PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 6
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,371,720 words · 1335 reading sections
Section 301
Michael Apostolius, an eminent Greek scholar, who contributed largely to the revival of learning in Italy, flourished in the 15th century. He was an inti- mate friend of Gemistus Pletho, and an adherent of the Platonic philosophy, two circumstances which, together with his own merits, caused him to be -well received by…
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Michael Cerularius, a noted Eastern ecclesiastic, flourished as patriarch of Constantinople near the mid- nopoli in his -work De Consensu ittriusque Ecclesice. See Cave Jlist. Lit. ad an. 1440 ; Fabricius, Bibl. Greece, x, 373, note. Michael Bradacius, the first Moravian bishop, flourislied originally as a Hussite pr…
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MICHAEL PSELLUS 223 MICHAEL PAL^OLOGUS Michael Monachus, a theologian of the Church of the East, tiimrished as presbyter at Constantinople probably towards the close of the 9th century. He is noted as the author of Encomium Ir/natii Fatriai-chce (who died in 877), edited, Greek and Latin, in a very mutilated form, b…
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Michael, informed of the success of his arms, lost no time in repairing to Constantinople; and on the 14th of August held his triumphal entrance, saluted by the people with demonstrations of the sincerest joy, Con- stantinople, however, was no more what it had been. During the reign of the Latins plunder, rapine, and d…
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AcropoLc.76, etc. ; Phranz. lib. i ; Pachymeres, //is^orta Rtrmn a Michaele Palaologa fjestarum (1666); Neale, Hist, ofthb Kast. Ch. ii, 311 sq. ; Hase, Ch. IJist. p. 269, 354 sq. ; Schrockh, Kirchengeschichte, xxviii, 315 sq.; Gicseler, L'ccles. Hist, iii, 232, 413; Ffoulkes, Divisions in Christendom, vol. i ; Neander…
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1770, when he left it on account of some differences with the members; as editor of the journal entitled Gelehrie Anzeif/en, from 1753 to 1770; and as librarian and di- rector of the philological seminary, which would have been abandoned after the death of Gesner in 1761 if Michaelis had not consented to direct it grat…
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MICIL\ELIS 22G MICIIAELIUS strengtliened it equally by his concessions and by his own inadequate and arbitrary defences. Possessed of no settled ])rinciples, every minute difficulty presented itself with intrinsic force and perplexity to his mind; his belief was a reed ready to be shaken by every fresh breeze ; all …
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Michaelis, Sebastien, a French Dominican, was born in 1543, at Saiut-Zacliarie, Provence. He intro- duced reforms into many houses of his order, for which, with the consent of the court of Rome, he raised a par- ticular congregation. jNIichaelis was the first vicar-gen- eral of this body, and, after having refused in 1…
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1. The queen-mother of king Abijah (2 Chron. xiii, 2) ; elsewhere (2 Chron. xi, 20) called Maachah (q.v.). 2. One of the national chieftains to whom Jehosha- phat gave orders to instruct the people of the various cities of Judah in the sacred law (2 Chron. xvii, 7). B.C. 910. 3. The father of Achbor, which latter wa…
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This was the last time she saw her husband for many years; and when the ru])ture between Saul and David had become open and incurable, ^lichal was married to another man, Phalti, or Phaltiel, of Gallim ( 1 Sam. xxv, 44 ; 2 Sam. iii, 15), a village apparently not far from Gib- eah. Her father probably did not believe he…
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MICHEL 229 MICHELOZZI A ssidcean, the word used for the Puritans of the New- Testament times), who placed a sword between himself and Michal, Saul's daughter, lest he should go in mito her." It was thus, perhaps, as Abarbanel remarks, or- dered by Providence that the race of Said and David should not be mixed, and t…
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Michele, Parrasic, a Venetian painter, flourished about 1590. He was a pupil of Paul Veronese. He executed several works for the churches, especially a Pieta, in a chapel of the church of San Giuseppe, into which he introduced a portrait of himself. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts (N. Y. 1865, 2 vols. 8vo). …
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stel/cr (Augsburg and Leipsic, 1824) ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirrhen- Lexikon, S. v. Mich'mas (Heb. Mikmas', &'2Sp, something hid- den; Ezra ii, 27, Sept. MaxfiaQ v. r. Xa^f^idc ; Neh. vii, 31, Maxffif'ic), or Miciimasii (Ileb. Mikmash', "QiZZiZ, id. Neh. xi,31, Sept. Max«At«e, i" pause 'C'^Z'C, 1 Sam. xiii, 2, 5, 11, lO, …
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Mich'ri (Heb. Mikri', "'ns'a, salable; Sept. Mo- Xop^ V. r. Maxtp), the father of Uzzi and grandfather of Elah, which last was one of the principal Benjamites resident in Jerusalem after the exile (1 Chron. ix, 8). B.C. considerably ante 440. Mich'tam (Heb. miktam', dPlD<2, prob. for APIS'S, written; Sept. arrfKoypacp…
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Religion. — There exists hardly any well -developed ■form of worship or religion. They have no idols and no priests. A loose system of spirit worship, or, better said, of veneration for the spirits of the dead, used to prevail among these people, but is gradually dying out. When a Micronesian dies, the body is placed u…
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Middleton, Conyers, a celcbrateil divine and scholar of the Church of England, was born Dec. 27, 1 683, at Richmond, in Yorkshire. His father, the Rev. Wil- liam Middleton, rector of HindenvcU, gave him a liberal education. At the age of seventeen he was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge, of which college be was two y…
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Upon the great enlargement of the public librarj' at Cambridge, a new office of principal librarian was estab- lished, to which Middleton was elected, notwithstanding a violent opposition. He afterwards travelled through France and Italy, and spent some months in Kome in 172-J:. After his return, Jliddleton published h…
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MIDDLETON 234 MroDLETON endeavored chiefly to show tliat Middletoii's scheme was inseparably connected with tlie fall of Christianity, while the latter labored to sui)|)ort the autliority of the fathers. These attacks Middhton repelled by ^ome Re- marks on Two I'aniphlcts (by l)rs. SiMinij and Chap- man') published …
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Middletou, Erasmus, a noted English divine, was born about 17!(». He received his education at St, Edmund's Hall, Oxford, but was expelled from that uni- versity, together with live other youths, on account of his sympathy with the Mi tlmdi^ts. This circumstance gave rise to Mac(iii\\.ni> >.iiir.- <>( The Share}-. INIi…
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voice clear and pleasing, his style simple and manly, generally argumentative, and strongly imbued with the doctrines of the Church of England. In accordance with his last desires, bishop Middleton's papers were de- stroyed, and we have, therefore, none of his greater works excepting the one he had published in his ear…
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1. iMidian had live sons, who, doubtless, in accordance with Arab custom, became heads of distinct tribes (Gen. XXV, 4 ; comp. Numb, xxxi, 8). We are told that wliile " Abraliam gave all that he had to Isaac," that is, made liim his heir — head of his house and patrimony — '"to tlio sons of the concubines Abraham gave …
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MIDIANITE 237 MIDIANITE Israelites in their wanderings in the wilderness, when not miraculously supplied. Apart from this considera- tion, we know that the Egyptians afterwards worked mines at Sardbet el-Khadim, and a small mining popu- lation may have found sufficient sustenance, at least in some seasons of the yea…
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Some time previous to the exodus it appears that the Midianites had allied themselves closely to the Moab- ites. Sihon, king of the Amorites, made war upon Moab and Ammon, conquered a large part of their ter- ritory, and retained possession of it (Judg. xi, 13-23). At the same time he made Midian, the ally of JNIoab, t…
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The descent of Gideon and his servant into the camp, and the conversation of the Midianitish watch, forms a vivid picture of Aral) life. It does more: it proves that as (iideon, or rinirali. his servaiu, or lioth, understood the language of ^lidian, tlie Shemitic languages dif- fered much less in the Ihh century B.C. t…
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MIDIANITE 239 MIDIANITE the nameless hordes who, under the common designa- tion of " tlie people of the East," Bene-Kedem, harassed the eastern border of Palestine. To this victory there are subsequent allusions in the sacred writings (Psa. Ixxxiii, 10, 12; Isa. ix, 4; x, 6); but the Midianites do not again appear …
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Midian is named authentically only in the Bible. It has no history elsewhere. The names of places and tribes occasionally throw a feeble light on its past dwell- ings ; but the stories of Arabian writers, borrowed, in the case of the northern Arabs, too frequently from late and untrustworthy Jewish writers, cannot be s…
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The spoil taken in both the war of Moses and that of Gideon is remarkable. On the former occasion, the spoil of GTo.OOO sheep, 72,000 beeves, and 61,000 asses, seems to confirm the other indications of the then pas- toral character of the Midianites; the omission of any mention of camels has already been explained. But…
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founded on the Poman Hilaria (q. v.\ or feast in honor ! pherim = Scribe.s_heginningwithKzra.and terminating of('vbele,the mother of the gods. who. the legend tells ! ^v.th Simon the Just-were for centuries transmuted us, was converted by Christianity into the mother orally, and hence are also called .SV(m((///ff(Xrr-^…
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(5.) Commentary on Numbers and Deuteronomy, called Siphre or Siphri ("ilSG), the Books, also Sijjhre B'be Bab (2"l '^3"I "^ISD), because Rab, the author of the preced- ing work, is also the author of this commentary, and Vishallechu (inS'i:'^.'!), because it begins with Numb, v, 2, where this word occurs. The commentar…
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(2.) I'esikta (Xnp'^DB),compiledby CahanaorKahana ben-Tachlifa, who was born about A.D. 330, and died in 411. This Midrash, which comprises a complete cycle of lectures on the Pericopes of tlie feasts and fasts [see Haimi lAitAii], and which was lost for several centuries, has been restored by an anonymous writer about…
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(6.) Midrash on the Psalms, called (W^hfl ;!3"i'1Ta [Nna"i]) Midrash Tillim {Rahhatha'\,narjadath Tillim (n"'bn n*!:)!), or Shochar Tob (21:: ^nO), after the words with which it commences. With the exceptions of seven psalms — viz. xlii, xcvi, xcvii, xcviii, cxv, cxxiii, and cxxxi— this Midrash extends over the whole P…
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iV. Halachic and Hagadic Rules of Interpretation.— The preceding exposition of the method and plan of the Midrash has prepared us to enter upon the Halachic and Hagadic rules of interpretation which were collect- ed and systematized by Elieser ben-Jose the Galilaeau Cb''b5tn ■'OT^), one of the principal interpreters of…
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LEL and IsMAlil, ISEN-El.l.SA. 9. Brachylogij (n~i:ip ~1"I). The Scriptures some- times express themselves briefly, and words must be supplied. Thus, e. g. Ill bin, where it ought to be in CSD PZni, and David's sold was consumed, UJES being omitted: again, 1 Chron. xvii, 5, where nTIXI -,:c^ -1 l=nix bx bn-x:3 ought …
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18. .4 thing is named in pai't, but comprises the whole (b:n am3 xini niip^a tsxs-li: in-i). Thus in Exod. xxii, 30 it is forbidden to eat. flesh "torn of beasts in the field ;" and in Lev. xxii, 8. it is said, " That which is torn he shall not eat," here also forbidding that which is torn in the city. The use of the…
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29. Explanations are obtained by reducing the letters of a ivord to their numerical value (□'^■OI'lli-J "p32 niail2 Xila^aa), and substituting for it another word MEDRASH 246 MTDRASH or phrase of the same value, or hy transposing the letters {T^^T^'i< rpbn). For an instance of the first we must refer to the reducti…
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rai, Abraham's wife, bare him no children ; and she had a handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar" (Gen. xvi, 1), is explained, "And Sarai, Abraham's wife, bare no children to him and to herself" (nbl "lb) ; and then again, to him (i. e. Abraham) and to her (i. e. Sarai) there was a handmaid (i'lZZ'Z} nbl 1>). This…
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hours {TT.'^n mru "imii tnx in n^a QT^n itiix, Sanhedrin, 96 a), in order that his burial might be hasty and without royal honors, and that now these ten de- grees went backwards. Hence the present reading, which was effected by the trifling alteration of ~b^n into ^^l^, i. e. " the shadow," the prophet is made to say…
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MIELK 19, "lively," is also in rabbinical Hebrew " midwives,"' an explanation which appears to have been had in view bj' the Vulj;., which interjirets chuyoth by '• ipsic obste- tricandi habent scientiam." It is also rendered "living creatures," implying that the Hebrew women were, like animals, quick in parturition. …
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Miel, Jax, a distinguished Flemish painter, was bora in a small village near Antwerp in 1599. Lanzi says he was a pupil of Vandyck. He resided some time at Kome, where he studied mider Andrea Sacchi, to whom he gave such proofs of genius that he was employed to as- sist him in his works at the Palazzo Barberini. Miel, …
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Mig'dol (Heb. Migdol', ^1>t?p, a tower; Sept. Mfiy- SctiXov or MaySujXov), a town in Lower Egypt (Jer. xliv, 1 ; xlvi, 14), the northern limit of the country (op- posite Syene, Ezek. xxix, 10 ; xxx, 6). It is apparently the Magdolnm of the Antoniim Itinerary (p. 171), situ- ated twelve Roman miles from Pelusium ; and, …
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Mig'ron {llGb.Migron', '{y^^'O, precipice ; Sept. in 1 Sam. Mayc'wv, in Isa. MayfJ^w v. r. Mayytow, ap- parently reading T for 1 ; Vulg. Magron), a town of Benjamin, which, from the historical indications, must have been between Ai and Michmas, on the route of the invading Assyrian army southward (Isa. x, 28). From Mic…
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2. A descendant of Benjamin resident at Jenisalem, and father of Shimcah or Shimean, of the family of king Saul, but in what degree of relationship is not clear (1 Chron. viii, 32 ; ix, 37, 38). B.C. perhaps cir. 53G. Miknei'ah (Heb. Mihieya'hu, W^jp^, possession I of Jehorah ; Sept. Mowi'i'n or I\Ia/cf j'lac), a Levi…
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nevertheless remained subject to the king, and the in- ferior clergy to the subordinate judges — in short, the Church was subject to the State. After the downfall of the Longobard kingdom, the archbishops of Milan at first lost much of their power ; but during the fights and quarrels of the 9th, 10th, and 11th centurie…
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:\Ieanwhile Azzo, the papal aspirant, fared no better than his rival. The jieoplc rushed in to his inaugural { ban(iuet, unearthed him from the corner where he had I liidden himself, dragged him by the heels in the .street, and, jilacing him in a ludpit, forced him to swear that ' lie woidd make no further jiretensions…
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Another council was held at Milan in 451, convoked by Eusebius, bishop of Milan, at the request of St. Leo the Great. All the suffragans of Milan were present, in all twenty bishops, among whom were Crispinus of Pa- via, IMaximus of Turin, Abundius of Como, Optatianus of I3rcscia. The letter of the pope to Eusebius was…
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Mil'cah (llnh.Milkah', T^'zh-q, advice ; Sept, MsX- Xa), the name of two women. 1. The daughter of Haran, and sister of Lot and Is- cah (or Sarah) ; she married Nahor (Gen. xii, 29), by whom she had eight sons (Gen. xx, 20, 23), one of whom was Bethuel, the father of Rebekah (Gen. xxiv, 15, 24, 47). She was thus Abrah…
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miles distant from Miletus. There is a further and more minute topographical coincidence, which may be seen in the phrase, 'They accompanied him to the ship,' implying as it does that the vessel lay at some distance from the town. The site of Jliletus has now receded ten miles from the coast, and even in the apostle's …
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Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Geogr. s. v. ; Conj'beare and How- son, St. Paul, ii, 214 sq. ; Tschihatscheff, L'A sie Mineure (Par. 1853), i, 252 sq.; Rawlinson, Herod, i, 218 sq. Mileum, a city of Numidia, in the northern part of Africa, is celebrated in Church history as a place where, at the beginning of the 5th centurj', …
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In 1367, on tlie report that the pope was about to re- turn from Avignon to Pome, ]\Iilicz resolved to visit and confer with him. Tlie pope's arrival was delayed ; and Milicz, obedient to what he regarded as the voice of the Spirit within him, nailed upon the doors of St. Peter's the sentence which had so long occupied…
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MILITZ 257 MILK ders professed to unite religious vows with the duties and discipline of a warrior. The chief objects they claiined to have in view were to defend and support Christianity, by force of arms, against the Mohamme- dans ; to keep the public roads of Palestine from being infested with robbers ; and to as…
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In its figurative use, milk occurs sometimes simply as the sign of abundance (Gen. xlix, 12; Ezek. xxv,4; Joel iii, 18, etc.) ; but more frequently in combination with honey — "milk and honey" being a phrase which occurs about twenty times in Scripture. Thus a rich and fertile soil is described as a "land flowing with …
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Mill (ni'H'H, recha'yim, the two millstoms, from •^77' *° bruise, Exod. xi, 5; "mills," Numb, x, 8; "millstones," Isa. xlvii, 2; Jer. xxv, 10; "netlur" niill- stone, Deut, xxiv, 6; nvXtxiv, IMatt. xxiv, 21. Each millstone was called H3E, pe'lach, a slice or piece, as of fruit, in Cant, iv, 3 ; 1 Sam. xxx, 12 ; always "…
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The hand-mills of the ancient Egyptians appear to have been of the same character as those of their de- scendants, and like them were worked by women (Wil- kinson, Anc. Eg. ii, 118, etc.). "They had also a large miU on a very similar principle, but the stones were of far greater power and dimensions; and this could onl…
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In 1829 Mr. Mill came before the public with his Analysis of the. Phenomena of the Human Mind, a work on which he bestowed more of the labor of thought than on any other cf his ])roductions, and on a subject of spe- cial interest to the theologian and the philosopher. In his work Mill has attempted to resolve all the p…
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The last publication of MiU was a fragment contain- ing a severe criticism on James Macintosh's dissertation on the progress of ethical philosophy. Mill, who had always exercised a particular championship for the doc- trines of Thomas Hobbes (q. v.), was not at all pleased with the unceremonious manner in which his fav…
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"I was broiijjht np from the first without any relij,'iou8 belief, in the ordinary acceptation of the term. My fa- ther, educated in the creed of Scotch PiesUyteriaiiitim, had by his own studies and reflections been early led to reject not only tlie belief in revehition, but al>o the foun- dations of what is commonly c…
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At first young Mill accejited without hesitation the leading ideas of his father, and of the circle of his fa- ther's friends, among whom were chief the philosojiber Bentham (q. v.) and the jiolitical economist liieardo. They had many projects on foot for the improvement of mankind, and the youthfid and inexperienced M…
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"In 1828 he was promoted to be assistant examiner, and in 18.56 he succeeded to the post of chief examiner, after which his duty consisted rather in supervising what his assistants had written than in writing himself; but for the tliiee-and-twciity years preceding he had had im- mediate cliarge of tlie political depart…
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Mill's posthumous publications — Three Essays on Re- ligion; NatU7-e; The Utility of Religion (Lond. and N. Y. 1874, 8vo) — teach more clearty, however, than the preceding works that he believed very positively in matter and very hesitatingly in spirit; very strongly in man and very feebly in God; very earnestly in hum…
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of the same elevated and tender spirit. His sermons were clear, earnest, solemn, and impressive. His sen- tences were short, often highly rhetorical in structure, and always pregnant with Gospel truth. As a jiastor, and in the sick-room, lie was not surpassed. But in nothing did he so soar heavenward, and seem so lull …
703 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.