PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 1081
(c) Reminiscences of the Lord’s teaching. —The writer of 1 P constantly shows that he has the Lord’s sayings in his mind. It is doubtful if the writer of 2 P refers to more than two of them. (ὦ) Use of St. Paul’s Epistles.—The writer of 1 Pis deeply influenced, both in thought and in language, by two of St. Paul’s Epi…
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4 ‘Dass die beiden kanonischen Petrus-Briefe nicht aus der- selben Feder stammen kénnen, muss ich mit manchen altkirch- lichen und den meisten severen Forschern unbedingt be haupten ’ (p. 530). 814 PETER, SECOND EPISTLE PETER, SECOND EPISTLE of amanuenses or ‘interpreters’ can account for them unless we are prepared…
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οἱ κολαζόμενοι ἐκεῖ. Cf. 7 πῦρ «ον κολάζον αὐτούς, 10 ἐν τῇ κολάσει ἐκείνῃ . . . τὴν κόλασιν ἐκείνων, 11] τῶν κολαζομένων, 18, 15 κολαζόμενοι, 17 ταύτης τῆς κολάσεως, 19 τῆς τοιαύτης κολά- σεως. Ἴ οἱ βλασφημοῦντες τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης. Cf. 13 οἱ βλασφημοῦντες καὶ κακῶς εἰπόν- τες τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης. 8 ἄνθρω…
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48 οἱ ἐν ταῖς xodceseiy κρινόμενοι, 44Ψ 89 εἰς ἡμίραν κρίσιως é κολαζεμίνους τυρῶν. 24 σωροῖς ζόφον ταρταρ- σάντιε οἱ iv ταῖς κολάσισιν. Ε δ0 ἐγώ εἰμι Νῶε. .. καὶ οὐκ ἱπαυσά- ἦ y τοῖς ἀνθρώποις κηρύσσειν Μιτανοίτε" nes γὰρ κατακλυσμὸς ἴρχιεται. 6) ‘The Apocalypse οἵ Esdras’ endorf, w. pp. 24-33). APOCALYPSE OF Esp…
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7. CONCLUSION. — The task remains of inter- preting, as a whole, the evidence bearing on the question of the genuineness of 2 Peter. The ex- ternal evidence is, as was pointed out, wholly insufficient. No evidence exists at all till the time of Clement of Alexandria, or (if we would speak with absolute certainty) till …
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(1) Philo. Salmon (Introduction p. 502 ff.) notes that ‘there is a whole host of 2 Peter’s rare words in Philo.’ Thus, to take a single example, the word ἰσότιμος (2 P 11) occurs in Philo, Leg. Alleg, ii. 6 (ed. Mangey i. 70, ἰσότιμον αὐτὸ ἡγησάμενος ψυχῇ); de Sacr. Abelis et Cainr 3 (i. 165, τὸν σοφὸν ἰσότιμιον κόσμῳ"…
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In regard to date, the superior limit is approxi- _mately fixed by the fact that the Epistle was ~ known to Origen, probably to Clement, and that it was already accepted by some in the time of the latter as the work of St. Peter. It can hardly, therefore, have been composed quite recently in Clement’s, certainly not…
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The chief recent works dealing with St. Peter's visit to Rome and collateral matters have been referred to in the body of the art. on Peter. Of older books Baronius, Annales, {., 1609, and Spanheim, Dissertatio de ficta profectione Petri Ap. in urbem Romam, 1679, may be mentioned ; and among works of the present centur…
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. 600 ff. on 2 P); Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire, 893 (pp. 279-295 on date of 1 P); Sanday in Expositor, series 4, vol. vii. 1893 (pp. 406-413 on date of 1 P), Inspiration, 1893 | erent pp. 846 ff. 882 ff. on 2 P); Εἰ. Scharfe, Die petrinische romw neutestamentlichen Literatur, 1893 (expansion of art. in SK, …
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In inscriptions of the Old Kingdom an expression Pr-‘o, ‘ great house,’ is found, and signifies the royal house or estate, especially in titles such as ‘ super- intendent of the gardens of Pr-o’; but there is nothing to show that it was then applied to the person of Pharaoh. In the Middle Kingdom, from ynasty 12-16 it…
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830 PHARAOH ance of the feudal system of the Middle Empire before the New Kingdom. See, further, article JOSEPH. 3. 4. The Pharaohs of the Oppression and the lixodus. On the supposition that these events took place in the 18th or 19th dynasty, ‘Pharaoh’ is a term which might well be a by a contem- porary historian of…
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It is noticeable that Shishak king of Egypt (the founder of the 22nd dynasty) is never callec Pharaoh, This is the first occasion in the Bible on which a distinctive name is given to an Egyptian king. It seems as if the vague traditions in the earlier stories were now succeeded by more positive knowledge as to later ev…
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* We learn from Mal 214. that some of the Jews had put away their Jewish wives in order to marry foreign women. ¢ According to the LXX of 104 they put away their foreign wives along with their children. element (Neh 6'7- 35); the Sabbath was not strictly kept (10%, cf. 13%); and mixed mar- Tiages were exceedingly com…
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name was originally On was the brother of Jason. Accord- ing to Wellhausen his Hebrew name was M wnahem or Manasseh. PHARISEES 1 Mac 155), Two years afterwards an even worse fate befell Jerusalem. Returning froma campaign in Egypt, Antiochus sent an oflicer with a large army to Jerusalem, with orders to slay all that…
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Though the form of the story as told by Josephus is certainly unhistorical,t+ there is every reason to believe that in the time of Hyrcanus the Pharisees had become a well-defined party and broke de- cisively with the Hasmonsan princes. The Mac- cabean rising, which was originally in defence of religion (1 Mac 2”- δ), …
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must be no alliances with other nations; Israel, as the chosen people of J”, must live an altogether separated life. The whole tendency of the new dynasty was against this exclusiveness. Hence the opposition to it of the Pharisees. Josephus may be right in making the ostensible ground of their quarrel with Hyrcanus the…
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After the loss of national independence, the opposition between the Pharisees and the Sad- ducees naturally soon lost its political character, and became more and more dtatinetly religious. The Sadducees, who still formed the majority of the Sanhedrin, attempted, during the ethnarchy of Hyrcanus, to call Herod to accou…
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(Mk 24%=Mt 9%, ete.), and strict observance o the Sabbath (Mk 27%=Mt 12), Lk 13:05. 1415. Jn 5-16 045), The traditions of the elders were even more binding than the commandments of the written law (Mk 78). In later Jewish writings we find similar statements. The written law had to be explained in accordance with tradit…
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ut not all, are the work of fate; with regard to some events, it is in man’s power whether they happen or not. It is altogether improbable that the Pharisees spoke of ‘fate’; but the Psalms of Solomon bear witness to the substantial accuracy of Josephus’ statements. ‘Verily as for man— his portion is laid in the balanc…
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iii. THE PHARISEES AND JESUS. —(l) Their opposition to our Lord. The Pharisees and scribes were the first to assume an attitude of hostility and criticism to Jesus. They maintained this attitude all through His public ministry down to the very close ; for although in the last days of His life the Sadducees were most pr…
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Our Lord’s whole teaching regarding God as the Father was a criticism of Pharisaic legalism. God is not primarily Lawgiver and Judge, but the heavenly Father. Religion is fellowship with God. The religious bond uniting God and man is grace on God’s part, trust and love and heartfelt obedi- ence on the part of man. In t…
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Ὁ. EATON. PHARPAR (1978, B’Adap¢d, A Φαρφαρά) is named by Naaman, along with the ABANAH (2 K 5%), as one of the rivers of Damascus. Much has been written on the subject, but its identity is still in doubt. The Arab. Version gives Zaurd for Pharpar, * See Schiirer, ii. 470ff., 491 f.; Edersheim, il, 774 ff. PHASELIS …
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commenced to use the type of Pallas. About B.c. 168 it began to strike coins with the types of the Lycian confederacy (Κοινὸν Λυκίων), founded in that year (see LycIA); and in the lst cent. it also struck coins which are of a different style. There can therefore be no doubt that at least in the period later than B.C. 7…
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erhaps to describe Philadelphia as part of the atakekaumene, but this is aes accurate geo- graphically ; and his expression, on p. 579, that it was on the side of that district, must be taken strictly as denoting the outer side. That district was a broken, irregular country romaine part of the great plateau, but on a …
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hurch it was more likely to escape notice and rsecution ; and hence it is to be ‘ aoe from the our of trial,’ 319, It is stated in 3° that there was a synagogue in Philadelphia. The Jews of this synagogue degenerated greatly from the strictness of Hebrew morality and religion, had complied with the pagan customs and …
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Philemon was a dear and intimate friend of St. Paul (νν."" 3), and probably one of his converts (y.¥*). Of the circumstances of his conversion to the Christian faith we have no record, but it may well have taken place during St. Paul’s stay at Ephesus (Ac 19%; but ef. also Ac 16°). From the facts that he owned slaves (…
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panes is strikingly like that of the other auline Epp., and especially Eph, Col, Ph, the Epp. of the first Roman captivity. vy. An obvious link connecting the letter with Colossians is supplied by the proper names which occur in both istles. Both purport to come from ‘Paul and Timothy’; while writing both Paul is in …
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We thus are inclined to place Philemon before Philippians, and therefore it will fall not αὐτὴν as late in St. Paul’s first captivity as thac Lpusue. The determination of the year of writing will depend on the system of Pauline chronology which is adopted (see CHRONOLOGY, vol. i. p. 420). 10 is perhaps most probable …
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PHILIP PHILIP 835 a eee significant reminiscences, some characteristics of those two friends of his youth. Philip’s Eepmpt reply to our Lord’s inquiry in Jn6™ suggests that he had anticipated his Master’s compassionate desire to feed the multitude in the wilderness, and had reckoned up (privately, but not unobserve…
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Regarding Philip’s labours prior to his settle- ment in Hierapolis, the traditions are divergent. The Journeyings represent him as travelling through Lydia and Asia; in the apocryphal Acts of Philip, Upper Hellas, particularly Athens (where he is said to have abode for two years, and to have founded a Church, appointin…
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* According to Jerome (Epist. 103) and a Roman (quoted by near Hebron. +The word εὐνοῦχος is sometimes ae to a high court- official, without implying castration (Gn 891 LXX); but this treasurer, owing to his employment in a confidential capacity under a queen, would most probably be a eunuch literally (see ἘΤΗΙΟΡΙΑΝ E…
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to most forms of the tradition, he died a natura death at Tralles; but one authority (a Greek menologium, quoted by Lips. /.c.) represents him as suffering martyrdom there. LiTzRATURB.—Ewald, Hist. of Apostolic Age; Goulburn, Acts the Deacons; Lipsius, Apokr. Apostgesch. vol. iii.; Acta janctorum, June 6; Stokes, Ac…
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ESTAMENT, vol. i. p. 422), the apostle in the course of his second missionary journey crossed for the first time from Asia, and having set foot on European ground at the seaport of Neapolis, ushed on without delay to the mother city of Philippi, where suflicient stay was made to preach and found a Church. His companio…
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That St. Paul ‘sat’ and so spoke ‘to the women who had gathered’ there, appears to imply both a contrast to the more fend procedure of a syna- gogue (St. Paul stands to preach at Pisidian Antioch, Ac 1815, yet see Lk 4-1), and also the non-existence of many worshippers beyond the (Gentile) women who here as elsewhere, …
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PHILIPPI PHILIPPI heard or unheeded ; but as he suffered scourging altogether not less than three times (τρὶς ἐραβδίσθην, 2 Co 11™), it is also possible that for the moment he was silent of set purpose about his citizenship. μι it could be supposed, in face of 1657: 88. that ilas was not a citizen, the motive of his …
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The bonds of peculiar affection which united St. Paul to his Philippian converts are impressed on every line of the letter (see PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO THE) which he wrote to them from Rome, prob- ably at the beginning of his first captivity there (c. A.D. 59-60). That St. Paul again visited Philippi during the easter…
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Two features in the narrative deserve special notice, for they were not without influence on the subsequent history of the Philippian Church. The first is that the Jews were few in number; the second, that the earliest converts were women. To the first we may ascribe the failure of the Judaizers to gain a CREE within t…
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If Paul wrote the Epistle in Rome, it was written between 62 and 64 [Turner, 59 and 61]; or if Har- nack’s chronology be adopted, between 57 and 59. The probability is that it is the last of the Epistles of the cop ity and that it belongs to its closing period. (Bleek, Lightfoot, Sanday, Hort, et al. would place it fi …
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cited Paul’s easily roused indignation by their apparent indifference to a mission which was dear te his heart. ‘*All,”’ writes Jilicher (ind. in αἱ N7), ‘is without doubt hyperbolical. Paul was a man ; and he had a right to give expression in his letters to his passing moods.’ : It is generally supposed that Epaphrod…
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St. Paul then gives thanks for the gift the eee ests had sent through Epaphroditus, which he valued because of the spirit of which it was the manifestation, rather than for itself, for he was not in need. The Epistle closes with saluta- tions and the Pauline benediction (vv. 1"), iv. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EPISTLE…
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Norge 2.—Ph 25-11, This passage has been pressed into the service of speculative theology, and many attempts have been made to extract from 1¢ an aposolic doctrine of the relations of the Divine and human natures of our Lord. It is very doubtful, however, if the apostle had any intention of formulating, or even of hint…
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v. THE GENUINENESS AND INTEGRITY OF ΤῊΣ EpisTLE.—The genuineness of Philippians was de nied by Baur ail his scholars Schwegler, Volkmar, etc., and by Hitzig. The mention of bishops and deacons in the greeting betrayed, they main tained, a later date than the lifetime of St. Pau! They found in it, moreover, evident trac…
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the article. All this is certainly significant of ᾿ facts in Philistine history. Whether the facts thus signified are recoverable is another question. 2. Characteristics of the Philistines in the times when they are best known.—The usage attending the name is not more remarkable than are many of the facts concerning …
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We have no information as to whether the office of geren was hereditary or elective or tuated in some other way, nor as to the relation between this office and that of king. None of the Philistine kings who are mentioned reigned over all Philistia (Gn 20? 261-8, Jer 2530, Zec 9°); they were all local. We are not told …
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But where was Caphtor? The LXX uniformly either transliterate the name or make it Cappa- docia. Some have identified Caphtor with Cyprus. This finds some support in the fact that the Egyp- tian monuments associate the Philistines with the Zakkal, a rene from Cyprus, and portray the two as scarcely distinguishable. Eber…
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PHILISTINES Philistines as well established in their country before the Exodus (Ex 13! 1514 23%, Jos 13-8 etc.). Whether they believed that the Philistines were in the land in the time of Abraham and Isaac is not so certain. They designate as Philistine both the land and the people of that date (Gn 215% 26}. 8 14. 15.…
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The fourth oppression was that of the time of Saul. It began when Saul had been long enough on the throne for his son Jonathan to have grown to mili age (1S 13%). The account says that they invaded Israel with an army extraordinarily large (1S 135). Deal as we may with the numbers given, it appears that they had at tha…
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LiTgRATURB. —Hitzig, Urgeschichte ... der Philistiier; Knobel, Vélkertafel ; Movers, Phinizier; Pietschmann, Phéni- zier, p. 261 ff. ; Stark, Gaza und die philistdische Kiiste, Jena, 1852. Of more real value are recent works on Palestinian goography and explorations, works which give the text of egyptian and Assyrian r…
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Towards religious experience, Philosophy renders a service which is at once apologetic and critical, and is in both aspects helpful and indeed indis- pensable. Philosophy vindicates the validity and reasonableness of religion. In the words of the Master of Balliol, it provides ‘a vindication of the religious consciousn…
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(a) The Sophists.—By these men this new de- parture in the development of Philosophy is inaugurated. One of the most famous of them is Protagoras of Abdera (c. 440 Β.0.}, a pure subjectiv- ist, who taught that there is no absolute standard either of truth or right. Nothing is good or bad by nature (φύσει), but merely b…
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3. Third Stage.—In this, the closing period of Greek philosophy, a great change has come over the ancient world. It is the age of world-wide empire, crushing out the earlier civic life. It is therefore also the age of individualism. In Plato and Aristotle we are aware of an aloof- ness from the problems that most inte…
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(ii.) The Doctrine of the World.—Between God and the World, the Infinite and the Finite, there is a great gulf, which Neoplatonism proceeds to fill up with variously conceived schemes of emana- tion. From the Infinite height there is a descent through less and less perfect beings, till at length crass matter is reached…
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. with true and abiding intimacy, open not to a few accomplished spirits, but to who come to God through Christ. With this the Christian solution is complete. The problem, constituted by antagonism of the human will to the divine, is solved at length. 2. CHRISTIANITY AND THE GREEK DUALISM. — Greek Philosophy, as we h…
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3. THE RELATION OF CHRISTIAN EXPERI. ENCE TO GREEK FORMS OF THOUGHT.—The after- relations of Christian faith to Greek forms of thought have been made a subject of close and pro- longed investigation by the modern school of historical criticism of which Harnack is the great representative, and of which Hatch and McGiffe…
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robable. The NT writings are chiefly letters etween correspondents. Whatever may have been the intellectual idiosyncrasies of the writers, it is inconceivable that they do not express a consciousness common to writers and recipients. Indeed, this is expressly claimed by the writers, and Paul insists that his teaching …
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ed himself with ‘the Lord whose name is Jealous’ (‘ He was jealous with my jealousy among them’), and determined for ever the rightful attitude of a whole-hearted servant of J” towards any en- eroachments of the abominable idolatries of the heathen. Accordingly we find that the slayin of Zimri and Cozbi was ever after …
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— ee oe PHINOE animal peace-offerings was the inner fat (Ly 3), was always burnt on the altar first; that is, the Lord received His portion before either priest or offerer took theirs. (b) The portion of the animal due to the priest was strictly defined, although neither the law of Ly 7* (‘the wave breast and the hea…
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eographical names in the cuneiform inscriptions. a the Egyptian much has been done by W. Max Miiller.+ (c) References to the Phenicians, and especially to Tyre and Sidon with their dependencies, in the Old Testament.—These occur in writings extend- ing over a period of about four centuries (9th to 5th cent. B.c.). The…
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PHGNICIA nicia is still almost entirely unexplored, though a beginning has now been made at Sidon. Scattered about, however, on the surface of the ancient Pheenician land are remains of walls, fortifications, temples, and tombs, which help to tell the story of bygone days. Of the colonies, Cyprus and Car- thage have y…
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pobenly still paid tribute from time to time to We have no details of the history of the land at this time. We know, however, that it never formed one united kingdom. Its history is the history of its cities. Of these, Arvad seems to have enjoyed a pre-eminence in the earliest times, and more certainly Sidon a little …
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Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.