PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 601
+ Perhaps we may take as a parallel the transmission of the Epistle of Barnabas. The concluding chapters in our Greek S (chs. 18-21) are taken from the ‘Two Ways’ or some such source, and these chapters are wholly wanting in the Latin. t Eight out of these 17 Psalms are Korahite or Asaphite Οὐρανόν, κιτ.λ.). The'Zl'…
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MOTHER.—See Famity. MOTION.—In 2 Es 6 ‘motion’ is used loosely for ‘commotion’ (Lat. commotio). In Wis 5" the meaning is ‘movement’: ‘As when a bird hath flown through the air, there is no token of her bil bas be found, but the light air being beaten with the stroke of her wings, and parted with the violent noise and …
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MOUNT, MOUNTAIN (Heb. w; Gr. ὄρος ; Celt. tor ?).—In Dn 2®-* the Aram. 7 {dr is tr* ‘moun- tain.’ The word 1 is also pretty frequently tr* in AV ‘hill,’ as in Ps 2° and 6815.16 In most of these instances RV has with advantage substituted the rendering ‘mount’ or ‘mountain.’ See, further, on this subject, and on the dis…
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From the above account it will be seen that in strictly Bible lands we have representatives of mountain forms owing their origin to the various modes of natural operations which in past ages have diversified the surface of our globe. A few special biblical references to mountains may be noted. ‘Mountain of God’ (oxy 1…
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with their lamentations, and simulated by skilful actions the depths of despair, but the relatives and friends themselves did not shrink from making an outward show of their grief, nor from disturbing MOURNING the equanimity of the passers-by by the immoderate expressions of their sorrow.’ Of weeping for the dead the…
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Fasting, more or less strict, seems to have been an invariable accompaniment of mourning, and mourners denied themselves recreation and other enjoyments. When it is said that the men of Jabesh-gilead fasted seven days in grief for the death of Saul and Jonathan (1S 3118), we must suppose the fast to have been less stri…
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The period of mourning for the dead is variously given. The ordinary time, however, as we have already noticed, was seven days. All that was in a house or tent along with a dead body was unclean for seven days, and the bread which the mourners ate was, as we have seen, defiled. The period of mourning prescribed by Jewi…
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In this figurative usage the final form is personi- fication where the mouth is regarded as an inde- pendent agent, with feelings, purposes, and actions of itsown. Thus it has free-will offerings to give Ps 119'8, God is asked to set a watch before it Ps 141°, it selects its food Pr 15, uses a rod Pr 145, and has a sw…
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3. The sycamine (Lk 17°) is the ‘ black mulberry’ (see SYCAMINE). G. E. Post. MULE.—Three Heb. words are tr’ ‘mule’ in AV. 1. Ὁ) rekesh. This word (which is reall a rare onym of 010) is tr’ only twice in A ‘mules’ (Est 8! 4, RV ‘swift steeds’), once ‘swift beast’ (Mic 18, RV ‘swift steed’), and once ‘drome- daries’ (1…
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2. Wind: (a) the halil or flute ;—the terms nekeb and néhiloth ; (2) the ‘ugab ; (c) the mashrokitha ; (d} the sym horn ; ( Onia; (e) the shophar or keren, the ) the hdzozérah or trumpet. MUSIC ΝΞ 8. Percussion : oe toph or tabret; (Ὁ) the mézil- taim or zelzélim, cymbals; (6) the ména’an'im ; (d) the shdlishim. Lit…
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Under the circumstances, it is possible to form only a very general and vague idea of the character of Hebrew music. It was evidently of a strident and noisy character. The melody was apparently often reduplicated in octaves. Harmony in our sense of the term was almost certainly unknown, though it does not follow that …
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(a) The kinnor (33, a mimetic word derived from the rustling sound of the strings) has been identi- fied with a number of instruments: the tanbur or tinbur, a kind of guitar; the lute (a/-’ood), which is closely allied to the guitar ; the trigon, a small, easily portable triangular harp; a large harp pro- vided with 4…
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We may then sum up, following Weiss. The ancient versions render kinnér by kithara: the kithara was of Asiatic origin, was introduced by Semites into Egypt, and was in common use in Western Asia; and the representations on Jewish coins of the 2nd cent. before Christ clearly resemble the Greek kithara. The view is there…
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body, and the frame began to be more or less ela- borately ornamented. While playing, the musi- must look for a harp that satisfies the latter condition. And this we find, again among a MUSIC MUSIC 461 Semitic people, in Assyria. On the bas-relief at conga! there are seven of these harps. They are portable, are tr…
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Wood-winds were of two kinds: those with and those without reeds or vibrating tongues. The former are represented by the oboe and clarinet, the latter by the flute proper. From specimens found in Pompeii and elsewhere it is known that the Greeks were familiar with reed instruments, especially those provided with a sing…
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The Silver Trumpets are said to have been made by Moses of beaten silver (Nu 10°); they were blown by priests; and they belonged to the sacred vessels. The nature and meaning of the signals is indicated in Nu 10°", 3. Percussion Instruments.—(a) The toph (A) or tabret is first mentioned in Gn 31%. The LXX and other Gr…
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Owing to the expression ‘great tree’ (Lk 13%), some have sought for an arboreal plant. Salva- dora Persica, Garcin, has been suggested by Royle, on the authority of Ameuny, who states that this plant is found all along the banks of the Jordan, near Damascus, and is called by the Arabs khardal =‘mustard.’ We unhesitatin…
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Examples of this direct course, showing that it was regarded as quite usual, are—(l) the Alex- andrian corn-ship (Ac 27%) for Rome, which St. Paul found in Myra, Ac 275 ; (2) an ideal voyage, founded, of course, on contemporary facts, is a6. scribed in Lucian’s Navigium s. Vota.: an Italian corn-ship, sailing from Ale…
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MYRTLE (077 Adidas, hence 7719 Hdidassah, the Jewish name of Esther).—The Arabic has three words for the myrtle, rihdn, *4s, and hadas, the last of which is identical with the Hebrew. Πάσας occurs six times in the OT. In three of these (Neh 8", Is 4119. 6513) the LXX has μυρσίνη, in the rest ὀρέων τε" οὗ the hills’ (Ze…
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466 MYSTERY MYSTERY Ages, The verb μυέω, most frequently met with in the passive, means to initiate into the mysteries, —ol μεμνημένοι are the initiated, οἵ. 3 Mac 2",—and then generally to instruct. St. Paul says, Ph 4" μεμύημαι, RV “1 have learned the secret.’ That which is hidden or secret may, it is evident, be…
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3elonging to the first class, and under the patronage of the Athenian state, were maintained two forms of the worship of Demeter, the earth MYSTERY mother—the 7 λογία and the LEleusinia. The former were so called from the ancestral nk (@ecuol) by which the observances were strictly regulated. They constituted a festi…
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Later writers exaggerated many of the features of the Mysteries, whether as Christians they re- garded them with suspicion and detestation, or in a wider interest supplemented by the help of imagination what history had left vague and obscure. ‘High authorities,’ it has been said (L. Campbell, p. 264), ‘whose gravity …
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redominant Diana-worship and the fact that Philippi was ‘ built upon the Thracian frontier, in the pathway of the original course of the Mysteries of Dionysus, and probably also of those of Demeter, as they spread throughout Greece’ (Carman, p. 634 ; et. Anrich, p. 144 note), may not another whose immediate object is t…
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N. J. D. WHITE. NAAMAH (ποῦ; Νωμάν; Luc. Nowa; Vulg. Neema).—A town of Judah in the lowland or Shephélah, named in conjunction with Gederoth, Beth-dagon, and Makkedah, and forming one of a group of sixteen (Jos 157), There is no notice of it elsewhere. Zophar the Naamathite (‘n>y2n) is mentioned in Job (2" ete.), but …
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There are two points in which Naaman’s conduct has given rise to controversy, viz. (1) his request for two mules’ burden of earth to carry away with him for the purpose of offering sacrifice to J’; and (2) the desire to be forgiven when he attended his royal master as heretofore in the temple of Rimmon and bowed down w…
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In the desert adjoining this district, David, seeking refuge from Saul, arrived. Living in the wilderness of Maon (so read with LXX for Paran, v.1), he and his men subsisted by levying blackmail from the sheepmasters of the richer plateau above them. From these they exacted a certain tribute in return for their service…
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J. F. STENNING. NADAB (273).—1. (Ναδάβ) the eldest son of Aaron (Ex 6%, Nu 3? 26” [all Pj, 1 Ch 6% Heb. 65] 941), Along with his father, his brother Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel, he accompanied Moses to Sinai, and ‘saw the God of Israel’ (Ex 24}. 56. [probably J]); was admitted, along with his three brot…
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NAHARAI (193 ; Γελωρέ ; Naarai).—The armour- bearer of Joab, a native of Beeroth (2S 23%). In the parallel list (1 Ch 11%) the name is written Nahari (273; Β Ναχώρ; A Naapai; AV, RV Naharai), the form given by the AV at 2 S 23%7, NAHASH (vp; ‘serpent,’ Nads).—It is probable that all the passages in which this name is …
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* The verb ‘ judge’ is in the original a plural (though this, in view of Heb. usage, does not absolutely settle the question); οἵ. also Jos 242end, The words ‘the God of their father’ (i.e. of Terah), which in the Heb. follow awkwardly after ‘judge,’ are not in LXX, and are very probably a gloss, designed to identify e…
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lkésh is generally identified with the modern Elk6zeh in Northern Galilee, a short distance to the north-east of Ramieh. (4) Inasmuch as the date of Nahum’s prophecy—long after the fall of the Northern Kingdom (see below)—rather points in the direction of a Judean origin, the most probable location of Elkésh is that fu…
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ng of the Syriac reading in the ZDPV i. 122 ff. A translation of his communication appeared in the PEF'St, 1879, p. 136 ff. * In y.84 in place of the obscure and irrelevant ΠΡ (MT) the parallelism requires us to read with most of the VSS 1273 (Buhl, ZATW ν. 181; cf. Davidson, in loc.). 1 Adopting the reading of the L…
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ebrew numeration, see footnote above). Bickell has since issued a much improved edition of his restoration (Beitrage zur Semit. Metril, 1894, being an off-print from the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy of Sciences), which in its turn has sug- ested to Gunkel a few emendations, incorporated in a note to his Sché…
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n this inscription it is expressly stated that ‘the aid of the king of the Umman-manda folk’—that is, either the Medes alone, or a mixed folk of which the Medes were the predominant constituent *— was invoked by Marduk, the great god of Babylon, in order to avenge the insults offered to him by the ΞΕΕΥ̓ΤΙΒΙΒ in the day…
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vi. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHS. 2 and 3.—The most striking characteristics of the poetry of Nahum are its intense force and its picturesque- ness. Although, as Dr. Pusey has remarked, it is only in the original that ‘the grandeur, energy, power, and vividnessof Nahumcan be fully felt,’ still even in an English dres…
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NAIL.—1. Heb. 5x, Aram. 15», Arab. zufr, a finger nail, Dt 2113," Dn 4%. In Jer 171 the word refers to the diamond point of the graver or stylus. 2. 3n;, Arab. watad, a pin or peg of wood, a tent peg. In Syria tent pegs are usually of oak, very roughly ebeped and pointed. It was with one of these that Jael treacherousl…
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HuGH MAcMILLAN. NAIOTH (ni) Ker@é; Kt. nv, i.e. probably ny} Nau*yath (like ny Zar‘phath, n232 Dab‘rath, ete.: see Driver on 185 1918], though ΠῚ} and πὴ} would both be possible: LXX Avaé [5 times after ἐν, a v having evidently dropped out in transcription, ef. Jg 16* ἐν Αλσωρηχ for pre >naa), cod. A Ναυιωθ. No root 7…
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2. It is not difficult to understand how ‘name’ may express the idea of authority (see e.g. Ex 5%, 1 K 915, Est 3%, Jn 5%), but it is perhaps through this sense that a phrase arose the meaning of which is much less immediately obvious, especially in the EV. In Hebrew we frequently read of some one’s name being called o…
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ἃ, Of the numerous shades of meaning connected with and probably. springing out of the usaga just noticed, we may refer to one or two. ‘The name of J”’ itself becomes a term to express a theophany in Is 307 (aiso. according to Cheyne, ost-exilic), where it is described ‘as coming from ar, burning with his anger, and i…
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Conybeare has clearly shown that this magical view of the name was held by several of the early Fathers as well as by non-Christian and _pre- Christian Greek and Latin writers; he has also collected much comparative evidence of the general existence of such a belief relative to names. Further, it may be admitted that i…
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For sake of distinction, the father’s name was sometimes added ; as in the case of David, the son of Jesse; and occasionally a person was called * Also, no doubt, Gn 2954, where we ought to read ΠΝ Ἢ =she called (so Ball in SBOT). + On the cause of the ambiguity in these cases, of. Davidson. Syntax, ὃ 108a. NAME NA…
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Proper names fall into two main divisions, according as they are names of persons or names of places. Of these the names of places are, ἘΕΘΕΤΟΝΣ speaking, much more ambiguous and iffcult of interpretation. But the place names of the OT are also in all probability—once again speaking generally—more ancient than the per…
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NAMES, PROPER derived their names from the abundance of animals in their vicinity. In recent times several scholars have been inclined to seek the origin of these names in totem clans. 4, Characteristics of a place more liable to change, e.g. its size, the occupation or cultus of its inhabitants, have given rise to o…
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NAMES, PROPER 485 terebinth or oak-tree’), Hadassah (Est 2’ ‘the myrtle’), Keziah (‘cassia’), and perhaps Solomon (ct. Wellh. Js. u. gud. Gesch.* p. 103, n. 1) are other instances. For Arabic instances, cf. Hammer- Purgstall, op. cit. p. 3. (c) Other early simple names are Barak (‘light- ning’), Lappidoth (‘torches’)…
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(c) Compounds with El.—These names have been found in almost every Semitic language and dia- lect. They reach back to a remote antiquity ; they continue in use to the latest period. It is possible that they were first used as place and clan names; but some of our earliest names of Hebrew individuals are of this type (e…
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transliterated Ammisatana, but by others (e.g. Sayce in PSBA, Nov. 1897, p. 292) Ammiditana, has anything to do with Ammishaddai. LivgeraTuRE.—Nestle, Die Israel. Eigennamen nach threr religionsgeschichtlichen Bedeutung (1876); Gray, HPN (1896). To these two books reference may be made for the earlier literature and f…
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‘npnes or7dy 55), exclaimed Rachel at his birth : ‘wrestlings of God have I wrestled.’ She had pre- vailed in a great wrestling match with her sister, for the grace and blessing of God (Dillmann on Gn 305), as evidenced in the birth of sons; there- fore she called him Naphtali. The information regarding Naphtali given…
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NAPHTALI and the apricot are general. The vine is cultivated on many asunny slope, and wide reaches of plough- land in the valleys yield fine crops of wheat and barley. The villages which dot the landscape give evidence of all the comfort and prosperity possible under the present government. Jebel Jermuk, cut off from…
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ount Naphtali. It is a mistake in either case to translate ‘hill-country’ (see, however, Driver in art. HILL-CouNTRY). The rendering ‘mount’ or ‘mountain’ is in accordance with immemorial usage in these lands. The modern Jebel Safed corresponds generally with the ancient Har Naph- tali, and Jebel Nablus with Har Ephrai…
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Lirzraturs. — Lightfoot, Philippians, p. 173; Sanday- Headlam, Romans, p. 425; Acta Sanctorum, Oct. vol. xili. p. 687. A. Ο. HEADLAM. NARD.—‘ Pure nard’ is the AVm rendering for * It appears in the Targums as ΝΎ Ὁ (Buxtorf, Lex. Talm 4442). (88 NASBAS spikenard’ (Mk 145, RVm ‘pistice nard’). SPIKENARD. See NASBAS…
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2. Son of David, born at Jerusalem (2S 5%, 1 Ch 144). According to 1 Ch 3° he was third son of Bathshua (Bathsheba), Solomon being fourth. But we should naturally infer from 28 12” that Solomon was the first son of Bathsheba’s that lived for any time. The princely family of Nathan is mentioned in Zec 12}3 as a specific…
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+t Among others, Ἧ Ew., Mey., Lange, Keim, Wesl., Newm., Alf., Tren., ely ‘arrar, Westcott. The Apocr. Judicium Petri represents both Bartholomew and Nathanael as apostles. t Elias is followed by Ebedjesu and other Nestorians Ri 8s. hii. 806). In the West the suggestion is found first in Rupertus of Deutz (12th cent.,…
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ecie eternitatis. See MIRACLE (p. 383) for a falter discussion of this point. 2. ψυχικός is twice rendered by ‘natural’ in the RY, and twice by ‘sensual.’ The mind of man is frequently spoken of in the NT as twofold (see PsyCHOLOGY), embracing the πνεῦμα or νοῦς, the higher faculty which he enjoys as made in the image…
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5. It is certain that the writers of the Bible were not more precise in their designation of objects of natural history than writers in general literature to-day. When speaking of grass, lilies, mustard, thorns, thistles, owls, bats and other sorts of natural objects, of which there are numerous species, belonging perh…
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Dog,[Dragon, RV Jackal, La 45], Dromedary (really γρυμβ Camel, see DROMEDARY), Elephant, Ewe, fallow Deer (AV ;=Roebuck, RV), Ferret (AV; = Gecko, RV), Fox, Gazelle, Goat, Wild Goat, Greyhound, Hare, Hart, Hind, Horse, Hyzna, Jackal, Lamb, Leopard, Lion, Mole, Mouse, Ox, Wild Ox (AV ;=Antelope, RV), Pygarg, Ram, Roe, R…
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The following are generic or ordinal, viz. : Bramble, iat: bitter herbs, bulrush, bush, flag, grass, hay, herb, lily, melon, nettle, oak, oil-tree, pulse! reed, rush, thistle, thorn, vetches (RVm or nettles), willow. The plants which may be known with a fair measure of certainty are distributed in 35 Orders, as follow…
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494 NATURE NATURE to God. this head. Atheism dismisses the question by refusing to admit thatit hasa meaning. That there is no God, that there exists nothing but the successions and co- existences of phenomena, is the principle of specu- lative Atheism. Theoretically, there is no reason why Atheism should not recogn…
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Now, the problem which presents itself here is so to guard our language wnat it shall not be open to the charge of confounding God with nature. It is hard to steer clear of both Scylla and Charybdis, to avoid Deism on the one side, Pantheism on the other. Greek philosophy furnishes us with in- structive illustrations o…
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verned by law and not by caprice: that we now and are assured of. But such a formula does not settle the matter. A wise and prudent man’s life is also governed by law and not by caprice, and yet the intervention of his moral reason, of his power of choice, disturbs from time to time the semblance of uniformity in his …
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Examples of ‘naught’ or ‘nought’ in the sense of ‘bad’ are Udall’s Zrasmus’ Paraph. i. fol. 54, ‘Why therfore saye ye that that whiche is good of it selfe cummeth from Beelzebub, who by your owne par eh hac naught ?’; Barlowe, Dialoge, p. 76,‘Why do ye then dispise the universall churche, because some of them be nought…
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NAZARETH (Nafapé0, Ναζαρέτ, Ναζαράτ, Ναζαράθ, Ναζαρά, mod. Arab. en-Ndsira; on etymology and meaning of the name see Swete on Mk 1°) was situated in a high valley running from S.S.W. to N.N.E. among the most southerly of the limestone hills of the Lebanon range just before it drops down to the Plain of Esdraelon. The b…
900 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.