PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 6
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,371,720 words · 1335 reading sections
Section 601
The sacrifice of children is said by Clovers to have been not so much an expiatory as a purificatory rite, by which the victims were purged from the dross of the body and attained union with the deity. In support of this he quotes the myth of Baaltis or Isis, whom Mal- cander, king of Byblus, employed as nurse for liis…
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jamin of Tudela describes the remains of an ancient Ammonitish temple which he saw at Gebal, containing a stone image richly gilt seated on a throne. On either side sat two female figures, and before it was an altar on which tlie Ammonites anciently burned incense and offered sacrifice {Early Travels in Palestine, p. 7…
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Mo'li (\fooX(, Vulg. Mokolt), given (1 Esdr. viii. 47) instead of Maiili (q. v.), the son of Levi (Ezra viii. 18). Mo'lid (Heb. .l/(-W, n-^r-S, her/etter; Sept. Mw- Xt/o v. r. MwXa^, MwXi'i", and M(U)}X\ the last named of the two sons of Abishur, of the trilie of Judah, by Abiliail (1 Chron. ii, 20). B.C. long after 1…
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nities. It was made their task to inquire into the nat- ure of the assistance derived from grace, and its mode of operation. On Jan. 16, 1598, the opinions of Molina were thus summarized : (1) A reason or ground of God's predestination is to be found in man's right use of his free- will. (2) In order that the grace whi…
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Molinari, Giovanni, an eminent painter of the school of Piedmont, was born at Savigliano in 1721. He was a pupil of Cavaliere Beaumont, and executed a number of works of art for the various churches at Tu- rin and adjacent cities. A picture in the church of S. Bernardo di Vercelli, representing a number of saints, is, …
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Molinism, the name given to the system of grace and election taught by Louis Jlolina (q. v.). The kind of prescience denominated in the Homish schools Scien- tia m^dia is that f(jreknowledgc of future contingencies which arises from an ar(niaintance with tlie nature and faculties of rational beings, of the circumstance…
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Molkenbuhr, Marcellin, a German Eoman Catliolic theologian, was born at Minister, Sept. 1, 1741, and was educated in the convents of the Rhenish coun- try. In 1758 he entered the Order of St. Francis at Hanau, but was ordained to holy orders Oct. 27, 1764, and for nine years taught philosophy and mathematics, and for t…
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Moller, Henry, a Lutheran minister, noted for his valuable labors in the Lutheran interests in the L'nited States, was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1"49. When only a youth of fourteen he migrated to this country, and went to Philadelphia. There he was one day, shortly after his arrival, met in the street by the cele- b…
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Molloy, Francis, an Irish divine of some celebrity, flourished in the College of St. Isidor at Rome, Italy, in the second half of the 17th century, as professor of the- ology. He wrote Sacra Theolofjia (Rome, 1666, 8vo) : — Lucema Fiddium (1676, 8vo), a Roman Catholic Cat- echism in Irish : — Grammatica Latino-I/iberni…
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square miles. Of the population, which is about 6000, 400 are Europeans; in the whole residency, the inhab- itants number about 110,000, including the eastern part of Ceram. The principal island of the group is Neira, south-east from Amboyna, in 4° 33' S. lat. and 130° E. long., separated by narrow straits from Goenong…
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Missionai-y Labors. — The native tribes of the moun- tains remain very largely in heathen ignorance. ]Many of the Moluccans were made converts to Mohammedan- ism even before the appearance of Christians on the soil, and Islamism is gaining new adherents daily. Christianity, on the other hand, has thus far secured but f…
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MONA 447 MONARCHIA ist)— refused to obey, and actually separated from the state Church, organizing their own independent evangel- ical congregations. Their adherents were all more or less influenced by Methodist tendencies, and inclined to a sombre view of life. They were called by the people " Moraiers," as if to s…
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Monarchae was the title occasionally bestowed in the Christian churches, especially in those of the East, instead of the more familiar metropolitan (q. v.). In the 6th canon of the Council of Sardica, which was held in 344, we find metropolitans distinguished by the title jyrinceps jjrovincice (J^npxoQ rijg iirapxiac) …
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distinction of Persons in the Godhead ; but they used it ill the sense of simple oneness, from which oneness they argued that the Godhead is so simple a being as to be Hot'OTTpuawTToc — a solitary, single Hypostasis. That this was the meaning in which they used the term jxo- vnpxid is apparent on the very face of the c…
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But whatever its origin in its development, Monarch- ianism must be carefully distinguished among two oj)- posite classes claiming to be Monarchians : the rational- istic or dynamic Monarchians, who denied the divinity of Christ, or explained it as a mere power (^Avvafiic) ; and the patripassiau Monarchians, who identi…
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(2) The stepping-stone from simple Patripassianism to what we shall presentl}' deal with as Sabellian mo- dalism constitutes the doctrine advanced by Beryllus of liostra, in Arabia. From him we have only a some- what obscure and verj^ variously interpreted passage in Euscbius (//. E. vi, 33). He denied the personal pre…
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MONARCHY 451 MONARCHY Monarchy, Israelitish (see Kale, De potestate regia iiu/eiiie Hebr. Havn. 1749). According to the sense of the Mosaic constitution, the Hebrews were erected into a kind of republic under the immediate dominion of Jehovah, forming a strict theocracy (q. v.); the law of the kingdom (Deut. xvii, 1…
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The income of the Israelitish kings, with which they defrayed the expenses of their court and administration, was derived from voluntary but (as still in the East; see Kampfer, Aman. p. 95) valuable presents from their subjects in Palestine and the dependencies (1 Sam. x, 27; xvi, 20; 2 Sam. viii, 2, 11; 1 Kings x, 25;…
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Morgenl. iii, 269 sq.), after the Egyptian custom (Diod. Sic. i, 22). The consorts of deceased kings remained in high honor, and even held the title of queen-mother (nH^;5, miitress, 1 Kings xv, 13; 2 Kings x, 13; Jer. xiii, 18; xxix, 2). The title "king" was applied to the ])rinces of the royal house as well (Jer. xvi…
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(11) MdvSpa, a word which means a pen, or sheep/old, and refers to the residence of the anchorites in remote districts, or to their congregating together in flocks. Hence the president was sometimes called ai-cMmandrite. (12) I/astly, the Sj'rians and Arabians, almost without exception, used the word daira, dairon (Ar…
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MONASTERY 454 MONASTERY Lent, readinp; till eight A.M., then tierce, and after- wards labor till nones; after refection, reading or psal- mody. In Lent, reading till tierce; doing what was ordered till ten : delivery of boo'.vs at this season made. Senior to go around the house, and see that the monks were not idle.…
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3. In the East monasteries are supposed to have ex- isted about the time of Christ's stay on earth. See Mo- xASTicisM. In the West the first monasteries were founded by St. Martin of Tours, about 300, at Liguge, near I'oictiers, and at Marmoutier. The chiefs only of these monasteries were in orders, and women who enter…
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taking as a theme for poetic song the fall of Satan and the sin of our first parents. The foundation of Wear- mouth Abbey by Benedict Biscop, a monk of Lindis- farne (A.D. 665), was remarkable for the introduction of painted glass. Workmen were brought from the Continent, who instructed the Saxon monks in the mys- tery…
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Monasteries were called inrjenua if exempt from their fomulation, or libera if the grant or privilege had been matle subsequently. Those which were not exempt were compelled to render to the bishop obedience ; an- nual fees called jus synodale, or circadas; procurations, or the provision of entertainment; solemn proces…
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MONASTERY 45Y MONASTERY dissolved, and their revenues applied by Wolsey to the purpose contemplated. The following calculation has been made as to the number and wealth of the religious houses in England dismantled and scattered at the period of the Reforma- tion : " The number of houses and places suppressed from …
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MONASTERY 458 MONASTERY kingdom of Italy has not been slow to perceive that a sacerdotal class, with interests alien, if not antagonis- tic, to society and to the family, is necessarily and log- ically a foe to civil and political liberty. By a law enacted June 28, 1866, all monasteries and similar re- ligious corpo…
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6. In architectural arrangement, monastic establish- ments, whether abbeys, priories, or other convents, fol- lowed nearly the same plan. The great enclosure (va- rying, of course, in extent with the wealth and im- portance of the monasterj'), generally with a stream running beside it, was surrounded by a wall, the pri…
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Monasticism (Gr. novuZtiv, to dwell apart in sol- itude ; whence fiovaxog, a monk), a state of religious retirement, more or less complete, accompanied by con- templation and by various devotional, ascetical, and penitential practices, is in truth Asceticism (q. v.), with the elements of religious solitude superadded. …
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MONASTICISM 460 MONASTICISM Sonncrat, and others.) The manner of the construction of these caves of India and Arabia leads to the supposi- tion that they were ortf/imil/i/ intended for monkish abodes, and, if so, the exceedini^ f^reat antiquity of mo- nasticism can no longer be doubted. These temples and caves are t…
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A large portion of the Laws of JIanu are taken up by regulations to be observed by those who wish to attain to the ultimate good by the practice of monastic ob- MONASTICISM 461 MONASTICISM servances. The rule of St. Benedict itself does not af- ford a more decided proof of the existence of the ascetic life. The wor…
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The Buddhist monks are less fanatical and extrava- gant than the Hindu Yogis (q. v.) and Fakirs (q. v.). They depend mainly on fasting, prayer, psalmody, in- tense contemplation, and the use of the whip, to keep their rebellious flesh in sidjjection. See Buddhism; GoT.VMA. They have a fully developed system of mo- nast…
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The f/rouih (fmonaslici.im must have been somewhat after this manner : First came austere practices with- out separation from society; then the devotee sought the solitude, like the Christian anchorite (q. v.). Some one who was particularly celebrated for the holiness of his life, or more inventive than others in metho…
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intentions, the young prince said, ' Let us turn back : I must think how to accomphsh deliverance.' A last meeting put an end to his hesitation. He was driving through the northern gate, on the way to his pleasure- gardens, when lie saw a mendicant, who a])peared out- warilly calm, subdued, looking downwards, wearing w…
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(3.) Chinese llonachism. — An examination of the Chou-King, the sacred book par excellence of China, is without fruit for our purpose. It is a significant fact, however, that the word "priest" is written in Chinese "Cha-men," or "Sang-men," which mean, re- spectively, one who exerts himself,* or one who re- strains him…
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(G.) Mohammedan Monar/nsm. — " The two most suc- cessful religious impostures," says Cunningham, " which the world has yet seen are Buddhism and Mohamme- danism. Each creed owed its origin to the enthusiasm of a single individual, and each was rapidly pr(i|>agated by numbers of zealous followers. But here the parallel …
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As little as we find in the life of Christ or his apos- tles any authority for the monastic life, so little do we find it represented in the life of primitive Christians generally. It is true in the infant Church, for a time, all things were in common, but even in this community of life, certainly the oldest or, rather…
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2. Development of Monachism. — In what has pre- ceded it is clearly foreshadowed that the historical de- velopment of the monastic institution was neither sud- den nor rapid, but that it passed through several stages before it finally took the shape under which it is now known to us. Dr. Schaff distinguishes four stage…
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governor, and thus constituted the first societies of Ana- chorets, who lived scattered, in single cells or huts, united together under one superior — demonstrating, moreover, that in monasticism prevailed the same law as in every other intellectual movement. An idea exists long in a state of free solution, till the ma…
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cessors, sought in vain to arrest the too rapid increase of monachism. A picture is drawn by Theodoret, in his Iteligious Histories, of the rigor and mortification practiced in some of the greater monasteries, which goes far to explain the assertion of Protestant writers that the monks were commonh' zealots in religion…
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((/) Fuurth Slage of Monasticism. — The same social impulse, finally, which produced monastic congrega- tions, led afterwards to monastic orders, unions of a number of cloisters under one rule and a common gov- ernment. In this, the fourth and last stage, monasti- cism presents itself in the West, and played no little …
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MONASTICISM 469 MONASTICISM Western monachism, which had a still laxer constitu- tion, had not a remarkable man introduced into the monastic life a more settled order and a more rigid discipline, and given it the shaping and direction of a hierarchical religious order, by which it became so influ- ential an instrume…
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3. Degeneracy of 3Ionachism, and its Extension. — The irruption of the Lombards into Italy and of the Saracens into Spain, and the civil wars in France af- ter the death of Charlemagne, as well as the many favors received from the Church, which had come to regard recluses as a higher class of Christians, hav- ! ing fac…
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of their convent, their attachment to it often indis- posed them to stand forward and do battle with the numerous sects that threatened to subvert Christianity itself. Something ruder and more practical, less wed- ded to peculiar spots and less entiingled by superflu- ous property, was needed if the Church was to retai…
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In the 14th century, though partly checked by the mendicant orders, a general degeneracy of monachism commenced, and the corruption, from which hardly a single order kept itself entirely free, became so over- whelming that towards the close of the Middle Ages the name monk was often used by writers as synony- mous with…
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MONASTICISM 472 MONASTICISM gradually most of them also became disorderly and worldly ; and a leading feature in the corrui)tion of the Church was perceived to be in those very orders found- ed to promote apostolic simplicity in tlie Christian Church. Tlie best and most influential men in the Church cordially joined…
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But whatever might be accomplished by all these congregations in tlieir own circles, either tiie limited extent of their object, as in tlie instance wo have last mentioned, or that circumspection of their means, which was involved in the nature of the case, as on the part of the Theatines, hindered their exercising a g…
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4. Present Condition of Roman Catholic Monachism. — In the 17th century the attention of many monastics was more specially directed towards the necessity of bringing back their institutions, as far as possible, to the rules and laws of their order, and the monks of the Roman Catholic churches now became divided into th…
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The number of monastic associations founded in our century is so considerably in advance of any former period of equal length, that to a superficial observer it would indicate a growth of the monastic spirit. This is, however, due solelv to the concentration of Romanism in this direction, the papacy finding these its b…
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MONASTICISM 475 MONASTICISM corruption and ignorance in many convents of the older orders. In some of them, also, the ancient constitutions have fallen more or less into disuse. The regular con- nection of the general superiors with their subordi- nates has been in great part interrupted, and the hold- ing of genera…
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ready indicated in some measure the character of mon- achism, as we have traced its origin and progress. It remains to consider briefly the spirit as well as the re- sults of monasticism. In sui-veying monasticism as an institution coming down from the 4th century till the Reformation, we freely admit that, in the circ…
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But while acknowledging the great services which the monks liave rendered to the world in the medi;cval period, there is another view of the case to which we cannot close our eyes. Monasticism, instead of being "one of the greatest institutions of Christianitj'," has no claim whatever to be divine in its origin ; Chris…
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MONASTICISM 4T7 MONASTICISM It perished finally, not from sacrilegious hands nor Protestant animosities, but from its own inherent vices. jM. de Montalembert, the latest and perhaps ablest de- fender of monachism, breaks ground with a vindication of monasteries from the charge of being the asylums of broken hearts …
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mende" by which the title of abbot was conferred on those who were ignorant of monastic institutions ; al- beit this step, so loathsome in his judgment, was the work of infallible popes and Catholic kings. Catho- lics have their own institutions and the great dignita- ries of their own Church to blame for the most con-…
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Guizot, nisi. Civilization, ii, 279 sq. ; and the relevant sections of Tillemont, Kleury, Schrockh (vols, v and viii), Neander, Schaff, and ( jieseler. Regarding Chris- tian monasticism as compared tcith other forms of ascet- icism, see Hospinian, Be origins et progressu tnonacha- tus, lib. vi (Tig. 1588; enlarged, Gen…
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Monceaux {Moncmus), FRAsgois de, a French writer noted for his studies in comparative archaeology, was a native of Arras, and flourished in the second half of the 16th century. He took quite an active part in the political affairs of France and Italy, but neverthe- less found time to write : Depoiiis civitatis JudcB et…
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Monconys, Bai.tiiasar, Dr., a French traveller, noted for his Oriental studies, was born at Lyons near MONCRIEFF 480 MONEGOXDE the opening of the ITthrentury. After receiving a lib- tral education at the University of Salamanca, he vis- ited tlie East, for tlie purpose of tracing the remains of the pliilosophy of T…
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Mondonville, Jeanne Jiliard, Dame Turles i)E, a French Roman Catholic woman, noted as the foundress of a pious order, was born at Toulouse in 1G26. The daughter of a president of the Parliament of Tou- louse, Jeanne Juliard was distinguished for her mind and her beauty. In 1G4G she married Turles, lord of IMondonville,…
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12mo) : — La vi-aie Philosojjkie, 'pavVAhh&M (Brux- elles and Par. 1774, 8vo), a work directed against the phi- losophy of the Encyclopaedists, and particularly against Le Systeme de la Nature, and published by Needham. " In order to gain an idea of La vraie Pkilosophie," says a reviewer, " we should not permit oursel…
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MONEY 482 MONEY ably be first introduced in their gross and unpurified state. A sheep, an ox, a certain quantity of corn, or any other article, would afterwards be bartered or ex- changed for pieces of gold or silver in bars or ingots, in the same way as they would formerly liavc been ex- changed for iron, copper, c…
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2. The first notice in the Bible, after the flood, of un- coined money as a representative of property and me- dium of exchange, is when Abraham came up out of Egypt "verj' rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold" (Gen. xiii, 2; xxiv, 35). In the furtlier histon,- of Abraham we read that Abimelech gave the patriarch "a …
738 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.