PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 901
Yhristians not to judge one another, since ‘the judge standeth before the doors’ (δ᾽). St, Peter regards the present tribulations of Christians as the beginning of that judgment which is presently to overtake ‘the ungodly and the sinner’ (1 P 47-18) and the preceding context (v.") shows that reference is had to the Per…
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As to the time of the Advent, it is near (Ja 5%, 1 P 47, He 105, Rev 22’, Ro 134, 1Co7*). ‘The Lord is at hand’ (Ph 4°). ‘Yet a little while, and he that cometh will come, and will not tarry’ (He 1051), St. Paul expects His arrival within his own lifetime (1 Th 425, 1Co 1551. 83), Yet the exact time is unknown (1 Th …
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lished as an institution in the world, and looks forward to a period of continued existence. The Antichrist to be feared is no longer external but internal ; not a hostile power to appear at the end of the ages, but those false teachers who are already working in the Church (1 Jn 2%). It is natural, then, that chief st…
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LiTgraTuRR.—The art. ‘Second Advent’ in Kitto’s Bibl. Cyel. i. p. 75, which gives references to the older Eng. literature ; Warren, The Parousia ; Russell, The Parousia ; Ase The Christian Doctrine of Immortatity ; Beet, The Last Things; Terry, Biblical Apocalyptics ; Dieckmann, Die Parousie Christi (1898); Schmoller, …
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Having founded the empire of the Parthians, which was to overshadow that of the Romans, Arsaces devoted himself to the development of his kingdom, and founded, in the mountain Zapaor- tenon, the city of Dara. His son Tiridates is eupposed to have defeated Seleucus. Arsaces III. (ArtabanusI.) came into conflict with Ant…
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127 PARTRIDGE PASHHUR creatures, and, when he released them, ran to meet them, and evinced the Spach satisfaction as she led them to the rest of her brood, and got them all out of sight as soon as possible. Red-legged partridges are hunted by means of tame men (Sir 11%), which call the wild birds. The sportsman shoot…
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PASHHUR (nnvp; Πασχώρ, Φασχώρ, Φα(σὴ)σούρ(α), Φάσσορος, Φαισούρ, Φασε(δ)ούρ; Fosere [i Es 95], Pha(s)sur, Pheshur. Etymology unknown; Ges. Thes. suggests ‘safety on every side’ [Arab. fsh and ino] in contrast to Magor-missabib; others ‘splitter,’ from nv5).—4. The son of Malchiah, one of the pence sent by Zedekiah to i…
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Passenger in AV means ‘passer-by,’ not, as now, one ‘booked for a journey’: Pr 9% ‘She sitteth at ane Goon ce his house. . . to call pas sengers who go right on their ways’ (377772)? Κ͵ RV “to call to them that pass by ἢ ἡ and Bak 494 te M15 (qnayn, RV ‘they that pass through’).* Cf. Hall, Works, ii. 104, ‘ Not as a pa…
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ortions of the Law. That this is really the case, however, becomes somewhat doubtful upon closer examination. In both sections we have mention of the three great feasts of later legislation, which are to be kept unto J’—the feast of Unleavened Bread, of Weeks, and of Ingathering. And accord- ing to subsequent usage it …
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These are the only passages where we can look for explicit references in JE. But there are, besides, the notices of Israel’s oft-repeated request for per- mission to go forth and celebrate a feast in the wilderness of Sinai (Ex 318 716 8.255. 10° et passim). These indicate the existence at this period of a festival tha…
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3. Ezk 45"-*,—Turning next to Ezk, we find the Passover mentioned in a section discussing the part of the prince in the feasts and sacrifices (45"-46"), It is assigned to the 14th day of the first month, and spoken of as a feast of seven days, during which unleavened bread is to be eaten. On the first day the prince is…
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PASSOVER In Nu 9!" another law is added. The date of this is given as the first month of the second year after the Exodus. In obedience to the command of J” given through Moses, they observe the Pass- over. But some who were ceremonially unclean by reason of contact with a dead body are excluded, and they come to ask …
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ge from Hosea. He does not think it suits the threat there expressed ; cf. Nowack, Arch. ii. 155, 2). In Is 30” the allusion to the Passover was formerly considered (Dill. Del. δέ ad.) to be beyond question, but at present it is thought by many others to refer to the night preceding the New Year’s feast (see art. TIM…
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During the Exile the Passover was probably one of the few observances still ἘΣΣΙ Ἐς to the Jews, and must have greatly aided in keeping alive religious faith and hope. The memory of 688 PASSOVER the deeds once done for the fathers would become the ground of assurance of that inevitable future when Js promise to His …
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3. Offering of the Firstborn.—This is the view at present most widely accepted, and perhaps best set forth by Wellhausen in the chapter of his Pro- legomena dealing with the whole question of the feasts (4th ed. pp. 82-117; cf. also p. 358 f.).* This holds that, in the main, the Passover was the sacrifice of the firstb…
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blood on the threshold of the door, and by staining the doorway itself with the blood of the covenant. The Passover sacrifice was, then, the threshold * One 1s reminded in this connexion of the poem in the Bk. of Jubilees (49!5)—' And no plague shall come upon them in this year (¢.¢. any year) to kill and destroy the…
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(c) As a sacrifice, the piacular side stands out in the present accounts with especial prominence. For the blood ceremonial (cf. Ex 12) can hardly have any other meaning. In it a practice from the early tribal life seems to be preserved to us. We see that blood had much the same significance in worship in the case of I…
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Preparation for the Passover really began at the middle of the preceding month (Adar). ads and PASSOVER bridges were repaired, sepulchres were whitened anew, that they cp fe be readily seen and avoided. It was the season of ceremonial and all other kinds of purifications. In the last days the household utensils were …
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With the destruction of the temple and the cessation of the sacrificial cultus there naturally came a considerable change in the mode of cele- bration. This was partly in the direction of amplification. The historical significance was em- phasized, and an elaborate ritual took shape, cf. the paschal Haggada, portions o…
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PASTORAL EPISTLES.—See New TESTAMENT, p. 527°, and arts. TrmoTuy, TITUs. PATARA (τὰ Πάταρα) was a city on the Lycian coast, about 60 stadia south-east from the mouth of the river Xanthos, at the modern village Gelemish. It served as the principal harbour for the inland cities in the valley of that river, in- eluding X…
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PATHEUS (Παθαῖος), 1 Es 9%, the same as PETHAHIAH the Levite, Ezr 10%. PATHROS (oinne, LXX γῆ Παθουρῆς, B also Φαθωρῆς, Ezk 29% 30%, Vulg. Phatures, also Phethros) appears in the following passages :—Jer 441, the Jews fleeing before the Babylonians settled ‘in the land of Egypt, and at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at…
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inting eastwards, It is about 10 miles long b . and §., and 6 broad along its northern end. Its much indented coastline is 37 miles round ; according to Pliny, 30 Roman miles. It consists of three main masses of volcanic hills which, at their highest point, Hagios Elias, rise toover 800 ft. In the Middle Ages its palm…
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There is much to be said for Ryle’s conclusion respecting the patriarchs as a whole: ‘ Perhaps we should not be far wrong in regarding them as con- stituting a group of emigods or heroes, whosa names, in the earliest days of Hebrew tradition, filled up the blank between the creation of man and the age of the Israelite …
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Our documentary authorities, y blind respect to the numbers sfore them. of the Samaritan. therefore, did not which they found Budde (Urgeschichte, ch. iv.), followed by more recent writers, has endeavoured to show that the Sam., by dating the death of Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech in the same eg as the Flood, meant …
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See also Henry V. τι. iv. 61, Lucrece 1350, Lover's Complaint, 170; and cf. Book of Homilies (1573), “where most rebellions and rebels be, there is the express similitude of hell ; and the rebels themselves are the very figures of fiends and devils, and their captain the ungracious pattern of Lucifer and Satan, the pri…
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He was named Saul (Σαῦλος in Acts where spoken of, Σαούλ where spoken to), presumably after the hero-king of his tribe (Ac 9 ete., 13! ete.; cf. 13%). But his Hebrew name (Σαῦλος has, moreover, in Greek, the ridiculous sense of ‘ waddling’) is dis- placed in Acts by the Roman cognomen Paul (Παῦλος, Paulus, ‘ little’) f…
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St. Paul’s education and native bent were strongly Palestinian and Pharisaic. But he could not help acquiring knowledge of the broader Hellenizing theology that had spread from Alexandria amongst the Greek Diaspora, with which Apollos (Ac 18”) and the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews were imbued. He used freely the…
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From Tarsus Paul carried off, if not a scholarly Greek training, at least his trade of tent-making (Ac 188. Tarsus was a centre for the mannu- facture of cilicium, the coarse goats’ hair fabric of the district, famed for its durability, of which shoes, mats, and coverings of all kinds were made ; and the boy Saul was t…
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St. Paul’s constitution, if somewhat stunted and sickly, must have been nevertheless of a tough and stout fibre. His arduous travels, attended for many years with the double strain of manual and intellectual labour, above all the catalogue of his hardships in 2 Co 11, bespeak in him a man of exceptional vitality and ne…
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PAUL THE APOSTLE PAUL THE APOSTLE 701 Further light is thrown on St. Paul’s malady by Gal 4!*5, for it is probably the same affliction that we meet with here : ‘ In nought did you (Galatians) wrong me. But you know it was due to an in- firmity of the flesh that I preached to you at that former time. And your temptati…
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Saul’s conversion took place in a fashion be- fitting its historical importance. The passionate young Pharisee had witnessed with approval the stoning of ad eae whose radical and incisive preaching recalled the tones of Jesus and re- awakened the deadly fear and hatred of the Pharisees toward His doctrine. The struggle…
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PAUL THE APOSTLE in order to seek the recognition and instruction of the heads of the Church there, but ‘ went off into Arabia,’ where he remained for some time in com- parative solitude (vv.!” 15), In this connexion Paul speaks of the Twelve as ‘ the ΒΡΌΠΟΙΘΕ before me,’ since the manner of his call put him on an equ…
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(4) The second stage of St. Paul’s ministry begins with his removal to Antioch under the auspices of Barnabas, who had been now for some years superintending the Church of the Syrian capital, to which he was despatched from Jerusalem under the circumstances related in Ac 11!**4, Shortly before the summons to Antioch, P…
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PAUL THE APOSTLE hundred miles from Perga to Antioch, through the wild ranges of the Taurus, Paul may well have met some of those ‘ perils of rivers’ and ‘ of robbers’ which he associates in 2 Co 11%, For the route see Ramsay, Church in Rom. Emp. ii. 2 and map. At Antioch, and onwards, Paul takes the lead in speech a…
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heathen in the Greco-Roman cities were prepaved in large numbers to receive the gospel—‘ had opened to the Gentiles a door of faith’ (ν. 7), Secondly (and though Luke does not say this, he indicates it strongly), Paul was marked out as chief of the Gentile mission. With the hour had arrived the man. At Paphos, Antioch…
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(c) The third period of Paul’s ministry is signal- ized by the extension of his mission to Europe, and by the writing of his earliest apostolic letters (1 and 2 Th). The history of the SEcoND MIs- SIONARY JOURNEY is contained in Ac 15%-18”. It hepins with the rupture between Paul and Barnabas, occasioned by Paul’s refu…
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* The writer is now (1900) inclined to Ramsay's construction οἵ τὴν Φρυγ. =. Γαλατ. χώραν as denoting the Phrygo-Galatian {he would prefer to say, ne ET Laer region ; but unless this phrase had an accepted political limitation, of which there is no evidence, It covered ἜΣΘΩΝ the west of the province of Galatia generall…
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PAUL THE APOSTLE with Silas, form one of the most graphic episodes in the ment here alon most stirring an Acts. St. Paul’s campaign in Macedonia was one of atvere conflict, but signal success. The mission- a.ies entered Thessalonica (now Saloniki), the capital of Macedonia, full of vigour and hope (1 Th 1° 22), Next…
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awn from the lowest as well as the higher walks of life. On this rank soil, in the metropolis of Greek vice, a Christianity sprang up of abounding vitality, but rife with seeds of strife and corruption (1 Co 15 61, 2 Co 12-21, ete.). In Corinth the Jews had no popular influence, and Paul was able to stay for eighteen m…
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‘a regular declaration of war,’ a renewal of the struggle between the principle of Jewish privile and Christian universalism. This conflict, break- ing out in Antioch, spread rapidly over the field of St. Paul’s mission and raged bitterly in the Galatian and Corinthian Churches, where emis- saries from Jerus. appeared …
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Even his missionary activity bears at this time somewhat of a supplementary character. After ‘confirming’ on his way ‘all the disciples’ gained en his last tour (Ac 18%, ef. 16°: for the expression τι Γαλατικὴν χώραν x. Φρυγίαν see note* on p. 7074), ‘when he had made a missionary progress through the higher-lying quar…
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Concurrently with the news of this outrage, Paul hears of the factions dividing the Church, in which the names of Cephas and of Apollos (much against his will) figure in rivalry with his own, —even the name of Christ being dragged into the com- petition. The Apollos party, affecters of philo- sophical breadth and cultu…
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On Timothy’s return, soon after 1 Co, with this ievous news, Paul wrote ‘out of anguish of ieart’ the lost epistle between 1 and 2 Co (not to be identified with 2 Co 10-13", as by Hausrath and Pfleiderer ; these chapters have nothing todo with the affair of the ἀδικηθείς), conveyed by Titus (before this time employed …
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Paul’s companion once more. (On this journe see Ramsay’s St, Paul the Trav. xiii.). St. Paul's reception by St. James and the Church of Jeru- salem signalizes his victory over the legalists. THE EP. TO THE ROMANS sums up the develop- ment of St. Paul’s work and thought at this central epoch. The struggle with the Judai…
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PAUL THE ΑΡΟΒΊΓΕ. PAUL THE APOSTLE 713 Ee Casarem. This course involved the appellant in heavy expense ; it is unlikely that Paul, taxed the Churches for personal ends; and Ramsay finds here, and in other circumstances of his imprison- ment, reason to think that the apostle at this time was in command of considerabl…
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Epaphras reports to him the attempt of some speculative teacher visiting Colosse to amalga- mate the gospel with Alexandrian theosophy, by ranging Christ amongst angelic mediators, and by prescribing Jewish ritual and ascetic regimen as means of salvation. This report elicits the great Christological deliverance of Col…
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from Macedonia (1%), references to hesian Church again ; (see von Hofmann ad Timothy (say at ssing on his way north of Sabatier’s Ap. Paul, Paul appears to have travelled on om Macedonia to Corinth, and to have written to Titus (in Crete) about the time of his arrival there, when he was expecting to spend the next w…
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5. Chronology of St. Paul's sh doce na sup- ie no such point @appui for the chronology of his econd Book as that furnished in ch. 3}: 5 of his Gospel. Only one of the many points of contact with secular history in the Acts gives an indisput- able datum, viz. the death of Herod Agrippa I. at Cesarea (see Ac 12!-* 1933,…
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716 PAUL THE APOSTLE to the more probable interpretation of πρεσβύτητ) about the year 61. A. Harnack in his great work, Chronologie d. alt- christl. Litteratur bis Eusebius (Band 1, ‘Chrono- logie d. Paulus,’ pp. 234-239), disposes Paul’s Chris- tian career between 30 and 64 A.D. He thus finds | all the Epp. written …
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octrinal consequences. This master of historical criticism has left us in his great book on Paul, his Life and Work, an invaluable testimony to the historical truth and cardinal significance of St. Paul’s ‘ gospel of the grace of God.’ Later writers of Baur’s school, such as H. J. Holtzmann and QO. Pfleiderer, acknowl…
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Davidic birth of Jesus (Ro 18 9°, 2 Ti 2°),—not as a mere title to the Messianic throne, but as a link between the past and present of revelation and a symbol of the right of those who are ‘in Christ to serve themselves heirs of the spiritual wealth of Israel. 1. St. Paul’s Doctrine of God.—In systemat- izing the Paul…
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The Second Isaiah and the later Psalmists had arrived at the thought that the rectitude of God’s character guarantees Israel’s salvation, and must, in some way, impress and bestow itself upon Israel: thus ‘righteousness’ and ‘salvation’ be- come s one terms (Is 461% 38 5148 56! 5918-22 61". Ὁ Pg 225! 5016 98? 143"), Pa…
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PAUL THE APOSTLE a juster righteousness, which lies deep in the heart of Scripture and in the nature of G The same in its contents, the law takes quite another hold upon the conscience now that the Lawgiver is beheld as the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. ‘Love’ becomes its ‘ fulfilling ’—‘ faith operative th…
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But more than this:—(1) sin has oceupied the body and become a sort of ‘law in the members’ (Ro 7'4-2), so that human flesh is ordinarily, though not essentially, ‘ flesh of sin’ (Ro 8%, cf. 715 ἐγὼ σάρκινοΞ). The same disvetag mene is extended to the body : qua ‘body of sin’ it must be ‘nullified,’ that we may no long…
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—but a real death of the spirit, attended by moral dissolution, since ‘life indeed’ is found only in VOL. HI, —a6 fellowship with God (Ro 6" 8* 19, Col 3!, 1 Ti 6). As it is through and with the dying Christ that we enter into this ‘newness of life,’ the change itself is called, relatively, a death; ‘our old man was …
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Son of God is a name shared by the ‘ firstborn’ with ‘many brethren.’ Yet however much they partake with Him, God’s ‘own Son’ stands im- measurably above both men and angels (Eph 12-4, ete.). We receive the same impression from the peuele « phrases that the Jews received from what Jesus saic of Himself (Jn 5”); not lea…
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In virtue of the primitive relationship of man- kind to Him, the Son of God is concerned in the curse that came upon us through transgression, and becomes answerable on this account (see Dale, Atonement, Lect. x.). God ‘made him sin on our behalf.’ Yet His freedom was never compromised, His purity remained unspotted ; …
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But there is another side to the Pauline doctrine of the cross. When it is said in Ro 8'* that ‘God by sending his own Son in likeness of sinful flesh, and (as a sacrifice) for sin, condemned sin in the flesh, that the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us,’ the subjective moral effect ὁ Christ’s death come…
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While such faith sets the believer right with God, it unites him personally to the risen Christ. ‘Faith in Christ’ (sometimes ‘in Jesus,’ ‘in Jesus Christ’) attaches itself to the resurrec- tion along with the death of the Redeemer (Ro 42+. 25 932-4) (ρ His resurrection, in the first place, as making valid the justific…
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ourth Gospel, whose tradition St. John did not confine within his breast until that work was published (see Knowling’s Witness of the Epp., pp. 329-347, which summarizes the full examina- tion of this question made by P. Ewald in his Hauptproblem der Evangelien; also Matheson’s ‘Historical Christ of St. Paul,’ in Hapos…
908 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.