PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 781
* But ‘bring’ elsewhere in these chapters represents x°>7. + For 230 is used also of ‘bringing near’ or * presenting | ordinary food, Gn 27%, 1S 28%, 2 8 134, 588 OFFER, OFFERING, OBLATION OFFER, OFFERING, OBLATION minhah’ ; see 2 Καὶ 1615], perhaps also in many of those with the alternative marginal rendering, an…
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11. προσφορά (LXX for 73> Ps 40°; otherwise very rare, except in Sir, viz. 14! 3] (34)18.19 32 (35)!® 3811 4618 5018-14): Ac 21°6 2417, Ro 1518, Eph δ᾽, He 10° 8: (from Ps 40°: Heb. minhah) ™ 14. 18 (in all, except He 10° 8, in the sense of the Heb. j37p). 12. ἀνάθημα (a votive offering set up in a temple, Herod. ii. …
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From the preceding synopsis of passages, it will be apparent what extremely different terms in the original, esp. in OT, are represented by each of the three English words, ‘offer,’ ‘offering,’ and ‘oblation’; and that though the Heb. (and Greek) terms might, in particular cases, be interchange- able, in others they ar…
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* Cf. art. Mark (Jon), p. 245>, where it is suggested thal even the ὑπηρέτης of Ac 185 is used in this sense—that is to say John Mark may have been a fazzan, or ‘synagogue minister.’ Isaiah (313 LXX), the public accountant of the pyri (3 cent. B.C., see Deissmann, Beitrdge, p. ἴδ} has now become with him a synonym for…
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OHOLIAB (2:5ny ‘father’s tent’; Ἐλιάβ; AV Aholiab).—The chief assistant of Bezalel in the construction of the tabernacle, Ex 315 35% 361-2 38% (all P). It is possible (cf., for the name, Pheen. Syabax, ySobax, Himyaritic annybax, Sxbax, Edomite (7) soaSax Gn 365: 4!) that he was of non- Israelitish origin (see Gray, H…
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OIL oyl the gingili oil of commerce, extracted from Sesa mum orientale, a Bignoniaceous plant. Fine flour, oil, and honey were the gifts wherewith God fed His unfaithful people (Ezk 16") ; and wine, oil, and fine flour were the types of the luxuries imported by the mystic Babylon (Rev 18). The priestly stores of these …
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4. Oil was also used as an illuminating agent in lamps. Pure olive oil burns without soot, but has the disadvantage of being rapidly consumed. In the usual Jewish lamps half a log=a little less than half a pint, was used in a night (Menahéth, ix. 3). For tabernacle and temple lamps pure oil was used (Ex 27%, Ly 24°), a…
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an oily or fat tree (shemen signifies ‘fat’ as well as ‘oil’; its Arab. equivalent semen is the word for ‘clarified butter’). This would apply to a tree producing a terebinthine oil or resin, such as constitutes what is known in Eng. as fat wood, found in pitch pine and other similar trees. The Arab. has the expression…
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As the passage in Ex 30 is assigned to P, the date of the prescription cannot be determined, but it may be late. Pliny says that unguents were not known among the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war; but he has overlooked the ῥοδόεντι δὲ xpiev ἐλαίῳ ἀμβροσίῳ of Il. xxiii. 186 and the λιπαροὶ κεφαλὰς καὶ καλὰ πρόσωπα o…
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ave his invitation in accordance with a message trom J”, and the stranger returned and partook of ameal. He never reached his home again. News came to Bethel that a lion had slain him a short distance from the city. The old prophet recog- nized this as J”s punishment, saddled his ass, brought in the body, held lamenta…
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* The last words of v.15 are so abrupt as to suggest interpola tion. But there is nothing to support a confers that the prophet was simply mistaken, and the tenor of the narrative u pate the view that he was inspired by J” to tempt the man οἱ ᾿ OLD PROPHET, THE simple impostor. If the difference be not pressed, it r…
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W. B. STEVENSON, are not independ- OLD TESTAMENT.— Introd uction, i. Origin and growth of OT— 1. The Law or Torah. 2. The Prophets. 8. The Writings or Hagiographa. ii. The OT in the Jewish Church— 1. Preservation and Transmission : (a) pre-Massoretic period ; (Ὁ) Massoretic period, a.p. 600-800. 2. Use or aaa and…
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_ The Mosaic period represented that of Israel’s faithful rela- tionship to Jehovah (Hos 216 111, Jer 22). As the cry at present is ‘Back to Ohrist,’ so the cry then was ‘Back to Moses.’ At present in going back to Christ to spply His teaching to immedi- ate needs, we re-formulate them indirectly, giving thus laws of C…
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of P, see art. HEXATEUCH in vol. ii. p. 8745 f.). _ 2. The Prophets.—This division of OT falling into two parts, the Former Prophets Jos, Jg, 1 and 2S, and 1 and 2K, and the Latter Pro- phets Is, Jer, Ezk, and the Twelve, receives its name from the prophetic authorship of these The prophets represent the mystical boo…
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From these prophetie sources and from ancient annals, such as were naturally kept in connexion with the court and the temple (er from works based upon these annals), were composed or com- piled in the spirit of Dt, and hence !ater than B.c. 621, the Deuteronomic parts of Joshua, the middle sections of Jg, land 2S, andl…
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In 2 Es ninety-four divinely-revealed books are mentioned (14), of which seventy are esoteric (14 This leaves twenty- four representing the present OT according toa usual Jewish method of reckoning: the law, five; the prophets, eight; the Hagiographa, eleven. All double books, Ezr and Neh, and the minor prophets, are r…
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Within this period the Scriptures were divided into sections for synagogue usage (the Law and the Prophets, see, further, below), into paragraphs (myen5) and verses (?).* (6) Massoretic period, A.D. 600-800. After the canonization of the official consonantal text the greatest care was taken that it should be trans- mi…
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The prohibited labours were: (1) wales (2) ploughing, (3) reaping, (4) binding into sheaves, (5) threshing, (6) winnowing, (7) fruit cleaning, (S) grinding, (9) sifting, (10) kneading, (11) bake ing, (12) wool shearing, (13) bleaching, (14) combing, (15) dyeing, (16) ergy a warping, (18) making two spindle-trees, (19) …
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Under this method such particles as AN, NX, 03 were held to extend a law, and ἽΝ and ἸΏ, p> to restrict it. mx before ma’ in Dt 10% extended the command to fear God, so that it included also wise men (Pesachim 22>). 7x in Ex 8118 showed that the op tes) alate of the Sabbath did not apply to cases where life was in dang…
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OLD TESTAMENT -- accessible to the people, translated them with notes into Arabic, then widely spoken. He aimed to interpret the OT agreeably both to reason and Talmudic tradition, which latter he held to be equally of Divine origin with the Scriptures. In carrying out this aim his interpretations became arbitrary an…
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OLD TESTAMENT the NT method is right. The redemption ex- perienced in Christ is a fulfilment of OT promises. (Ὁ) In the Early Church, to A.D. 600.—The OT of the early Church was the LXX, used also, though not exclusively, by the NT writers. Hence some of the Church Voshers refer to the toed Loe books as though formin…
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(e) Post-Reformation Period, 1600-1750.—This was the age of scholastic theology and of the rigid doctrine of verbal inspiration, making the OT infallible, not only in religious truth but in all allusions to other matters, such as those of natural science and history. In the Lutheran and Re- formed Churches, also, the f…
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OLD TESTAMENT regarded). Néldeke then showed that J and E had existed independently, and had been united later into JE, before their union with P and D. Graf (+1869), Kuenen (+1891), and Wellhausen have especially contributed to the final solution of this problem, showing that the earliest documents of the Hexateuch a…
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Lireraturs.—Introductions to the OT by Bleek (revised by Wellhausen, 1893, and tr. by Venables, 1869), Cornill 4 (1896), S. Davidson (1862), de Wette 8 (revised by Schrader) (1869) (special), Driver® (1897) special), Eichhorn 4 (1823-24), Holzinger (1893) (Hexstou. Keil3 (1869), Kénig (1893), Kuenen? (1885-89) ecial),…
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oly Scripture ; whereas the holiness of Scripture was felt even more keenly by the Jews of the early Christian era than among the Christians of the present day. With the Jews, as we might have expected, the thought of the holiness of Scripture took a τοῖν material form. We see this in the jealousy wit which they regar…
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We have, then, to take account of what may be called a larger and a smaller Canon. The larger included most of those books which were comprised in the Greek LXX and afterwards the Latin Vul- gate, and became the Bible of the Medizval Church; the latter was confined to the Books of the Hebrew Bible, and was equivalent t…
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vi. EVIDENCE FOR THE JEWISH CANON.— At what period was the Canon of OT completed? or ean we indeed settle upon any exact date by which we can say that it was absolutely fixed ? πέπον Nn interpretations are given by Ryle, Canon of OT, p. 185. t These phrases probably refer to their position in the Hebrew Bible, not to…
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amnia), that the Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes defile the hands. R. Akiba [Gritz, R. Jacob] said, “God forbid that any one in Israel should doubt that the Song of Songs defiles the hands; the whole world does not outweigh the day in which Israel received the Song of Songs. All the Kethu- bhim are holy, but the Song of…
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But there are two other questions which it may be well to answer first. How comes Josephus to speak of 22 books instead of 24% and what are the books which he means? Three explanations ol the number 22 have been oe (1) That of Griitz, that Josephus did not include Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs, the two books which…
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garded by some as a genuine part of Jeremiah OLD TESTAMENT CANON goes, is too circumstantial to admit of such a supposition. On the other hand, when we examine the language of Josephus critically, there are two facts that we feel compelled to bear in mind: (1) That he was fond of rhetorical statements, which have an …
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(2) Books of Scripture quoted or referred toin NT. —When we come to inquire what books were com- rised in the connotation of ‘Scripture’ as used in T, we may feel sure from Mt 5”, Lk 2477-4, Jn 1*, Ac 1315 2414 28%, Ro 321, that it included, at least, the Pentateuch and the Prophetico-Historical Books, as well as the…
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(g) Philo, c. 40 A.D.—Going back to the earlier part of the Ist cent. we find the evidence of Philo somewhat confusing. He appears to have been influenced by four more or flees conflicting prin- ciples. (1) He recognized, above all, the supreme inspiration of Moses, beside which all other inspira- tion was comparativel…
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Thus the evidence of the Bk. of Sirach points to the general conclusion that at the beginning of the 2nd cent. B.c. the whole of the Law and the Prophets, and a considerable number of the Hagio- grapha, were among the accepted components of sacred literature. But how far the idea of a definite list of sacred books, suc…
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And it should also be remarked that the scat- tered pieces of evidence, though serving as con- venient landmarks, must not be regarded as necessarily marking distinct epochs in the history of the Canon. (a) Preparato Stages culminating in the Canonization of the Hexateuch Ezra and Nehemiah.—Even before the authorizati…
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(6) The canonicity of the Hagiographa.—This is more difficult to trace, and more complicated. The very name reminds us that we are dealing with a heterogeneous collection, which could not, like the two other groups, be classed under a really descriptive name. It would be a great mistake to take it for granted that thei…
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Putting all the facts together, it would probably be near the truth to say that music was first in- troduced into religious worship to some small extent with the second temple, but was first thoroughly organized and greatly developed under the reforms of Ezra and Nehemiah. This use of Psalms, under the control of the P…
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Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah.—The Bks. of l and 2 Chronicles, with Ezra and Nehemiah, the four originally one book, were probably received as a trustworthy record before the beginning of the 2nd cent. B.c. As already shown, at least Chronicles and Nehemiah are referred to in the praise of famous men in Sir 44-50. Pro…
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viii. SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED.—In the foregoing inquiry the following facts seem clearly established :— (1) Canonicity was, like the composition of the books itself, a gradual process. ‘The Council of Jamnia, for example, gave a formal sanction to what had already become, more or less definitely, the public opinio…
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* Ezekiel, Daniel, Ruth, Canticles, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther (Buhl, tr. p. 15; οἱ. Ryle, Philo and Holy Scripture). + For quotations from or references to extra-canonical books in NT, see I, p. 14. history. Theomission of Esther stands on a differ- footing, and is, moreover, more common. x1. LHE INFLUENCE O…
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OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGE. —See LAn- GUAGE OF OLD TESTAMENT. OLD TESTAMENT TEXT.—See TExT oF OLD TESTAMENT. OLD TESTAMENT TIMES.—See ISRAEL. OLIVE (ny) zayith, ἐλαία, oliva, Arab. zeitiin).—A well-known tree, one of the most characteristic of Syria and Palestine. It belongs to the order Oleacee, which also includes th…
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G. E. Post. OLIVES, MOUNT OF (omy 17; LXX τὸ ὄρος τῶν ἐλαιῶν ; Vulg. Mons Olivarum).—In the OT the term ‘ Mount of Olives’ oceurs only in Zec 144. It is described as the ‘ ascent of the Olives’ (17 ndyn) in 2S 15” (AV ‘ascent of Mount Olivet,’ RV ‘ascent of the Mount of Olives’), as ‘the mount’ (Neh 815), ‘the mount t…
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Stanley (op. citat. p. 189) truly points out with regard to the Mount of Olives ‘that its lasting glory belongs not to the Old Dispensation, but to the New. Its very barrenness of interest in earlier times sets forth the abundance of those associations which it derives from the closing scenes of the Sacred History. Not…
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The last interview of our Lord with His dis- ciples before He ascended into heaven is stated to have taken place on the eastern slopes of Olivet, for ‘He led them out as far as to Bethany > 24); and it is further stated that ‘they returned to Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is from Jerusalem a Sabbath day…
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OLYMPAS (’OAvuras).—The name of a member of the Roman Church greeted by St. Paul in Ro 16", It is an abbreviated form, like several others in the chapter, being apparently shortened for Olympio- dorus. He was commemorated Nov. 10. OLYMPIUS (Ὀλύμπιο:).---Απ epithet of Zeus, de- rived from Mt. es fee in Thessaly, th…
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Moab, which had been subjugated by David, began to throw off its allegiance to Israel in the troubled years which followed the disruption. But the energetic military rule of Omri put an end to this independence. These facts we learn from the Stone of Dib4n, erected by Mesha’, son of Chemosh- Melech. We quote (on next p…
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ON (j\x, jk, “Qv).—A city in Lower Egypt, Gn 4140. © 46” (Potiphera, priest of On). In Ezk 30" it occurs again, but punctuated py AVEN (which see). On is the hieroglyphic Anu, the name of Heliopolis. In Jer 43" the city is called Beth- shemesh, ‘ House of the Sun,’ the hieroglyphic Per fia, its sacred name. The name On…
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ONAM (0;\x).—4. The eponym of a Horite clan, Gn 36% (‘Qudvy)=1 Ch 1” (Β Ὧνάν, A Ὠνάμ). 2. A son of Jerahmeel, 1 Ch 235. 38 (Β ᾿Ὠζόμ, A Ovvoud). See ONAN, footnote. ONAN (jj\x, Adydy).—A son of Judah, Gn 384 46”, ONESIPHORUS Nu 26", 1 Ch 2%. After the decease of his elder brother, Er, he was instructed by his father …
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lumptre (The Spirits in Prison, Ps 128, 266) and Luckock (After Death, p. 77, The Intermediate State, p. 211). Others, as Barrett (The Inter- mediate State, p. 113), find in the words no more than ‘a pious wish.’ On the whole question it may be suflicient to quote the carefully weighed words of Hammond (Paraphrase and …
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ONIAS, REGION OF (Jos. 6. 4». i. 7; Phil. . ed. Mang. ii. 646). Onias was afterwards appointed civil governor of the district in which his temple was situated, and two of his sons received high commands in the Egyp. army (Jos, Ant. XIII. x. 4). R. W. Moss. ONIAS, REGION OF (Jos. Ant. xIv. viii. 1; BJ τ. ix. 4, Vil.…
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The Arab. : is, indeed, used in the sense ‘to be pale,’ which would suit the onyx fairly well; but that meaning is only the secondary, not the radical one. The district λα Socheim, in Yemen, pro- duced a Bpecielly. fine onyx; but there are two weighty objections against the derivation thus suggested, namely, the almos…
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And the same good bishop’s Cives Calestis Patria sets forth the symbolism of the sardonyx, which may properly be considered a mere variety of the onyx— *Sarponyx, with its threefold hue, Gets forth the inner man to view; Where dark humility is seen, And chastity, with snow-white sheen, And scarlet marks his joy to …
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OPHAI,-—See EPHAI. OPHEL (δεν, atreye, except in Is 32 and Mic 4°, with def. art.; LXX Ὥφαλ, Ὄφαλ, “Oger, ᾿Οφλά, Ὀσλά, Jos. 'Opdas).—The name means ‘ swelling’ or ‘bulge.’ It is used in Dt 28% and 18 δ᾽ for ‘emerods,’ and in 2 Καὶ 5* of a hill probably in the neighbourhood of Samaria. In the other places where the art…
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rought back by the merchantmen at the end of a three years’ cruise. It is quite possible that some of these wares were purchased at regular ports to which they had been brought by other traders. So that Ophir needs not ate sought for at some oint where all these products were native (cf. heyne in Expos. Times, July 1…
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(3) In Arabia, Southern or South-Eastern.—Gn 10*-*° appears to imply that Ophir was either between Sheba and Havilah or in proximity to them. The fact that the Joktanites settled in Arabia would seem to require that search be made for Ophir within that territory. It is of course assumed, because it cannot be absolutely…
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oup. This agrees with Jerome’s statement that it was vicus Ephrem (Ephraim) 5 Roman miles from Bethel, eastward (Lag. Onom.? p. 129; Ee ee Eusebius’ text is imperfect; in it the name is κώμη "Agpj\A—Lag. p. 241). The locality so determined is a few miles north of Michmash, and consequentl suits also the Ophrah of 1S …
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W. B. STEVENSON. OR.—There are obsolete uses of this word in AV. 1. For before, Ps 90? ‘Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed the earth’; Pr 8* ‘or ever the earth was’; so Ec 125, Ca 613, Dn 6%, Sir 1819, All the examples are of ‘or ever,’ and all are retained in RV. The RV has even introd…
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᾿ A. Ο. HEADLAM. ORCHARD (orp pardés, rapddecos).—Pardés, a loan-word from the Zend, is used in three places: Ec 2° where it is tr AV ‘ orchards,’ RV ‘ parks,’ Vulg. pomaria ; Ca 4% AV and RV text ‘orchard,’ RVm ‘paradise,’ Vulg. paradisus; Neh 2° AV and RV text ‘forest,’ RVm ‘park,’ Vulg. saltus. Doubt- less the term…
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‘But soone the knights with their bright-burning blades, Broke their rude troupes, and orders did confound.’ ἃ, Prescribed custom, 1 Ch 683 1518 ‘we sought him not after the due order,’ 23%, 2 Ch 8:4 ‘He appointed, according to the orderof David his father, the courses of the priests to their service’ (Heb. always mis…
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Ordinance. — The translators of the Rhemish version complain of the ‘corrupt translation of Heretikes’ in rendering δικαιώματα in Lk 15 by ‘ordinances.’ Their own word is ‘justifications,’ and they say, ‘This word is so usual in the Scrip- tures (namely [=especially] in the Psal. 118) to signifie the commaundements of …
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OREB and ZEEB (ἦν, 3x) ‘raven,’ ‘ wolf,’ Ὡρήβ, Z48).—Two Midianite princes captured and slain by the Ephraimites after Gideon's victory, Jg 7* 55, Ps 834, Is 10, cf. 9. The places where they fell were remembered by the Rock of Oreb and the Wine-press of Zeeb, pee near the point where the Wady Far'ah in Ephraim falls in…
902 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.