PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 541
The following cities, etc., are mentioned as at one time or another Moabite ; the names in italics are probably variants of those in ordinary type, Ἔσο respectively precede them ; they are some- times placed slightly out of alphabetical order to show the connexion. Names in capitals are found only on the Moabite Stone.…
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ueeze was taken by an Arab for M. Clermont- anneau. There is also a copy of ll. 13-20 made for him by another Arab. Then the Stone was broken up by the Arabs in the hope of making more profit out of the fragments. Two large frag- ments and 18 small ones were recovered. From these, with the addition of reconstructions …
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1. I am Mesha, son of Chemosh (-melech, SS, L, or -gad, Cl, ΟἹ, king of Moab, the D- 2. ibonite | My father was king over Moab thirty years and I became ki- 3. ng after my father | And I made this high- place of Chemosh in KRHH | as a token of grati- tude for (the deliverance wrought for M-, SS, L) 4. esha, because …
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191. j. Read 73nom); cf. 1. 18. In 2S 1713 3nd=‘drag,’ so here SS, L, ‘schleppen’; in Jer 163=‘ tear,’ so here Neubauer. G translates ‘ offered.’ 14. k. Nebo, spelt NBH. f 16. 1. The sense is the same, whether we read 052 ‘all of them,’ or 759, lit. ‘all of it.’ 17. m. female slaves, NOM, 80 SS, L; ct. Ig & ΟΦ om “…
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(A) According to the readings of SS in ll. 11, 16, 26, the prefixed preposition Ὁ is used to express the genitive. iv. RELIGION. —Up to a certain point the Moabite religion was henotheistic, and the rela- tion of Chemosh to Moab was exactly that of J” to Israel (see CHEMOSH). On the strength of a winged sun-disk on th…
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. 237), is probably the KRHH of the Moabite tone. Other traces of Egyptian influence E. of Jordan are a monolith near the Lake of Tiberias bearing the cartouche of Ramses U., now known as the Stone of Job (see vol. i. p. 166%); and the delineation of a local deity Akna-zapu, ‘ Yokin of the North,’ with the full face a…
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Whether Israel took the land north of Arnon from Sihon or from Moab, it was always debatable ground, and stimulated and aggravated the quar- rels that naturally arose between{neighbours. The northern frontier of Moab retired or advanced as the power of Israel waxed or waned. The most important incident narrated as to t…
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MOAB, MOABITES not prove that Moab remained in subjection till the time of Ahab. The express mention of the rev Ὁ of Edom from Solomon is slightly against the supposition that a revolt of Moab at that time has been passed over, Further, the fact that Jeroboam’s capital was at first Εἰ, of Jordan shows that Israel then…
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ut as Mesha’s father reigned in Dibon on the Arnon, probably Mesha’s conquests did not include Heshbon. According to 2 Ch 24%, one of the assassins of Joash of Judah had a Moabite mother. The story of Elisha (2 K 13%) mentions Moabite raids in Israel. 2K 1455 states that Jeroboam um. recovered the border of Israel fr…
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MOAB, MOABITES which was not interfered with till the time of Josiah. However severely Moab suffered at the hands of Jeroboam Π., it recovered speedily, and became more prosperous than ever, so that Isaiah (ἢ) and Jeremiah (?) do not hesitate to adapt and ex- vand the pictures of the pride and prosperity of Moab, and…
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W. H. BENNETT. MOADIAH.—See MAADIAH. MOCHMUR (Μοχμούρ B, Μουχμούρ κε"; Machur Old Lat., Peor Syr.; A omits; Vulg. Jth 7° omits LXX 7}7-9),—A wady (χείμαῤῥος) on which CHUsI, near EKREBEL, was situated, apparently S.E. of Dothan (Jth 7). MOCK, MOCKINGSTOCK.—The verb to mock is both trans. and intrans. Used transitivel…
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On the other hand, there has been an influence on the word (perhaps on the Gr. word itself, certainly on its trans.) of efkw to yield. Thus Moule, though he says (Camb. Bible, in loc.) that the connexion with τὸ εἰκός ‘the equitable’ is more robable, allows efkw a place, and in his Philippian tudies, Ὁ. 228, he trans…
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Modin was near the plain (1 Mac 165 δ); the monument built by Simon was clearly visible from the sea (1 Mac 13”); and we learn from Euseb. and Jerome, that Diospolis (Lydda) was not far distant. 2/-Medyeh itself is hidden from the sea by the slope of the hill; but immediately to the south a rocky eminence, er-Ras, with…
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1. Table of the occurrences of Melech, etc., as divine names.—(a) Cases in which MT uses the pointing Molech to show that it regards Melech as the name of a false god. Ly 18% 202345 ἄρχων ; 1 Καὶ 117 A μελχό, B βασιλεύς, Luc. μελχόμ ; 2 K 23, Luc. μελχόμ ; Jer 32% τῷ Μολὸχ βασιλεῖ. (δ) Cases in which Melech is pointed…
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of Mileom from which the crown was taken. Per- haps the ‘Chemarim’ or priests of Zeph 1* were MOLECH, MOLOCH priests of Molech (cf. CHEMARIM). None of the passages which speak of child-sacrifice connect it either with Milcom or the Ammonites, and we do not know how far the Ammonite worship of Mileom resembled the P…
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ave been very impertectly adapted to its present context ; or it may be late post-exilic. Melech in 1, 23 of the Moabite Stone is treated as a divine name, ‘Moloch,’ by Neubauer and Sayce (HCM 367, 373), but is more probably to be translated ‘king’ with Smend and Socin. On Sennacherib’s ‘Taylor Prism’ an Edomite king …
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VOL. 111.—27 MONEY 417 Walker, Ridgeway, Babelon (Les origines de la monnaie, 1897), Lenormant (La monnaie dans Vantiquité, 2nd ed. 1897), Poole (art. ‘Numismatics’ in Eneycl. Brit.*), and others—fall without the scope of an article on the money in circulation among the Hebrews in the various periods of their nationa…
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* For the construction of the Egyptian balance, see Flinders Petrie, A Season in Egypt, p. 42, oa pl. xx. ; also art. BALANCE in this Dictionary, by the same authority. + The seapretance. of this testimony was first noted by O. F. Lehmann, ‘ Aus dem Funde von Tel-el-Amarna’ in the Zeitsch. f. Assyriologie, iii. 391-3…
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ent. In addition to all the above weights on the common standard, we find still another parallel series on the so-called royal standard—the origin of which can only be conjectured,—the latter being simply the common weights raised by a certain percentage. Thus the fold shekel on the royal standard weighs 130 (and 260)…
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Eom 96} Ib. avoir., a heavy load for a man to carry (see At this point the question naturally suggests itself as to the value in sterling money of the Hebrew shekel as gold and silver unit respectively. Since the English sovereign is only eleven parts pure gold to one part alloy, the mere comparison of the respective …
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The custom of wearing ornaments of an accur- ately determined weight—such were Rebekah’s old nose-ring of half a shekel weight and her racelets of ten shekels, Gn 24*°—would naturally tend to facilitate their use on occasion as mone The ‘ wedge (lit. tongue) of gold of fifty sheke weight’ purloined by Achan was paren…
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* It is of great importance, in view of subsequent discussions, to observe that the word στατήρ, stater (from fermus in the sense of ‘to weigh’), is the true Gr. equivalent of the Semitic shekel, of which σύγλος (see below) is a transliteration. + The word daric (Q«puxés) has probably no etymological connexion with Da…
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guineas. The shekel (173 grs.) of this mina, of which the siglos is the half-shekel (see above), is Resiers intended in the reference Neh 5” to the table allowances of Nehemiah as a high official of Artaxerxes 1. Longimanus (see Babelon, op. cit. p. 6f., for the coins of this sovereign). The satraps of the Great King …
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| associated with the payment of the priestly dues from time immemorial, but also as being the speci- fically Hebrew shekel, just as the Hebrew language was distinguished from all others as ‘the sacred tongue (πραγ. Ὁ). Some epithet of the kind was required in early post-exilic times to distinguish this shekel from th…
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still Ludwig Miiller’s La Numis- ἡ The chief authority is matique d’Alexandre le Grand, 1855 (cf. Head's conspectus, Hist. Num, 810 ff.). Σ For which see Head, op. cit, xl-xliii and p. 809f. Acc. to Hultsch (Gew. ἃ. Alt. pp. 66-68), the shekel or stater of this standard was yyth of a mina of 60 light Phanician shekel…
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Obv. Head of Antiochus Epiphanes (looking) right, diademed, with fillet border. Rev. BAXIAEQE ANTIOXOY OEOY ENIPANOYE {king Antiochus, divine, illustrious]. Zeus (looking) left, seated on throne, naked to the waist, and holding a Nike, who crowns him, in right hand, while left rests on sceptre. In exergue a monogram.…
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rinciples of the rights of coinage in antiquity. These cannot be here set forth in detail (see esp. Lenormant’s classical work, La monnaie dans Vantiquité, ii. § 1, ‘ Le droit de monnayage,’ ete.) ; it must suffice to emphasize the fact that the right to coin money of the standard metal, whether gold or silver, was the…
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* The χαλκοῦς was a copper coin, eight of which were equiva- lent to a silver obo! (4 drachm). MONEY 425 tations proposed is given ef. Schiirer, H.JP I. i. 28 mentioned here. (1) Heber is the Heb. for the yepoucla or senate of the books of Maccabees and Judith, the later Sanhedrin (so Geiger, Levy, Madden, ete., and…
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The money par excellence (D2, ἀργύριον) of the Jews during the greater part of the Maccabean period was obtained from heathen mints, as, with the decline of the central power, the cities of the coast one after another recovered their autonomy. Tyre, in particular, began in B.C. 126 —from which its new era is dated—to i…
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t See, however, for the chronology of Agrippa 1. and for the possibility of coins of seventh to ninth years, Unger: ‘zu Josephus’ in Sitzb. d. philos.-philolog. Classe ἃ. k. ὃ. Akad. ἃ Wiss. zu Miinchen, 1896, 394f.; cf. Reichardt apud Madden Coins, 182. MONEY — career of conquest in the East, they found, as the un…
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* After Nero it would not exceed Od. + For the coins of Antioch in detail see Warwick Wroth's (Brit. Mus.) Catalogue of the Gr. Coins of Galatia, Cappadocia, and Syria, 1899, pp. lvili and 158-282. t On the other aoa? the municipal coins of Antioch had only local currency, and do not concern us here. § For coins in …
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We come now to the capper coins of the NT, and find mention of three different de- nominations. (1) The lowest of these is the lepton (λεπτόν, Mk 12"=Lk 21? the widow’s ‘mite’; Lk 12° ‘thou shalt not depart [out of prison] till thou hast paid the very last ‘“‘mite”’ Γτὸ ἔσχατον λεπτόν---Μῦ 5% τὸν ἔσχατον Kodpdyrny, ‘ t…
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confirmation of Mk 124, 4 This identification of the quadrans with the chalkus has y been suggested on other grounds (see Madden, Coins, p. 8001.) there was the current issar-assarion, which was the dichalkus, and the tariff or Roman as—dis- tinguished from the other as the issar italki of the Mishna and the Palmyra …
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Perhaps no coins of antiquity have been more frequently reproduced in illustrations than the numerous coins struck by Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, and the Roman senate to commemorate the subjugation of Judea (see Madden, pp. 207-229 ; de Sauley, Nwmism. de la Terre Sainte, p. 79 Ε΄; Pick, Zeit. f. Numism. xiv. 1887, 328…
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II. Coins (as before) of the ‘ year 2 of the emanci- pation of Israel’—Ssrw mind av. This group is composed of two main classes of Beatin - rachms of Simeon, viz.— iii. A. D.-d. of Simeon, with his name, con- tracted (yow) or in full (pow), within a Lie ΠῸ B. D.-d. of Simeon, with his name always in full round a bu…
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§ 11. Appendix. The purchasing power of money in Bible times.—Throughout this article an approx1- mate estimate in sterling currency has been given of the moneys of the various standards we have met with in the course of the history of the Hebrew race. A much more adequate idea of their real value, however, would be ga…
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MONEY-CHANGERS (EXCHANGERS, CHANGERS, BANKERS).—In the preceding article it has been shown how various were the standards according to which money was reckoned in the course of Jewish history. In the Ist cent. of our era, for example (MONEY, § 8), we find coins of the Roman system (denarius, as, ete.) side by side with…
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The adj.‘ monstrous’ is applied in Wis 17" to the pear sons which terrified the Egyptians during the plague of darkness,—‘ were partly vexed with monstrous apparitions (τέρασιν φαντασμάτων, Vulg. monstrorum tvmore), and partly fainted.’ A monster (Lat. monstrum, a divine omen, from monere, to warn) is anything which a…
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Notwithstanding that the bright portion of the moon’s disc, being always turned towards the sun, * According to Sayce (EHH 250), Jericho 1n(*)¥ means ‘city of the moon-cod.’ implied that it received its light from that bedy, the moon is represented in Gn 1 as having been created at the same time as the sun, and appar…
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With the Egyptians there were several moon- deities, all masculine. The principal of these was Thoth, the god of knowledge, an attribute applied to him in consequence of the moon’s character as time-measurer (for such is the meaning of its name in the Indo-European languages). Sefekh, a goddess associated with Thoth, i…
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6 author of o great ane DOrian (comp. Bertheau-Ryssel, ad foc. ; Kuenen refuses to lay any weight on this passaye, Hist.- Krit. Bint. 1, ii. 209). wished to honour. In consequence of his own suggestion the vizier was then bidden to conduct his enemy in honour round the city, while his friends saw in this misfortune an…
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‘More’ is really a double comparative, already formed in Anglo-Sax., mara. It is at least prob- able that it was originally confined to greater bulk or importance, but even early examples show that ‘noe’ and ‘more’ were used almost indis- criminately. Wright (on Shaks. As You Like It, p. 135) thinks that, as far as Sha…
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MORESHETH-GATH (n3 περ, κληρονομίας Γέθ) is mentioned only in Mic 1, in a group with Gath, Zaanan, Lachish, Achzib, Mareshah, and other towns of the Judahite-Philistine region. The daughter of Zion is advised to make a bridal speeding - gift (cf. 1 K 9156, Ex 18?) concerning Men eHERLe ORE Micah is himself a Morashtite…
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enerations be worshipping": therefore it is said at this day, ‘In this mountain did Abraham worship before J”.”* grounds for it are stated most fully by Stanley, SP pp. 251f., and Grove in Smith’s DB, s.v. MoriséH: Abraham saw the spot ‘afar off,’ ‘on the third day’ (v.*) after leaving ‘the land of the Philistines’ (2…
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Mortar made with lime is being more frequently used now than formerly. The lime is slaked in a long wooden box, and the liquid portion run off into a pit; when the pit is full, the lime is covered with sand. It is the opinion of the builders in Lebanon that the lime should remain in the pit for several months before be…
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* Other derivations are from the Egyptian royal name Amosis by way of contraction, favoured by Renan (Hist. i. 160); and as act. ptep.=‘ saviour,’ favoured by Seinecke (Gesch. i. 78). The inting ree the latter view, but not the usage. Se¢ also esenius, Thes. 8.0. MOSES MOSES 433 square brackets[]. In the main, the…
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children. Moses refused, and the plague followed, Ex 714-16. 17. 18. 21a, 34. 95 gi-4. 8-150. 20-82 Qi-7. 13-18, 280. 24. 250-29. 31-34 1015. 850-11, 13b. 140. 15a. 160-19. (j) After the removal of the locusts, Pharaoh sent for Moses and offered to let all the Israelites, both old and young, go to sacrifice if they w…
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lagues of Locusts and Darkness J” hardened Phovech's heart.{{ The Hail destroyed both man * Holzinger, Hexateuch, 176. ἡ Her name is not given. Σ Vv.11-15, sometimes given to J. § For (d) see after (Ώ. ᾿ Omitting the reference to the bush in v.@, “1 Cf. Gop in vol. ii. 199. ** Often ascribed to R. +t Not mentio…
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Moses repeated these to the people, who pro- mised to obey them; Moses wrote them down. The next day Me built an altar and set up twelve mazzeboth, one for each tribe. Under his direc- tions, certain young men offered burnt-offerings and peace-offerings. Moses sprinkled half the blood of the victims on the altar; and t…
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* Often referred to a later stratum of E than Ex 18. The paragraph is probably an expansion of an older narrative con- taining only the prophesying of Eldad and Medad, Joshua's protest, and Moses’ answer. t Moses’ ‘Cushite wife,’ v.1as>, is never again referred to, either in this chapter or elsewhere ; and it is clear…
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(j) At the command of J”, Moses and Aaron instituted the Passover, which was observed for the first time* . . . The Israelites marched out of Egypt into the wilderness, Ex 1239. 38, 43-51 131. 3. 20, (k) At the command of J”, Israel turned back and encamped by the sea, that J” might harden Pharaoh’s heart, and make hi…
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(bb) At the command of J”, Moses sent from the wilderness of Paran Joshua and Caleb and ten others to survey the land. They went through the whole land, as far as Rehob on the borders of Hamath; and, after forty days, they brought back an evil report, that it was a land which ate up its inhabitants, and that all the pe…
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vii. Reconstruction of the History.— We can take as our starting-point certain facts as to which the ancient sources and most modern critics agree —(a) That Moses was the leader under whom Israel was delivered from bondage in Egypt and * Probably RP, but based on JE. t Driver, Steuernagel, etc., prefer to refer ‘the …
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Kittel, in his Hist. of the Hebrews (Eng. tr.), which oe Dillmann’s critical views to the history, writes: ‘Not only the Song (at the Red Sea), but all three main sources (J E P) have historic ground beneath them. The Passage rat te the sea is a historical fact, but this is a link of a chain which implies others, earli…
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We may also trust the tradition that Moses led Israel first to Kadesh and then to the plains of Moab, but that he died before the invasion of Palestine. The tradition of some sin, of which exclusion from Canaan was the penalty, is too obscure to be interpreted, far less verified. The important and controlling element o…
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Moses’ Perey cannot be exactly defined, for similar reasons. In the oldest tradition he stands in such isolated grandeur,* is so constantly thought of as the ideal ruler and prephet, that the traits of human, individual life and character are lost. Even points that seem characteristic are soon seen to belong to the Isr…
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Doubtless, however, the ideas which the Jews in the NT period had of Moses were somewhat influenced by such traditions—witness their cur- rency in Philo and Josephus: these traditions, however, would not—and the NT shows that they did not—seriously modify the account given in the OT of the life and work of Moses. They …
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W. H. BENNETT. MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF.—The Assumption of Moses [᾿Ανάληψις Μωυσέως ap. Gelasius of Cyzicum (Mansi ii. 844)] is a Jewish writing originally com- posed in Hebrew or Aramaic early in the Ist cent. A.D. It is extant in a Latin translation preserved in a single palimpsest MS, which was discovered by Ceriani an…
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iv. THE LATIN TEXT.—The Milan Palimpsest (Bibl. Amb. e. 73 inf.), our sole witness for the text, appears to date from the 6th cent.t The Assumption occupies quire xvii, the preceding guitee containing the unique fragments of the tin translation of the Book of Jubilees (wh. see). But, though the whole volume is marked …
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hus the future anticipated in the Assumption is a period of triumphant wickedness and oppression ; but just when the saints have given an example of passive endurance, at once most hopeless and most splendid, the Most High will Himself intervene and deliver His people. ν. THE END OF THE WorK.—The Milan Pal- impsest br…
923 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.