PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 841
is represented in the round zodiac which was dis- covered at Denderah and in the astronomical drawings in the Ramesseum at Thebes. The most interesting mythology, so far as Orion is concerned, is that of the Euphrates valley. In the ancient star-maps of that land Orion is known as Duwuzi (=Tammuz, Ezk 814), and appear…
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ORPAH 633 allusion to the Giver of all good. Such particulars from the common life of the people indicate the general attachment to ornament, and suggest that any ΕΥ̓ΕΙΡΟΠΟΕῚ use of things outwardly ornamental would receive easy and sympathetic recognition. The chief materials of ornament are those which Achan covet…
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the only Assyrian king of the last period of Assyrian history who conquered Susa was Assur- banipal (cf. WAZ v. (Rassam Cyl.) col. ν. 128- vi. 76). This last great king (B.C. 668-626) wrought frightful destruction upon this strong and rich capital city, and carried large numbers of its popu lation captives to Assyria. …
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OTHER.—1. Moon (Revisers’ English, p. 120 ff.) contends that (following the AV) the RV has omitted ‘other’ where it should be, and inserted it where it should not be. Asan example of the former he quotes Mk 4%-™, where the mustard seed is said to be ‘less than all the seeds that are upon the earth,’ a sentence which st…
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this Heb. phrase so as to make Kenaz the brother and Othniel the nephew of Caleb (so B of LXX, υἱὸς Kevéf ἀδελφοῦ Χάλεβ ; cf. art. JUDGES, 4 (d), vol. ii. p. 811". It is more probable, however, that Caleb, who is elsewhere called the Kenizzite (Nu 32"), was viewed as a son of Kenaz, and thus a brother of Othniel (so A …
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A. R. 5. KENNEDY. OUGHT.—1. ‘Aught’ and ‘ought’ are different forms of the same word. Aught is from a (=ever) and wiht (=thing, whit) as ought is from ὁ (=ever) and wiht. So the meaning is ‘ any thing whatever.’ The early forms were numerous. AV has only the form ‘ought,’ which RV everywhere changes into ‘aught,’ the …
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The oven is figuratively employed in Scripture to indicate fieree heat and quick destruction, the materiais used in heating it being soon consumed (cf. Ps 21", Hos 77, Mal 4%). H. PorTEr. OVERSEER.—See MELZAR, STEWARD. Once in AV (Ac 20%) ἐπίσκοποι is translated ‘ overseers.’ It is the tr. of Tindale, who was followed…
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Bull, bullock, cow, kine.—1. 15 par (fem. πῇ» ἄγαλ, the female of the bovine species). When intended to refer to a young bull there is often added 79373 (Ex 29! etc.) ; once in construct state with shdr, Wwe =‘ bullock of the ox’ (Jg 6”); once in apposition, 19 =‘ ox-bullock,’ i.e. ‘ bullock of the oxen’ (Ps 69°). Par…
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PADDAN, ἐδ. Paddan-aram, is found in Gn 48) only. Perhaps 07% has fallen out of the Heb. text; it is present in the Sam., as well asin the LXX (Mecororaula τῆς Συρίας). PADDAN-ARAM See ARAM, in vol. i. p. 138°. Bab. contracts of the age of Abraham as a measure of land. It is the modern Arabic fedddn, ‘acre.’ A. H. S…
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arable ?’; Livingstone in Select Biog. i. 316, ‘Mr. avid Dickson—a man singularly gifted with an edifying way of preaching, and whose painfull labours were eminently blessed with successe.’ ‘ Painfulness’ also was used in the sense of care- fulness, industry, but in its only occurrence in AV the meaning is ‘ toilsome…
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n Egypt the palace was not only the royal residence, but also the seat of government. The royal apartments were in an inner, the halls of audience in an outer court. If we include all the buildings required for courtiers and officials, the ‘palace’ becomes not a house, but a royal city. A characteristic feature was a b…
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The present formation of the country is due to convulsions, which took place in the early Tertiary riod. An immense fault was formed from ermon southwards, rending the strata and form- ing the depression of the Jordan Valley and Dead Sea. The western strata fall with a steep dip to the valley, while the eastern are l…
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at Rimeh, north of Hebron. On the west the spurs are here longer than in Samaria, with deep ravines; and the chalky foot hills form a yet more distinct district, called Shephélah in the Bible (‘lowlands’), while the Plain of Sharon widens into that of Philistia. On the east a desert plateau extends below the Hebron mou…
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The water supply of Palestine is fairly abund- ant, except in the deserts and in the Negeb, and it includes lakes, rivers, brooks, and springs. The waters of the Dead Sea are intensely bitter, con- taining 25 per cent. of chlorides washed down from the valley ; but those of the Sea of Gulilee and of Merom are sweet. Th…
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PALESTINE 643 supplies the deep wells of Beersheba and the shallow pits at Gerar (Gn 26%"); but the water is only found by digging in its pebbly bed. Its modern name is the Wddy Ghitzzeh Many of the other great ravines, such as the Brook | Kanah (Jos 16%) in Samaria, flow with water in winter; and the most remarkable…
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he natural growth is dependent on the moisture brought by the sea-breeze, and thus in Lebanon and in Palestine alike the slopes west of the watershed are covered with copse, while those to the east—shut out from the moisture—are bare. In Eastern Pales- tine the woods of oak and pine covering Gilead are more extensive t…
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ea. Millet (Ezk 4%) is also known by its Heb. name ; and the coriander (Ex 1651, Nu 117) is culti- vated, with cummin (Is 28”) and anise (Mt 23°) ; the mustard (Mt 13%!) grows to a tree in the Jordan Valley, where the ‘Vine of Sodom’ (Dt 32%) is found in the ‘oshir tree (Calotropis Procera); the mulberry, now grown ext…
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iv. THE RACES OF PALESTINE.—Among the earliest inhabitants are noticed the Zuzim or Zam- zummim, the Emim, and the Anakim. These words seem to be non-Semitic, and the latter may mean ‘tall,’ as a Mongol word. The Canaanites are re- garded by the author of Gn 10°+ as not Semitic, and there is monumental evidence (Tel el…
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As regards population, the evidence of ruins shows that it was much larger in Roman and Byzantine times—and probably in the 12th cent. —than it is now. The numbers stated on Assyr. texts would indicate a population exceeding 200,000 souls in the southern mountains in B.C. 701; and the Syrian forces opposing the Assyria…
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The town names of Palestine are so ancient that their occurrence does not, as a rule, affect critical questions; yet the absence of the names of Jeru- salem, Samaria, Tirzah, and Zereda in the Pent. is notable. The permanence of the population has preserved some three-fourths of the OT nomen- clature to the present da…
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The most completely described region in the Bk. of Joshua is that south of Jerusalem.* The north boundary of Judah ran south of Jericho by Gilgal and Adummim (Tal'at ed-Dumm) to Enrogel in the Kidron Valley ; and, leaving the capital in Benjamin, it ran southward by ‘Rachel’s. Tomb (1 5 10°, Jer 312°) to Nephtoah (Jos …
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and plain west of Benjamin. Its boundaries are not stated, but on the south coincided with Judah, from which tribe Zorah and Eshtaol on the border were taken. Near these was Ir-shemesh (Ain Shems), and farther north Shaalabbin (Se/bit) and Aijalon (Yalo). Timnah and Ekron (T7ibneh and ‘Akir) were also on the Judah bord…
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It appears to be quite clear that the Tabor plates as well as the hills of Upper Galilee, be- onged to Napa The towns included (19*) those in the plain, Bezaanannim (Besstim) as well as Heleph (perhaps Beit Lif) in the north. Among those in the plain were Adami (ed-Ddémieh), Ham- math (south of Tiberias), Rakkath (beli…
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ably at the site now shown at ‘Awertah east of Gerizim. The bones of Joseph were buried at Shechem, where his tomb is shown near Jacob’s Well; and the altar on Ebal (Jos 8%) and stone monument in the plain of Shechem (Jos 24%) seemed to make this central city the capital of Israel. There were, however, several successi…
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he second Heb. capital was at Hebron, Saul’s adherents having their centre at Mahanaim in Gilead. The well of Sirah (2 S 3%) retains its name (‘Ain Sdrah) north of Hebron. The con- uests of David extended north of Hermon to ibhath (perhaps Kefr Dubbeh) in the Baalbek plains, but not to Kadesh farther north (2S 88 24°),…
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round Jerusalem. After his death the surviving a Θ “ Ἕἕἵ)ὕὈΐὕὍὌΡΪΡ͵Κ͵Ὸ͵ῬΘ.͵΄΄΄ἷὖἷἧ΄ἷἝἷἝἷΠἷΠΡΠΡρὅρὅρρὅτ΄ἽἿἽἝΓ ρ΄... τ’ --““΄ ᾿λὨΙῸᾷΩΧΣΙτ͵ “«εο͵ τ πΛΑΣ, 652 PALESTINE brothers found refuge in the desert of Judah and in the Jordan jungle before establishing them- selves at Michmash. Under Jonathan the Jewish boundaries…
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Palestine was enriched by Herod the Great with new cities, such as Ceesarea, and by great buildings at Jericho, Phasaelis (Fusail in the Jordan Valley), Samaria, Antipatris, Ashkelon, ete. He built the desert fortress of Masada (Sebbeh) on the south-west shores of the Dead Sea; and his tomb was in the circular fortress…
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vi. ANTIQUITIES. —At a time approximately dated B.c. 2800, the Akkadians from the lower Tigris were sending ships to Sinai for granite (Tel- loh inscriptions of Gudea), and cutting cedars in Amanus (Amalum), and it is not improbable that they entered Palestine as did Amraphel (Aham- murabi) and Arioch (Friaku), who rai…
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commonly used. Ships laden with timber and corn were sailing on the Mediterranean (cf. Gn 49", Nu 24"), and often carried slaves from the north. In the time of Thothmes Iv. further ex- editions were made against the Hittites, now ieiven from Palestine to Kadesh on the Orontes. These conquests were maintained during the…
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Jerusalem by Sennacherib, in B.c. 701, failed in consequence of the success of Tirhakah, the Ethi- opian king of Egypt, after his defeat near J orp: Sennacherib ‘dwelt at Nineveh’ (2 K 1955) till his death twenty years later, and Judah was saved foracentury. The great inscription of Sennacherib attests the wealth of H…
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656 PALLU tatest important architectural remains are found in the mosques built by the great Egyp. rulers of the 13th and 14th cents. Modern additions to the architecture include the Latin monasteries at Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, Carmel, etc., with smaller Greek monasteries, and Protestant churches and orphanage…
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In Sir 18° God is said to govern the world with the palm of His hand (ἐν σπιθαμῇ χειρὸς αὐτοῦ, lit. ‘with the span of his hand,’ οἵ. Is 40"). The Geneva and Bishops’ Bibles have ‘with the power of his hand’; other VSS, including RV, omit, following a better text. The palm of the hand is thrice mentioned in NT. In Mt 2…
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The palm gave its name to Pheenicia and to Pheenix in Crete. Jericho was the ‘city of palm trees’ (Dt 345, Jg 116 318. 2 Ch 28"). They existed in great numbers there in the time of Christ. A few wild ones exist now in the Jordan Valley. Perhaps the fronds used in Christ’s triumphal entry into Jerusalem came from that r…
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PALTIEL (bxed2 Φαλτ(ε)ιήλ).---Ἴ, The prince of Issachar, one of those appointed to divide the land, Nu 34", 2, 2S 3", the same as Palti of 1S 25“. It is uncertain which is the original form. Paltiel is quite in place in P’s list of names in Nu 34, but is = so in 2S 3%, where moreover Palti has the support of the Syr. a…
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n these circumstances it was inevitable that the Greek, or rather Greco-Roman, element should be weak in pari fa in the period when Christi- ΒΩ first entered the country. It was not one of the more highly civilized regions, but rather one where the native Anatolian and Oriental char- acter had proved stronger than the …
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PAPER, PAPER REEDS, PAPYRUS. — See REED, WRITING. PAPHOS (Πάφος) is mentioned in Ac 13 as the residence of the proconsul of Cyprus, SERGIUS PAULUS, who was visited and converted by St. Paul on his first missionary journey. The city here meant is New Drakes the ad- ministrative capital of the Roman province of Cyprus,…
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PARABLE (IN OT; looked at as the two sides of a unity, and the ex- pressions which properly belong to the description of the concrete sphere are applied to the ideal sphere, we have the Metaphor. One sees it in such instances as the following: ‘the light of thy counvenance’ (Ps 47 (Eng. ; ‘they that be wise shall shin…
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* Fuerst (Heb.-Chald. Worterb.3 1876, 8.0.) co-ordinates zip aw! ‘rule’ with the Arab. λαμ: (baswa), ‘strenuus fuit.’ This is not absolutely impossible. For the Aram. $np is not found with the sense of ‘rule,’ and therefore there need not be found 4 an Arab, Ure answering to the Heb. Svin ‘rule.’ Further, a corres…
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to Ezk 24%>*, namely mashal (Arab. VS (bis, y Pesh. DAk, LXX παραβολήν ; while the Targum alone, from a supposed necessity to heighten the dignity of the passage, rendered by 23 ‘a pro- phecy’). On the other hand, there is a formal agreement between Ezk 24°° and 3%4-26 41-12 51-4 etc. In all these passages, that is t…
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In LXX παραβολή very commonly represents the Heb. mashal, which also implies comparison (Νὰ 237-18 2.48. 15. 20. 21.23 ete.), But mdshdl is also rendered παροιμία (Pr 11, Sir 6* 88 etc.), and θρῆνος (Is 14%), and προοίμιον (Job 271 291). Like Bes- spiel in German, it sometimes indicates an ex- ample set up for edificat…
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ecause both in pestis and in proverbs there is comparison, and the hearer has to catch the analogy in order to be instructed. We may, if we like, give the name of a parable to Christ’s sayings about the salt of the earth, the lilies of the field, building on the sand, whited sepulchres (Mt δ᾽} 6% 7% 23”), fishers of me…
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3. The Distribution of the Parables in the Gospels is very unequal. In the narrower sense of the term there are no parables in Jn. It is in harmony with the respective characteristics of the other three Gospels that Lk, who aims at com- pleteness, gives us most, and that Mk, who records events rather than discourses, g…
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‘ow-men, e.g. the Lost Son, Friend at Midnight, and Unrighteous Steward, οἷο. : (iii.) to Provid- ence ; viz. the Hid Treasure, Pearl of great Price, and Rich Fool. Thus the parables drawn from the relations of man to his fellows (which is not one of the main classes) are the largest group, being about two-thirds of th…
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i. THE ETYMOLOGY AND USE OF THE WorRD. —The verb παρακαλεῖν is frequently used both in LXX and in NT (though not found in St. John’s writings) with the meaning to comfort or console, a meaning which is rare in classical Greek. Thus Gn 3155 ‘ And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to comfort him ; but he refused…
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5. The Earliest Christian Writers.—We find the same passive sense—called to one’s side, as advo- cate or intercessor—even in the os Christian writers, when they are using the word independ- ently and not interpreting the NT use. Take II Ep. of Clement, vi. (Lightfoot, Apost. Fathers, ᾿ 46)—‘ Who shall be our advocate, …
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therefore be comforted, and be ye orig "(A *On the spelling paraclitus see Hare’s note in Mission of the Comforter, ii. 522, note Ja (in later ed. note K). ¢ The Rhem. version has the foll. marg. note to Jn 1416, * Paraclete by interpretation is either a comforter or an advo- cate ; and therefore to translate it by a…
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ace, lest any man should boast. But why two aracletes? Because the Holy Spirit has to do, not with the sin of man, but with his holiness. In so far as the believer does not sin, the Holy Spirit is his Paraclete. When he sins it is Jesus Christ that becomes his Paraclete. For Jesus has always to do with his sin, and Je…
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und (Ges. Thes. ii. 1124; Max Miller, Chips, iv. 22; τιν Langues Sémiti , I. i. 153; Justi, rea 180; rde, Ges. Abh. p. 75; Haug in Ewald’s Jahrb. v. 162; Spiegel in Delitzsch’s Hoheslied under ch. 413 ; Néldeke, ZDMG xxxvi. 182; Skeat, Etymol. Dict. of Eng. Lang. 8.v.). The old Greek etymologists also explained the wo…
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In the NT it is raised to still higher uses. The primeval Eden gives place to a ‘garden of God’ that is not of earth, the thought of the Paradise of the past is lost in the hope of a Paradise of the future, and the word becomes a name for the scene of rest and recompense for the righteous after death. Only the most s a…
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Of more importance, however, is the witness cf the Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphical writings. These books reflect a remarkable variety of opinions, which it is impossible to harmonize, and many of which were extremely fantastic. In the later Jewish belief Sheol appears to be regarded as a place of moral issues, with pr…
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also to the Apocalypse of Baruch. The idea that the earthly tabernacle and its contents were copies of antitypes or originals in heaven (Ex 389. 40, He 8°) is applied in this book to the holy city. In B!(ch. 69)Jerusalem, the centre of the new theocracy, is described as destined to be restored and established for ever;…
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reaching to the spiritsin prison. But this is surely in defiance of the Greek usage. It has been held, too, that the ‘ Paradise’ of Lk 23 is identical with the ‘Abraham’s bosom’ of Lk 1655. 5, both being designations of a par- ticular division of the under-world. But in the Parable it is only the rich man that is desc…
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PARADISE 672 dead have visions of Christ and His saints and angels (Just. Martyr, Resp. ad Orthod. 75, 85). $= ὋμὌὑ Some distinguished between Paradise and heaven. Irenreus refers to what the presbyters said of a distinction between awards,—how some shall go to heaven, some to Paradise, and some to the splen- dour o…
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Of these passages two are poetical, and contain the expression ‘Mount Paran’ or the mountains of Paran (Dt 332, Hab 3%). With these should be compared the opening verses of the Song of De- borah (Jg 5) and of Ps 68. The similarity of thought in these passages is evident. Although there is some variation in the use of p…
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* For a conjectural site, of. Schick’s art. on ancient Jerus., ZDPYV, 1894, p. 13, with the accompanying Plan. VOL. ΠῚ —-43 consist eer of the o PARCHMENT (2 K 23", and marg. of 1 Ch 26'*); but the sense thus obtained is not suitable in either passage. By what means, however, a Persian word can have reached Judah b…
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PARENT.—See FAMILY in vol. i. p. 848. PARLOUR occurs in AV as translation of three different Heb. words. 4. πρὸν, used of the room in which Eglon, king of Moab, was interviewed and assassinated by Ehud, J g 37-3. A. 25 (LXX ὑπερῷον, ef. Ac 115 987-9 908), This was an upper storey ‘raised above the flat roof of the hou…
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PAROUSIA final Advent at the end of the age (Rev 2° 16 331; cf. also Mt 26% ‘ Henceforth [ἀπ᾽ ἄρτι] ye shall see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven,’ which Meyer interprets in the sense of a continual historical revelation of Christ’s power and triumph); and, finally,…
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Such a discussion it is manifestly impossible to ive within the limits of the present article. Nor 1s it necessary to our immediate purpose. Without settling all the pele queens involved, it ma be possible to give a bird’s-eye view of the ἘΠ ΤΟ as it lies in our sources, to discover how far it lends itself to a single…
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to a question by the disciples (so Mt; Mk specifies Peter, James, John, and Andrew; Lk leaves the questioner indefinite), ‘when these things shall be, and what shall be the sign when these things are all about to be accomplished’ (Mk, Lk). In the discourse which follows, Jesus not merely answers this question, but pass…
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As to the time of the Advent we have conflict- ing evidence. Mk 91 and parallels represent it as within the lifetime of the disciples. There is notking in the context leading us to discriminate two Ail wetita, as has sometimes been done. The same is true of Mt 10%. Inreferring to the terrible rsecutions which are to c…
950 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.