christian world a consideration of the claims Islam has in the advance of humanitarian prin- ciples and the propagation of civilizing infiuences. Is-…
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by the fact that this supposed reformed and developed Christianity is in fact a retrogression, denying nearly all those points in which Christianity is a reformed and developed Judaism. . . . Mohammed saw that many Christians of his time were practical idolaters, and he too hastih' confounded the worship of Christ with…
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The cause of Mohammedan decline is mainly that Islam is especially designed for nomad and half-nomad races; hence when they settle they lose the strength which arises from their nomadic life, and their religion loses its purity and po^ver. They degenerate, become luxurious and inactive ; internal dissensions and divi- …
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MOHAMMEDANISM 421 MOHAMMEDANISM Christian and Mohammedan Polemics. — The contest of Christianity with Islam, so far as it has been a struggle of argument and not of the sword [see Sara- cens], offers few remarkable points. In the first sweep of Mohammedan conquest, when the Christians suc- cumbed not only in the Eas…
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The further works of defence produced in this cen- tury arose, as it were, accidentally. The lengthy sum- mary of the Mohammedan controversy in Hoornbeek's Summa Controversiarum (1653, p. 75 sq.) was either introduced merelj' to give completeness to the work as a treatise on polemics, or was called forth by considera- …
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he has the matter prepared. It is to be hoped that in this he may prove to be in error. 3. This volume clearly supports the opinion expressed in advance by me, tliat those who talked of this commentary as being about to furnish a refutation of Colenso were simply guilty of idle gossip. It contains on the Noachian del- …
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Mohammedanism may be said, even in its most suc- cessful field — Africa — to be everywhere in a condition of steadUy progressing decay. The most intelligent travellers of modern times show a remarkable agree- ment with regard to this point. H. von Maltzahn, who visited, in the disguise of a Mohammedan pilgrim, all the …
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MOHAMMEDANISM 424 MOHAMMEDAX SECTS Prophet to the present, especially their conquests in the Western world and the sacred places of the East. "VI. Literature.— (i) Among the Jlohammedan biog- raphies of the Prophet, those »( "Wackidi, llishani, and Tabari are perhaps the most important. Dr. Ferdinand Wilstenfeld ha…
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Mohammedan Sects. "IMy community," the Pro))lul of I>l.iui is reported to have said, " will separate itsulf into SLventy-three sects; one onl\' will be saved — all the others sliall perish." This prophecy, if it were ever made, has in a large measure been fuliillcd. The Mohammedans are divided into fifty-five orthodox …
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4. Ahmed Ibn Hanbal founded the fourth sect, the Hanbalites. He was born in 164 of the Hegira, and was a most intimate friend of Shafei. His knowledge of the traditions (of wliich he could repeat no less than a million) was no less famed than was his piety. He taught that the Koran was not created, but everlastingly su…
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We cannot in this place enlarge upon the different schools founded by the ;\rotazilitts, nor upon their sub- seijuent fate (see for details, Steiner, Mntazilitm ; Weil, Gesc/i. (I. Islam. Vulker, and his Gesch. d. KhaUfai). The vast cyclopsedic developmeut.however, which their doc- trines begot, and which resulted in t…
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The Shiites have special observances, ceremonies, and rites, as well as particular dogmas of their own. They believe in metempsychosis and the descent of God upon his creatures, inasmuch as he, omnipresent, sometimes appears iii some individual person, such as their imams. They are subdivided into five sects, to one of…
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MOHAMMEDAN SECTS 428 MOHL may have laid the foundation of the later Karmathian creed. See Kakmatiiiaxs. It is extremely difficult to come to any clear notion of Mosaylima's real doc- trines, as all the accounts that have survived of tliem come from victorious adversaries — adversaries who have not hesitated to inven…
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The last of the new prophets to be mentioned is Eaha, who appeared in Amasia, in Natolia, in 1221 of the He- gira, and who had immense success, chiefly with the Turcomans, his own nation, so that at last he found him- self at the head of nearly a million men, horse and foot. Their war-cry was, God is God, and Baba— not…
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Si/mbolik'" (in English entitled Symbolism ; or the Doc- trinal Differences betiveen Catholics and Protesta7its, us represented by their Public Confessions of Faith, translat- ed by J. R. Robertson, 2 vols. London, 1843 ; New York, 1844 ; and since republished). D'Aubigne pronounced it "one of the most important writin…
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Mohnike, Gottlieb Christian Friedrtcii, a German divine of note, was bom at Grimmen,in Pome- rania, in 1 7.sl ; studied theology at Greifswalde and Jena ; in 181 1 became rector of the city school at Greifswalde ; m 1813 entered the pastorate, and gained a name uni- versallj' honored and revered. lie was made councillo…
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MOISE 431 MOLANS Moi'se, FRAN901S Xavikr, a French theologian, was born at Gras, in Franche-Comte, in 1742. He was professor of theology at Dole when the Revolution broke out ; and, taking the oath of loyalt_v to the civil con- stitution, in 1791 was elected bishop for the Jura dis- trict. During the reign of terror…
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Mola'dah (Heb. Moladah', tTl^i-O [in Nehemiah ITlb'a], birth; Sept. MwXa^d v. v^ MuicaCa, etc.), a city in the southern part of the tribe of Judah towards the Edomitish border (Josh, xv, 26), which fell within the portion set off to Simeon (Josh, xix, 2 ; 1 Chron. iv, 28). It was also occupied after the exile (Neh. xi,…
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d. 18"» Jahrh. i, 559 sq. ; ii, 213 sq. ; Schrockh, Kirch- engesch. vii, 83, 103 sq. (.1. N. P.) Molanus (Vermeulen), John, a Belgian the- ologian of some note, was born at Lille in 1633. He was educated at Louvain, and there obtained the doc- torate in 1570, and then taught theology for several years. By different pu…
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ed event was received with delight by the Christian world. The IMogiil Tartars, counselled doubtless by some of the Christian chiefs, sent messengers 16 Eu- rope, to the pope and the kings of France and England, urging them to engage in a new crusade, which should strike a final blow at the Mohammedan power in the East…
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for they had been accused of treachery,', murder, idola- try, Islamism, and many other villainies ; and demanded a rigid investigation, in order that, if proved innocent, they might receive public absolution ; if culpable, suffer condemnation. Under these pretexts, Philip strongly urged the pope to proceed against the …
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Molcho, Solomon, or Diogo Pires, as he was call- ed when a Marrauo or Xeo-Christian, was born about A.D. 1501 in Portugal. He not only received a liberal education, Avhich enabled liim to hold a state office as '■ escrivao aos ouvidores na casa da supplica(;:ao," but was i)robabIy also made acquainted in his childhood …
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1. IMoi.DAViA (Ger. Mohlav, Turk. Pogdan or Kera- Islak) is bounded on the N. and E. by Russia, on the S. by Wallachia and the Danube, and on the W. by the Austrian empire. Greatest length from nortli-west to south-east, 280 miles; greatest breadth, 128 miles; area, 20,118 stpiare miles; jjopulation about 2,000,000. Th…
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4. Social Condition. — The Roumanians, claiming to be the descendants of the ancient Dacians, betray that origin largely in their language, which is a Latin dia- lect, three fourths of the words being Latin (the Dacian has disappeared), the other fourth being made up of words indicating a Grecian, Gothic, Slavic, or Tu…
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Mole is tlic rondering in the Auth. Vers, of the Heb. T'Cwiri, tiiishe'meth, in Lev. xi, 30, where, how- ever, it probably signifies some species of the lizard tribe; but in Lev. xi, 18; Deut. xiv, 16, it is rendered "swan," where it evidenlly refers to some kind of bird. It thus appears to denote two very different ki…
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" The other term, chaphurperoth, rendered ' moles' in Isa. ii, 20, is rather a descriptive periplirase than an ap- pellative. It might be literally rendered 'the dig- holes.' The Sept. has adopted a different construction : ' his idols . . . which he had made for the purpose of bowing down to the vanities, to the bat…
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There remains to be noticed one passage (2 Sam. xii, MOLECH 438 MOLECH 31) in wliich the Hebrew written text has '25"?, mal- ken, while the marginal reading is '23p, malben, which is adopted by our translators in their rendering " brick- kiln." Kimchi explains mullcm as '-the place of Mo- lech," where sacrifices we…
1,112 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.