PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 1021
n, Ein. ii. p. 21). 5. St. Peter in connexion with Rome. —The chief points at issue are, whether St. Peter visited Rome; if he did, how long he worked there; whether he suffered martyrdom there; and if so, at what date. It will most con- venient to arrange the evidence under the several Churches. (1) Rome.—(a) Clemen…
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(2) Syria.—(a) Ignatius of Antioch (c. 115). He writes to the Romans (c. iv.) thus: οὐχ ὧς Πέτροι καὶ Παῦλος διατάσσομαι ὑμῖν. Contrast the similar but studiously general language addressed to the *Compare Eur. λει 613, 2° ἐγγὺς “αἱ σννόδρωστω στρατῷ, and (στ Zahn, Sind. |. p. 447}1 Καὶ ἹῚΜ (Cod. A) alt αὐτόν, 1 Mac 1…
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ome: (7) North Africa.—(a) Tertullian (c. 200). The ges in Tertullian’s writings are—Scorp. 15: ‘Orientem fidem Rome primus Nero cruentauit. Tune Petrus ab altero cingitur, cum cruci adstrin- itur’; de Bapt. 4: ‘quos P. in Tiberi tinxit’; de rescr. Heret. 32: ‘Romanorum [ecclesia refert] Clementem a Petro ordinatum’; …
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* The Syriac Epitome (Schoene Ξ 211) puts the foundation of the Church at Antioch and St. Peter’s arrival at Rome (‘et refuit ecclesim ili annos xxv")in Anno Abr, 2058 (= a.p. 42- HN the appointment of Euodius two years later; but under An. Abr. Boa (=A.D. 48-49) it has the entry, ‘ Petrus apostolus moderator eccl. Ro…
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riumphale, uia Aurelia, iii K. iul.’ In the last notice the temple of erat probably refers to a temple of Cybele (Duchesne p. 120; Lipsius p. 401) on this site; by the palatiwm Neronianum is meant either Nero’s gardens or the Circus (prob- ably to be identified with the Nawmachia). It was apparently on this spot that A…
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There are five memorial days which claim notice. (i.) June 29. The origin of the observance of this day as a festival of St. Peter and St. Paul has been pointed out above, and it has been shown that robably as early as Jerome, certainly before the Mart. Hieronymianum, compiled early in the 7th cent., the day was rega…
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(iii.) History and date. At the end of the 4th cent. and onwards apocryphal Acts of Peter are spoken of as being in authoritative use among heretics, especially the Manichwans; cf. Augustine, c. Faust. xxx. 4, adv. Adimant. Manich. 17; and (somewhat earlier) Philaster, Her. 88. At the same time these Acts were not infr…
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reek text there exists a Slavonic version. (ii.) Substance. The outline of the story is as follows : (a) Paul arrives in Rome (Cod. E alone adds ἀπὸ τῶν Σπανιῶν). The two apostles meet with great joy. Paul stills a dispute between Gentile and Jewish Christians. The preaching of the apostles converts multitudes, and in…
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9. The Clementine Literature.—(i.) Documents. These are three in number. (a) The Homilies in Greek. Two MSS only are known to exist—the one at Paris, the other at the Vatican. (5) The Recognitions. The Greek original has perished. The Latin rendering by Rufinus, preserved in a large number of MSS, a Syriac translation …
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10. Non-Canonical writings ascribed to St. Peter. — Eusebius (EZ 011. iii.), after mentioning the two Epistles which have a place in tke Canon (see 776 PETER (SIMON) separate articles), proceeds to speak of other writings connected with Peters name—the Acts 4 Peter (see above), the Gospel according to eter, the Prea…
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(3) The Apocalypse of Peter.—A considerable fragment of the Apocalypse of Peter was dis- covered and published with the fragment of the Gospel. Before 1892only some half dozen small frag- ments were known to exist (see, e.g., Zahn, Ges. Kan. IL. ii. Ἔ 818). The Akhmim fragment begins in the middle of a sentence contain…
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PETER (SIMON) workers. The Simonian legend answers to the Jewish conception, according to which St. Paul is ‘the enemy.’ Now the latter view is historically sae to the former. It follows, therefore, that the Simonian legend is the earlier, and that it is the arent of the Petro-Pauline tradition. The one historical bas…
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there be The evidence of the Epistles of bot the Pauline captivities is also negative. If St. Peter had been in the city when St. Paul wrote to the Philippians, and again to the Colossians and Philemon, his description in the one case of the fortunes of the gospel at Rome, and in the other of his own environment, coul…
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* Eus. HE πι. xi.: μετὰ τὴν ᾿Ιαχώβου μαρτυρίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτίκα. γινομίνην ἅλωσιν τῆς ᾿Ἰερουσαλὴμ λόγος κατέχει τῶν ἀπόστόλων κα. τῶν τοῦ χυρίου μαθητῶν τοὺς εἰσέτι τῷ βίω λειπομένους ἐπὶ ταὐτὸ πανταχόθιν συνιλθεῖν χιτιλ. Eusebius places the death of St. James immediately before the siege of Jerusalem, according to the s…
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f Theodore had really rejected 1 P and 1 Jn, the general Council of Constantinople (553) would not have failed to reckon this among the reasons for their condemnation of him. On the other hand, Junilius (Instit. regularia i. 6, 7), whose state- ments as to the Canon reflect the views of Theodore (Kibn, p. 358 ff.), rec…
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seems to be reproducing, τὴν τῆς κιβωτοῦ δὲ olka voulay... ἐν ἣ ὀκτὼ ἄνθρωποι διεσώθησαν, pavepwrard φασι τὴν σωτήριον ὀγδοάδα μηνύειν (1 P 353); (8) the Eastern Valentinians, according to Clem. Alex., Excerpta ex Scriptis Theodoti \xxxvi., ob συνεισῆλθον els τὰ ἡτοιμασμένα ἀγαθὰ, εἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι (1…
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To sum up: 1 P is, with the single exception of 1Jn, the only one among the Catholic Epistles ‘of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church.’ No sooner did a theological literature (properly so called) spring up in the Church than this Epistle is quoted by name as the work of St. Peter. In the earliest Christia…
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found, however, in 4 Καὶ 3*(Symm.) Jest. xi. Patra. ud. 8), ἐγκομβοῦσθαι, περιέχει ἐν ypady, περίθεσις, προμαρτύρεσθαι, σθενοῦν, συνπρεσβύτερος, ὑπολιμπάνειν | (but in Dion. H. =‘ "ἴο fail’). ; ; The vocabulary, then, of the writer is a fall one, including as it does words representing the several strata of the langu…
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century—Erasmus, Calvin, Grotius, and Bengel. Among critics of the last half century it has won the constant and earnest support of B. Weiss (e.g. Der petrinische Lehrbegriff, 1855, p. 99 ff. ; Introd. to NT, 1888, vol. ii. p. 137 ff., Eng. tr.), and recently of Kihl in his commentary in the Weiss-Meyer series. The tw…
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lolatrous immoralities). ( 6 opening pa oH) where the contrast between cere and fates alike, 1 and ‘ you ’(cf. Eph 1!2f), and still more the emphatic and remark- able ee used about ‘you’ as persons for whom the bless- ings of the gospel were destined in God's purpose, and whom they had at length reached (15-1012, cf. 1…
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PETER, FIRST EPISTLE 784 spoken of, then a social fault. The word itself, when examined, confirms this view. It is best illustrated by Epictetus, Encheir. iii. 22 (quoted by Zahn, Find. ii. p. 39), οὐ yap τὰ ἀλλότρια πολυ- πραγμονεῖ [i.e. the Cynic) ὅταν τὰ ἀνθρώπινα ἐπισ- κοπῇ, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἴδια, and Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 19,…
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So far, then, it appears (a) that the somewhat scanty evidence as to the Neronian persecution does not support the theory, that it differed essentially from later persecutions in regard to the method of procedure against the Christians ; (δ) that, if such a difference were proved to exist, the language of 1 P would be …
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urpose of the existing central government as being (on one side) e ‘commendation’ of ‘ well-doers’ goes considerably beyo the earlier dictum of St. Paul (τὸ dyalléy wolu, καὶ ἵξως ἔπαινον ἐξ airys); and this description he still further emphasizes by the explanation—‘ thus (i.e. in accordance with His «ries —the Divin…
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* When St. Paul first arrived at Rome, the Jews at Rome tell him that they know that ‘everywhere this sect is spoken against’ (Ac 28%), The language of Tacitus (Ann. xv. 44) | clearly implies that before the Neronian persecution Christians | were regarded at Rome with feelings of hatred and horror *quos per flagitia …
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Harnack’s hypothesis is open to serious objections, based on the internal evidence of the document itself and on exter- nal evidence. In the first place, what was the character of the document (i.e. 13-519)? It was not a treatise, for it is hortatory throughout. Was it, then, like the so-called Second Epistle of Clemen…
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Greek literature, and especially the LXX, of which it is not impossible that he had gained some know- ledge in his home at Bethsaida. At any rate the years which St. Peter spent in missionary work outside the borders of the a Land, specially, we may add with great probability, in the Syrian Antioch and its neighbourho…
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Mt 5° 25" 6”; 18943) Mt 5"; 1 k 10"; 1% i Lk 24%; ΣῊ Lk 12% 21%; ΤῊ Mt 6” Lk 11" 188 PETER, FIRST EPISTLE 2? || Mt 18% 10} Lk 18!7; 24 (wpocepy.) || Mt 11% (cf. Jn 67 757); 2° || Mt 16'8; 27 (Ps 118%) || Mt 21%; 213 (ef. 31%) || Mt 5; 212. 17 || Mt 22%; 23! (ἐπακολ.) || 6.0. Mt 105"; am (οἱ. 41) || Lk 234; 2° || e.g.…
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To take first the case of James, the coincidences in this Ep. with 1 Peter can hardly be accounted for on the ground of personal intercourse between the two writers. They seem to imply literary in- debtedness. The relative dates of the two docu- ments (apart from other considerations) supply a decisive argument that th…
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riod prior to the destruction of Jerusalem, that ἘΡΕΙ͂Ν we assume that ideas and doctrines emphasized in these Epistles must be of Pauline origin. That St. Paul had a predominant share in the moulding of Christian theology, there can be no doubt. But a body of Christian doctrine was owing up apart from the immediate s…
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face ; (δ) δι᾿ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα implies that the apostle’s written words were few, because he knew t they would be enforced and supplemented by the living voice of Silvanus. For διά of the bearer of a lett διὰ βιβλιαφόρων, E: 818 Ql; the subscriptions added in t many MBS to the Pauline Epistles, ¢.9. Romans—iypégn ἀπὸ Κ…
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Imperial Court had lately frustrated the endeavour of the Jews to secure the condemnation of the apostle of the true Messiah, the event would appear as a revelation of ‘the will of God’ in PETER, FIRST EPISTLE respect to His use of the power of the civil magistrate—djaforaolyras φιμοῖν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσί…
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PETER, FIRST EPISTLE 791 But why does St. Peter seize the opportunity of Silvanus’ journey to write an Epistle to the Churches of Asia Minor? There is no indication that he had any personal knowledge of his readers in any of the districts to which he writes. It does not appear that he wished to bring before them and t…
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It remains to notice the evidence supplied by the Epistle as to the intended journey 0 dear On the questions suggested if 1P Ι΄ see especially Hort's dissertation, ‘The Provinces of Asia Minor included in St. Peter’s address’ (1 Peter pp. 157- 184; cf. p. 17). Hort shows that (1) the position of Asia neither first nor …
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II, 2-411, The brotherhood which is in the world, and its duties.—{1) 2Uf.. General introductory counsels. Be like mere sojourners in the world. Let the moral beauty of your con- duct make your very detractors watch you, so that in the ey, of decision they may glorify God. (2) 918-813, Duty of mission to every Divine i…
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called you, He, after your brief space ering, ren, re. (4) 61914, Commendation of the bearer of the letter. VIII. Doctrine OF THE EPIsTLe.—In this sec- tion an attempt will be made to indicate in outline the doctrinal teaching contained in the Epistle. The letter is a λόγος παρακλήσεως, and contains no systematic expo…
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(2) Redemption.—Everything in regard both to the Redeemer (1”, cf. Ac 2%) and the redeemed (1%) is conditioned by the πρόγνωσις of the Father. Even disobedience to the gospel does not lie out- side the sphere of His purpose (28). The prepara- tion is dwelt on in 4, The prophetic witness was twofold—(a) to the suffering…
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contact with the dead, should be sprinkled with ‘the water of separation.’ In the true Israel not water poured on the ashes of the victim, but the blood of Jesus Christ (ef. He 9"), is ever ready for the cleansing of those who are obedient, but who from time to time are defiled through contact with evil. Thus the seque…
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* Hort takes the words Ive/unr ἀσοκαλυφθδῆνα (15) to refer to the immediately preceding εἰς rernpiar, and interprets ἐν saps dew as incaning ‘in @ season of extremity.’ But (1) it is ΕἾΤΑ t to disconnect ἐσχάτῳ here from ἐπ ἰσχάτον τῶν χρόνων in 1%; and καιρός is common in eschatological phrases in Daniel and NT, 4g. 4…
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. H. (BASE. PETER, SECOND EPISTLE OF.— 1. The Epistle considered apart from the question of ite genuineness. 1. Transmission of the Text. 2. Summary of the Epistle. 8. Doctrine of the Epistle. 4. The writer of the Epistle, its readers, the circum- stances of its com; tion. Il. The question of the genuineness of the Ep…
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3) (i.) 815. The writer's Epistles.—In this, as in my former letter, I remind you of the words spoken long ago by the prophets, and of the Lord’s commandment brought to you by those of the apostles who were your teachers. (ii.) 38:17 Mockers at the promise of the Return, Remember before aJ else that in the last days mo…
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PETER, SECOND EPISTLE 797 to it. The object of knowledge is the Father (124) and Christ (18 2” 3%); in 16 γνῶσις a without further definition. The knowledge of God and of Christ is the means whereby men escape the evil of the world (2) and receive grace and peace (1*) and spiritual endowments (15. The cultivation of …
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To this statement of the details as to the writer and recipients of the Epistle, which seem to be implied in the document itself, it will be well to sppend the views as to the occasion of the Epistle and the circumstances of its composition, which have been put forward of late years by two critics who have defended its…
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us enabled to maintain that the Epistle in its original form is older, in its present interpolated form more reesnt, than Jude. It should be added that the reference in 3! to an earlier Epistle, addressed by the same writer to the same readers, likewise disappears. Suspicions as to the in- tegrity of a document, when t…
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he language of the earlier part of the extract is largely derived froma Mal 4), Is 344, The idea of the conflagration of the world at the judgment was somewhat widely current in the 2nd cent. In the last clause there is in language, idea, and context a certain coincidence with 2 P 3! (γῇ καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα εὑρεθήσεται…
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* Compare Hippolytus, ‘Heads against Caius,’ in Hermathena vii. p. 4081. (cf. pp. 406, 418), ‘The number of the years is not the number of days, but it represents the space of one day... according to the saying, One day in the world of the righteous ig as a thousand years. PETER, SECOND EPISTLE terpretation of a thou…
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εὐδοδιδάσκαλος does not occur in the report of our rd’s words in Mt, or indeed anywhere in the NT expent in2P. But in Christian circles, where the 8 words wWevdddedgos, ψευδαπόστολος, ψευδολόγος, ψευ- δομάρτυς, ψευδοπροφήτης, ψευδόχριστος were all current (all occurring in NT), and where a διδάσκαλος was closely alli…
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(1) Ireneus.—We have already dealt with two passages in this writer (p. 800). In two other passages he has been supposed to be relying on QP. (i.) iii. 1. 1, μετὰ δὲ τὴν τούτων [sc. Petri et Pauli] ἔξοδον || 2P 1% But that ἔξοδος (extus) was not an uncommon word in this sense in early Christian literature has been poin…
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We have now reviewed the passages in the sub- Apostolic writings and in the Christian literature of the 2nd century, which, it is alleged, contain reminiscences of Ὁ. If we put aside the passage from the Clementine Recognitions and that from the Acts of Peter as open to the suspicion of not accurately representing the …
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pensatores multiplicis gratie Dei’ (2 P 17,1 P 4%); m Exod. xii. 4 (ix. p. 149), ‘Scio enim scriptum esse, quia unusquisque a quo uincitur huic et sernus addicitur’ (2 P 2); in Levit. iv. 4 (ix. Ῥ. 221), ‘Et iterum Petrus dicit Consortes, inquit, facti estis divine nature’ (2 P 1‘); in Num. xiii. 8 (x. p. 157), ‘Et ut …
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assages in the treatise de Reswrrectione, in which e thinks that this writer alludes to 2 Ρ 3!3, They are as follows :—éxrupwOjcerat μὲν yap πρὸς κάθαρσιν καὶ ἀνακαινισμὸν καταβασίῳ πᾶς κατακλυζόμενος ὁ κόσμος πυρί, οὐ μὴν εἰς ἀπώλειαν ἐλεύσεται παντελῇ καὶ φθοράν. .. διὸ ἀνάγκη δὴ καὶ τὴν γῆν αὖθις καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν με…
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(3) We now pass to the 4th cent., when the place which, as will appear, 2 P had already secured among the Apostolic books became assured every- where exert in the Syrian Church. (a) Husebius. It appears from HZ I. xxiii. 25 (τῆς λεγομένης ᾿Ιούδα, * Zahn (Gesch. Kan. τ. i. p. 316 n.) also compares with 2 P 120 Hipp. de…
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as follows: ‘Non est igitur ignorandum Srewrens tem epistolam esse falsatam, que licet publicetur non tamen in canone est’ (Migne, Pat. Gr. xxxix. 1774). The Latin phrase printed above in italics probably represents the Greek words ὡς γοθεύεται αὕτη ἡ ἐπιστολή. If this be so, the passage conveys not the writer’s own v…
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dressed by St. Peter to Jewish Christians, and that Gentile Christians would not be likely to take much interest in a document written for Jewish fellow-believers. The theory is open to criticism in several directions. (i.) It cannot be said that there is anything in the Epistle itself which sug- ests that it was addr…
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3. VOCABULARY AND STYLE.—({a) Vocabulary. A full examination of the remarkable vocabulary of 2 P is beyond the limits of this article. The following are the main points :— LXX.—Th tains “τ re eee in five plncen—22 (ls 02) 20 Pr 2) 98 Pa 90 (6) #314 δὲ ) 813 511 6622). But in none of these passages is the resem- blance…
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(iv.) Solecisms.—There are certain expressions in the Epistle which, so far as our knowledge of the language goes, appear to be contrary to usage. They are as follows >— : α) βλιμμα (βλέμματι καὶ ἀπῇ, 25). Field (Notes on Trans, of δ ἄσαξ λεγόμενον with NT p. 241) writes thus: * In seeing and hearing. This seems to …
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(vi.) There are some interesting pairs of synonyms found in the Epistle. (a) ἀγάτν, φιλαδιλφία (17), the thought apparently being that ‘love of the brethren’ must lead on to ‘love’ in the widest sense (contrast 1P 1337. 48; see Westcott on 1 John 210), (ὁ) ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἁ μώμητοι (314), οἵ, σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι (213), In 1 P…
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| 610 PETER, SECOND EPISTLE in the Lord’s life, each of which was closely con- nected with St. Peter? The answer to the question, when so put, is, it is believed, that in themselves these allusions do not supply any valid argument against the genuineness of the Epistle. It cannot be con- sidered strange or unnatural …
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* Zahn’s theory as to 2 P, it should be observed, leads him to assume an (earlier) Ep. of St. Peter now lost (31), an Ep. of St. Paul now lost (315), the promise on St. Peter’s part of a Lehr- eee ee unknown to us (115), ‘other writings’ now ost (316), + Compare the Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs, Libri et epis: tule P…
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(iv.) 3% ἐλεύσονται... ἐμπαῖκται. . . λέγοντες Ποῦ ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ ; ἀφ᾽ ἧς γὰρ οἱ πατέρες ἐκοιμήθησαν, πάντα οὕτως διαμένει ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς κτίσεως. It is sometimes urged that the queetee of the scoffers points to a time later than the days of the apostles; and even more stress is laid on the reply—not…
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* Cursives4, Lgyptt(boh sah), Syr-hkl add ἡμῶν. But, in the ease of an addition of this nature, the evidence of versi - of little value. , ersions is PETER, SECOND EPISTLE —_—— teaching as reported in the Acts. But in this Epistle, when the writer (115) has occasion to appeal to the guarantee of the truth of his te…
960 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.