PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 6
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,371,720 words · 1335 reading sections
Section 661
V, 5, 23). By the laws of Moses, the value of laborers and cattle (Lev. xxvii, 3 sq.; Numb, iii, 45 sq.), houses and fields (Lev. xxvii, 14 sq.), provisions (Deut. ii, 6, 28 ; xiv, 26), and all fines for offences (Exod. xxi, xxii), were determined b\' an estimate in money. The contri- butions to the Temple (Exod. xxx, …
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III. Coined Money. — 1. The Antiquity of Coinage.— There are two generally received opinions as to who were the inventors of the coining of money. One is that Phidon, king of Argos, coined both gold and silver money at vEgina at the same time that he introduced a system of weights and measures (Ephor. ap. Strabo, viii,…
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tetradrachm about 224, but they gradually fell to much lower weights. In the latter case the drachm weighs about 50 grains, and the tetradrachm alxjut 220. of Archelaus, king of Macedon. iv. The later Phanician or Carlhayinian talent was in use among the Persians and Phoenicians. It was also employed in Africa by the…
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Shortly after the death of Alexander the Great, in B.C. 324, Palestine fell into the hands of Ptolemy I Soter, the son of Lagus, from whom Antigonus wrested it for a short time, until, in B.C. 301, after the battle of Ipsus, it came again into his hands, and afterwards was under the government of the Ptolemies for near…
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was to detect fraudulent money if offered in payment. The Hebrew word "iniO,.socA<-/', signifies one who goes about from place to place, and is supposed to answer to the native exchange-agent or money-broker of the East, now called shroff. See Merchant. It appears that there were bankers or money-changers in Judaia, wh…
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Mongolia, an Asiatic country, now a part of China, situated between lat. 35° and 52° N. and long. 82° and 123° E., is bounded by the Russian government of Ir- kutsk in Siberia, N.E. by Mantchuria, S. by the Chinese provinces of Chili and Shan-si and the Yellow River, S.W. by Kansu, and W. by Cobdo and Hi, and has an ar…
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MONGOLIA 488 MONGOLIA pecially the latter, who in physical appearance differ but little, if at all, from other European nations. The Monjjols are, with a few exceptions, nomadic in their mode of life, living in tents and subsisting on ani- mal food, tlie product of their Hocks and herds. The Mongol tent, for about …
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History. — The IMongolians, as a race, are supposed to be the same who, in remote antitpiity, founded what is called the "Median empire" in Lower ChaUUva — an em- pire, according to Rawlinson, that flourished and fell be- tween 2458 and 223-1 B.C., that is, before Nineveli be- came known as a great city. Thus early did…
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Mongolian chief listened patiently to Christian emissa- ries, '-filled with the idea that the Mongol conquests would come to an end unless the gods of foreign coun- tries were propitiated." Onlj' one Christian Church had been founded. Rubruiquis, however, succeeded in bap- tizing about sixty persons ; yet, after all, R…
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Moniales. See Xins. Monica, St., the mother of St. Augustine, "count- ed," says Schaff, "among the most noble and pious women who ailorn the temple of Church history," was born, according to tradition, of Christian parents, in Africa, about the year 332. 1 laving attained to the age of womanhood she was married to I'a…
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Monism. See Monads. Monita Secreta Societatis Jesu, or secret instructions for the Jesuitic order, is a work which has been the cause of much dispute, both as to its authen- ticity and as to the veracity of its contents. In Europe the book has attracted some attention, and, in conse- quence, some controversy ; but in …
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MONITA SECRETA SOC. JESU 492 MONITION" After the suppression of the order in 1773, several MSS. of the work were found in Jesuitic haunts, partic- ularly in their colleges. A JIS. was even found in Korae which was printed in 1782 under the title Monita Se- creta Pairuiii Societalii Jesit, " nunc primum typis ex- pres…
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In 1869 the Kev. Dr. Edwin F. Hatfield ably review- ed the case of the "Secret Instructions" in the New York Observer, and since that time but little has been ad- vanced either pro or con. Prof. Schem, well known for j his ecclesiastical learning, and himself educated at the Jesuitical college in Kome, but now a Prote…
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Saloi (stndiosi)., a sect of ascetics who practiced un- conimon austerities (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. lib. vi, c. 11 ; Epiphan. Expos. Fid. c. 22). ii. 'EkXiktoi, or iKXtKTwv tKXiKTorepoi, the elect, or elect of the elect (Clem. Alex. Quis Dives Salv. n. 3G). iii. 'AicoiYijjroi, insom- nes, the sleepless, or the watchers ; a…
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Egypt, the fruitful parent of superstition, afforded the first exp.mple, strictly speaking, of the monastic life. The first and most noted of the solitaries was Paul, a native of Thebes, who, in the time of Atha- nasius, distributed his patrimony, deserted his fam- ily and house, and took up his residence among the tom…
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MONK 495 MONK ever, the clerical and monastic life were capable of be- ing conjoined — as, first, when a monaster}' happened to be at so great a distance from its proper church that the monlis could not ordinarily resort thither for divine service, which was the case with the monasteries in Egj'pt and other parts of…
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As the monasteries had no standing revenues, all the monks were obliged to exercise themselves in bod- ily labor to maintain themselves without being bur- densome to others. Monks therefore labored with their own hands at a great varietj' of occupations, and their industry is often commended. "A laboring monk," said th…
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By their special addiction to an ascetic life, indicat- ing superior sanctity and virtue, the monastics secured great favor with the multitude, and speedily acquired for themselves such popularity and influence that the clergy could not but find in them either powerful allies or formidable rivals. When they began to f…
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The monastic orders, as we have alreadj' indicated, were at first under the immediate jurisdiction of the bishops, but they were exempted from them by the Roman pontiff about the end of the 7th century (Boni- face IV) ; and the monks, in turn, devoted themselves wholly to advancing the interests and to maintaining the …
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Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle, a noted British general of the days of the Commonwealth, cel- ebrated for the services he rendered, first to the Pro- tectorate and afterwards to the crown, causing the restoration of king Charles, was born in the parisli of Merton, Devonshire, Dec. 6, 1608. He devoted him- self early t…
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I made up his mind that the Royalist cause was the I strongest, and that Richard was not fitted to give sta- j bility to the government; and though when circum- ' stances compelled him to act he declared for the Par- liament against the army and decided upon marching to London, there were many, even at the time when he…
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Monk, James Henry, D.D., an English prel- ate, was born at Huntingford, Herts, in the early part of 1784. His preparatory education was received at the Charterhouse, and he then entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became a fellow in 1805. Two years later he occupied the position of assistant tutor, and in 1808…
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The rule of the Oriental monks has continued to be MONKS, EASTERN 500 MONKS, ExVSTERN Jacobite !Mouk. Etliiopiau Mouk. Jlaronitc ilouk. Ariiieuiau Mouk- Coptic Mouk. Montolivetiau Monk. (A Weattru Order.) Eussiau Mouk. MONKS, EASTERN 501 MONKS, EASTERN that of Pachomius or of Basil. They are divided into t…
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2. Monks and Monasteries. — The Russian monasteries sprang mostly out of the neighborhood of hermitages, like their Egyptian prototypes. Russian nionachism was a modification of the Eastern S3'stem. In Russia, as in the East, the monks lived a solitary life, but in their own cells, which they themselves had built withi…
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The monasteries have really been a great help and advantage to the Russian nation, as all its bishops, artists, and scholars were educated in them. No schools or educational institutions were to be found outside of tliem until verj' recently. Tlieir mission in Russian history was peculiar. Not only wore they the nurser…
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Monmouth, James, Duke of, reputed natural son of king Charles II of England, deserves a place here for the part he had in the agitation provoked by the Rom- ish Titus Gates plot, and for his relation to the Scotch Covenanters. He was born at Rotterdam in 1649, and was brought to England by his mother, Lucy Walters, in …
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Monniotte, Jean-Franqois, a French Benedictine monk, was bom at Besancjon in 1723. He early entered the Congregation of St. Jlaur, and subsequently taught philosophy and mathematics in the abbej^ of St. Ger- main-des-'Pres, at Paris. After the suppression of his order, he withdrew to the village of Tigerj^, near Cor- b…
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Monod, Frederic, D.D., brother of the above, and, like him, celebrated for his great attainments as a after this he himself liegan to speak to them, teaching . them, and bearing testimony to the Word of God. Never \ divine, was born at Monnaz, Canton de A and, ;>witzer- were his words so impressive as just before his…
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Monod, Jean. See Monod, Adolphe. Monod, Pierre, a learned Savoyard Jesuit, was born at Bonaeville in 158(5. He entered the Order of Jesuits in 1(503, taught belles-lettres and philosophy in different colleges of his order, and finally became prin- cipal of that of Turin. Appointed confessor to the duchess Christine, s…
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(1) For the name of C'/iri'it. The monogram used in the primitive Church is communicated to us by the an- cient ecclesiastical writers, and also by the numerous Christian monuments of that period which are still ex- tant. We lind it generally formed by one of the two combinations of the letters XP, the 1' being set ins…
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331, where the monogram -^ stands between branches of palm, and preceded by the words IN SIGNO, which recall the apparition of Constantine (Piper, I'ther den ChrUtlichen Bilderkreis, p. 4, G5, with a plate, fig. 1). Yet another inscription, lately discovered in the cata- combs of Melos, and containing the monogram, is …
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(2) For the name of Jesus Christ we have, first, in Greek, the monogram IC XC. This is the usual abbre- viation of the two names found in the oldest MSS. of the N. T., as in the Codex A lexandrinus of the 5th and the Claromontanus of the 6th century, and which is re- tained in the Minuskel MSS. It appears also on mon- …
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MONOIMOS 508 MONOPHYSITES 5 6 Various forms of the Coustautiuian Monogram. (Figs. 1, 4, 6, with a and w, as symbols of eternity ; 2, with olive-branch, uja an emblem of peace. ^ Knnstvorstellungen d. alten Christen (Altona, 1825) ; Piper, Mifthologie u. iSi/mbolik d, christl. Kiinsf, vol. i (1847) and ii (1851); …
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Monophysites (Greek, Moi-o^raT-oi, from fi6- )or, single, and 4>vni<:, nature) is the name of a Chris- tian sect which took form under that name in the^'ear 451, when tlie Eutychinn heresy was condemned by the orthodox Eastern Church in the Council of Chal- cedon. But though the name of the ^Icnophysites first occurs i…
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Anotlier patriarchate which the Monophysites ap- propriated was that of Antioch. Peter the Fuller (yva- (pevc), an adherent of Eutyches, who had been driven out of two convents of Constantinople, having gone to Antioch with Zeno, a relation of the emperor, connect- ed himself there with the remaining Apollinarists, and…
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todocetic doctrine of the incorruptibleness of Christ's body (5G-1), threatened to involve the Church in fresh troubles ; but his death soon afterwards, in 505, put an end to these fruitless and despotic plans of union. His successor, Justin II, in 5G5 issued an edict of tolera- tion, which exhorted all Christians to g…
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" Two facts," says Gould, " arrest our attention . . . the prevalence of monotheism, and the tendency of civ- ilization towards it. Monotheism is at present the creed of a large section of the human race. The Chris- tian, the Jew, and the Mohammedan hold the unity of the great cause with varying distinctness, accord- i…
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MOXOTHELISM 512 MOXOTHELISM kindred to that concerning his nature. The Slonoph- 3'sites were at that time a most powerful sect, and the movement, especially' in Egypt, threatened to as- sume a political character. In this difficulty the em- peror Ileraclius, hoping to reconcile the two parties, adopted the doctrine …
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MONOTHELITES 513 MONRO they slipped away by mere supposition." See Com- befis, Hist. hcer. Monothelit. (Paris, 1G48) ; Hagenbach, Hist, of Doctrines, i, 229, 241, 282 ; Schaff, Church Hist. iii, 752, 782 ; Neander, Church Hist, iii, 186 sq. ; Giese- ler, Church Hist. c. i, § 128 ; Baur, Dogmengesch. 1, 211 ; . and h…
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Monrad, Ditler Gothard, a Danish prelate of note, was born at Copenhagen Nov. 24, 1811. In 1836 he passed his theological examinations, and was two years later honored by the title of D.D. In 1846 he was called to the pastorate of Vester Ulsler, in the dio- cese of Laaland. Having taken a prominent position in the nati…
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Monroe, Samuel Yorke.D.D., an emiiunt min- ister of the Methodist Ejiiscopal Church, was burn at Mount Holly, New Jersey, July 1 , 1816. He enjoyed the advantages of a thorough English training, and after his conversion, which occurred in 1833, decided to devote himself to the work of the Christian ministrj'. He la- b…
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Monseigneur {iny lord), a French title, once ap- plied to saints, and subsequently to princes, nobles, cer- tain high dignitaries of the Church, and other titled personages, is now only given to prelates. The Italian monsignore has a similar signification. Monsignore. See Monseigneur. Monster. See Sea-monster. Monstran…
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MONTAGUE 516 MONTAIGNE Poets" '.—Miscellanea Spiritunlia, published in two parts (1618-54), a series of religious essays or tracts :— a Letttr from Paris to his father, in wliicli he justilies the Church of Komc, and states his personal reasons for changing his belief. This letter was printed with lord Falk- land's …
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He wrote a journal of his tour, evidently not intended for publication ; but the manuscript, when discovered after nearly two centuries in an old chest in the cha- teau of his familv, was published (in 1774) under the title o{ Journal du Voyaf/e de Michel de Montaigne en Ita- lie, par la Suisse et VAllemagne, en 1580-8…
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Montaigne's Essais have been the subject of much conflicting criticism. If we reflect upon the age and the intellectual condition of the country in which the author lived, we must consider them a verj' extraordi- nary production, not so much on account of the learn- ingcontained in the work, although that is very con- …
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MONTAIGU 518 MONTALEMBERT li.t;ht on the state of manners and society in France in ! his time. The IJssais have gone through very many ^ editions, and been translated into most European Ian- i guages : the edition of Paris (1725, 3 vols. 4to) was perhaps the most complete until the appearance of the recent edition, …
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Montalembert, Charles Forbes Rene, Comte de, one of the l)rightest lights in the history of mod- ern France, noted for his attainments in ecclesiastical as well as secular learning, distinguished as states- man, orator, and writer, was born, of French extrac- MONTALEMBERT 519 MONTALEMBERT tion, at London, March 10,…
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found them (Tune mediocrite effrayante. In fact, his thoughts, his plans, his subjects of interest were those of a matured intellect, of a formed man, who feit ' cab- in'd, cribb'd, confined' within the walls of a lecture- room." Yet he quitted Sainte-Barbe in the following year (1829) with great regret, for he knew th…
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they not .' France was in one of its fits of " Liberal" ecstasy. "The charter — the free institutions it guar- anteed, the self-government whicli it held out to the hopes of the nation — was the jiopular idol. But in the midst of this impetuous rush towards ])olitical freedom this plan, thought of studying law, and, u…
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ideals of his young enthusiasm seemed to him united, sitting like "a dethroned queen" amon'j; her people, the guardian of their faith and of their rights, and all the more glorious in her rags and poverty to his d; quence, but of the bold and unconipromismg earnest- ness in the cause of his Church and of the common in…
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confident that the Church of Rome owed no more to absolute power than the primitive Church of Christ, or would rise the higher if cut free from its temporalities, they would liave wished nothing better than the sup- port of an organ like L'Avenir. But they would have been unaccountably wanting in the sagacity for which…
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His journalistic career being cut short by papal dis- approval, and himself unable to enter political life for lack of age (the peerage begins at twenty-five), Mon- taleml)ert now went abroad to travel, mainly in Ger- many, to study the preservation of Roman Catholicism as well as monuments of its history in that count…
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MONTALEMBERT 523 MONTALEMBERT free course to his mordant and incisive wit, and make personal attacks with impunity upon potentates and ministers. . . . His bitterness — and he was sometimes bitter — from him seemed ahnost amenity, the harsh- ness of the meaning; being disguised by the elegance of his manner and his …
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of continental Europe. In 1847 he delivered his cele- brated speech on the affairs of Switzerland, in which he distinctly foretold the revolution which broke out among the continental nations in the year following ; and his brilliant Discours sur les affaires de Rome, de- livered shortly after the popular outbreak, was…
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In 1862 Montalcmbert published a sketch of the life of Lacordaire (q. v.), which al)ounds. like all his other , productions, in loyal expressions to the Church of his | birth as well as of his choice. His motto was still, "Tout pour I'Eglise et par I'figlise" (comp. Brit, and For. Ev. Rev. Oct. 1863, p. 722 sq.). In t…
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Montalembert was a man whom title, gifts, accom- plishments, fortune, united to make illustrious. The opposite in many respects of his great contemporary, Sainte-Beuve, who preceded him but a little while to the tomb, he laid down his life, with all its brilliancy and all its latter suffering, upon the altar of his fai…
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Montani, Giovanni-Giuseppe, an Italian theolo- gian, was born at Pesaro about 1685. He was descend- ■ ed from a noble family; joined the Society of Jesus at Eome, and taught in the schools of that order moral the- MONTANISM 526 MONTAXISTS ology with so much success that persons came from dis- tant parts to consult …
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According to Apollinaris of Hierapolis (quoted by Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical Ilistm-y, ch. xvi), the earliest Montanists were exclusively Phrj'gians; but this is not correct, though it is easy to see, from what we have said in the article Montasus, why his views should have laid strong hold on that race of excitabl…
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The one thing by which Montanism came to be espe- cially distinguished from the Church catholic was its assertion of the continuance of prophecy, and hence it ■went generallj' under the name of iwva propheiia. Now there was nothing heretical in the simple doctrine that charismata had not ceased in the Church ; but ther…
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MONTANISTS 528 MOXTAXISTS ception of inspiration, flexible natures, susceptible of I keen and rapid impressions, were the chosen organs of revelation. . . . Ambiguous and lying oracles could thus ! be substituted for the clear and exact prescriptions of j the sacred books. It is obvious that the whole of Chris- tian…
1,231 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.