PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 61
Interesting light is thrown on sundry details also by Arnold Meyer, Jesu Muttersprache, pp. 176, Leipzig, 1896 ; and Edward Hicks, Traces of Gr. Philosophy and Rom. Law in the NT, pp. 187, Lond. 1896. The multiplying of manuals of a popular character (Combe, Huddilston, Moulton) indicates a growing interest in the lan…
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The site of Laodicea is now utterly deserted. The ruins are not conspicuous or imposing; the site has been rifled to build and repair Denizli, and in recent years much injury has thus been done to the old city. The city Laodicea was founded to be a garrison and centre of Seleucid power in the country, and * See quota…
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ournal of Hellenic Studies (1897), p. 404 ff., and Weber in Jahrbiich. des Arch. Instituts (1898), pt. i., supplement that work. Among the older travellers Hamilton gives the best account; but Smith, Pococke, Chandler, Arundell, Fellows, Texier, are all worth reading. W. M. Ramsay. LAODICEANS (Λαοδικεῖς, Latin Laod…
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Largely, in the sense of freely, occurs in 1 Mae 16° ‘ when Simon and his sons had drunk largely’ (ἐμεθύσθη, RV ‘had drunk freely’; Ball and Bissell, ‘were drunk,’ which is the only possible meaning). Cf. North’s Plutarch, ‘ Alexander,’ p. 687, ‘Then did Alexander offer great preene unto the god, and gave money largely…
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LASHA (yvb, A Adoa, E and Luc. Adca). — Men- tioned only in Gn 10%, as forming the boundary of the Canaanites towards the east. Jerome and Jerus. Targum identify with the famous hot springs of Callirrhoé in the Wady Zerka Ma‘in to the east of the Dead Sea; but this appears to be too far to the north, and, as Dillmann r…
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Respecting the influence of Latin upon the later Greek, see LANGUAGE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. J. H. THAYER. LATIN VERSIONS, THE OLD.*—Among those * Abbreviations used in this article :— OL=Old Latin Version (or Versions). Ed Τῶν lateinische Lexikographie, ed. by E. WOlfflin. CSEL=Corpus Scriptorum Ecelesiasticorum Lati…
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* It must be noticed that we are not here separating differ- ences of reading from differences of rendering. See some im- portant remarks by Sanday, OL Bibl. Texts, ii. p. xlii. t See, e.g., Reusch, Tiling. Quartal-Schrift, 1862, p. 244 ff. 5 Fritzsche in Herzog, RE? viii. p. 433 ff. ; Zimmer, SK, 1889, ii. p. 331 ff.…
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a difference of spelling. One or two examples will make our meaning clear. k (Cod. Bobiensis). Et cum hi* natus esset in bethlem iudze in die- bus herodis regis ecce magii ab oriente uener- unt hierosolima dicentes ubi est qui natus est rex iudzor uidimus enim stellam ... Set autem rex herodes turbatus est et tota h…
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* See Wellhausen in Bleek’s Finleitung in ἃ. AT'4, p. 595, t See P. Corssen, Epist. ad Galatas, p. 3. t Old-Lat. and Itala, p. 5. § Books marked with an asterisk the writer has oot had the opportunity of seeing. 5) LATIN VERSIONS, THE OLD LATIN VERSIONS, THE OLD a ΄..-.........- -.---ς--- -; ἈὈὠ ὖὋ-ςς-ς--.β.Ψ. P…
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1885. See also H. Ehrensberger, Psalteriwm Vetus (Tauberbischofsheim, 1887). 3. (a) Cod. No. 95s. Palimps. Imperial Library, Vienna. Pr2'-473 197" Pub. by A. Vogel, Beitr. z. Herstell. d. alt. lat. Bibeliibersetzung, Vienna, 1868. (ὁ) Palimps. St. Paul in Lavant-thale, Carinthia. Pr 15°** 16- 17. Pub. by F. Mone, *De l…
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Extracts from all OT books except Ru, Ob, and Jon; and from all Apocr. books except 3 and 4 Es in Liber de diuinis Scripturis siue Speculum, erroneously ascribed to Augustine [Sth or 9th cent]. Pub. from Cod. Sessorianus, No. 58 (now in Biblioteca Vittorio Manuele at Rome), by A. Mai (1) in Spicilegium Romanum, ix. 2, …
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Latino purpureo, Monte Cassino, 1893. k. Cod. Bobiensis [prob. 5]. Turin. (ἃ. vii. 15). Mk 85:1. 14-16, 19. 168, Mt } 3 47-147 15» 5, Pub. by t See art. Text or NT. ᾿ t See also import. review of Blass by Holtzmann, Theol lat Zeit, 1896, No. 8, and other notices referred to there. Ocrssen GGA, 1896, No. 6. 52 LATIN …
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Pavire Eprsties.—d. Lat. version of Cod. Claro- montanus. See art. TEXTOF NT. 6. Lat. ver- sion of Cod. Sangermanensis. f. Lat. version of Cod. Augiensis.+ g. Lat. version of Cod. Beerneri- anus. See an elaborate discussion of the double Latin renderings of Cod. Bern. by H. Rénsch, ZwTh, 1882-1883. gue. Cod. Guelferbyt…
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t The Clarendon Press announces Novum Testamentum S. Trenwi, containing a full collation of its readings with those of OL authorities, edited by Prof. Sanday. Will published as one of OL Bibl. Texts series. LATIN VERSIONS, THE OLD Priscillian.—Bp. of Avila in Spain, fl. end of 4th cent. See Schepss, CSEL, vol. xviii.…
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Perhaps it is possible to obtain some light on the origin of the Lat. Bible from a different direction. What other texts are usually found in its company? The answer is not far to seek. A glance at the apparatus criticus of any of the larger edd. of NT shows us an almost constant grouping of the OL MSS with Ὁ (Cod. Bez…
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|| F. H. Chase comes to the same conclusion regarding the birthplace of the ‘Western’ text from a totally different point of view, namely, the attempt to prove that behind the ‘ Western’ text there existed certain Gr-Syr. bilin, MSS, in which the Syr. exercised a powerful influence on the Greek. In summing up, he also …
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had not compared it with the Gr. original. Now Tert.’s quotations from the Bible are numerous. What can be said of their relation to the Bible of Cyp.? The most rapid survey of Tert.’s quotations muts us on our guard against hasty inferences. orhis method of quoting is most fickle.* Often his words are a mere paraphra…
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any hard-and-fast lines. There are points at whic they shade off into each other. Perhaps it may be allowable to regard αἱ} (in Matthew, at least) as a connecting link between the ‘ African’ and ‘European’ families. A credible tradition associ- ates it with Eusebius, Bp. of Vercelli, situated between Milan and Turin, …
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* There is a distinctly isolated element in Irenezus. specially ‘Gallic’? t See Rendel Harris, Cod. Beze, p. 160 ff. t See Passion of S. Perpetua, pp. 97-100. § Perhaps there may have been even a ‘ Gallican’ recension of the tr. The evidence for this is considerably ai ented by biblical quotations from recently disc…
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Speculum ’ (m) and Priscillian is very clear. § Jahrbiicher f. prot. Theol. 1881, pp. 510-512. bh See pp. 326-328, ] See Ceriani, ‘iconti, etc. 1886, pp. 4,5. ἊΝ -Latin and Itala, pp. 55-65. The suggestion had been reviously made by Reuss in the 2 and 8 edd. of his History of the T, that the ‘Italia’ of Aug. might…
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whether in Acts there is any distinction between ‘European’ | and ‘Italian’ texts. We are inclined to think that the same | question might be relevant as regards the Pauline Epp. δ8 ΒΙ1]5," and Cod. e (Laudianus) of ‘ Acts,’ i.e. to the ‘ European’ group. For NT authorities, Hort’s learning and judg- ment have laid …
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Poetical Books.—The extant remains of Job are so scanty that it is difficult to come to any con- clusion regarding the text. Apparently, the Frag. of Fleury, which is found both in the ‘Speculum’ and Priscillian, belongs to the earliest form of the Lat. VS, following the same type of Gr. text as Cyp. and Lucif., and th…
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|| May it be that the infusion of this element into OT texte corresponds to the ‘Antiochene’ revision of NT? Since this was written, we are interested to see that Sanday is inclined to assign the above-named revision to Lucian (Ozf. Debate, p. 29). 4 Streane, Double Text of Jeremiah, p. 870, shows that for Jer A is no…
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Baruch.—Two main types of text, so far as we can judge from the publis 1ed MSS, are extant in this oats The one is the Vulg., which agrees with the quotations of Cyp., Vigilius, and, as a rule, Fulgentius. The other, which is not far removed, is represented by Paris MS 11951, Rheims MS No. 1, and Vallicell. B. 7 (all i…
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We have taken as representative of the ‘Italian’ texts. The facts which a minute ex- amination of long sections in Mt, Mk, and Lk brings out are of the kind we might expect. ‘There is, apparently, a great mixture of elements in the underlying Greek. One of the most noteworthy of these is represented by Cod. L, itself a…
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In the Historical books it can, at least, be affirmed that the recension of Lucian is one of the prominent elements lying at the basis of the text.§ This is specially noticeable in the Vienna Fragg. of Samuel and the Leon Fragg. of Kings. Ceriani kad observed the agreement of ‘Lucianic’ MSS with the text of Ambrose and…
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Ρ. 412-427, with copious grammatical notes; and anday’s dissertation on Cod. k, OL Bibl. Tezts, ii. § 14. Perhaps we ought to mention also Rendel Harris’s Study of Cod. Bez, ch. iv. v. xii. XXVi., and Burkitt’s Rules of Tyconius, pp. Ixviii-ey. Sanday has an important appendix in Studia Biblica, ii. p. 309 ff., and in…
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Tindale uses the verb in Lk 19% ‘the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoyce, and to lawde God with a loude voyce’ ; and the subst. in 1 P 17 ‘that youre fayth . . . myght be founde unto lawde, glory, and honoure at the apperinge of Jesus Christ,’ and 2 ‘for the laude of them that do well.’ It is doubtful if…
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row. and Cress. I. li. 82— ‘Why, she is a pearl, Whose price hath launch’d above a thousand ships.’ The Greek is either (1) the compound form iraraye, which occurs in MT only thrice, Mt 9118 in the sense of returning into a city, and Lk 6% 4 in the sense of ‘put out’ (RV) to sea (in 58 AV has ‘thrust out,’ after Tind…
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LAW IN OLD TESTAMENT No hint is given in the elaborate description of any means for drawing off water. The symbolical interpretation gives a fine suggestiveness to these vessels. The priest of J” draws near to Him as Lord of the furthest abyss and of the rolling storm clouds. Although, as we have seen, the molten sea…
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rophets—on questions of religious or moral duty. od (45) attributes the crimes prevalent in Israel (vv.!:?) to the priests’ forgetfulness of the Térah of their God (ef 81-2): this passage is important, as showing that the priestly ‘torah’ included a moral element (cf. Ex 23%, Lv 19), and was de- pendent for its effecti…
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n Dt (1 45- 4 1718. 19 973. 8. 26 oS 8. G1 99"1. 29 3019 31% 1. 12. 34. 36 3546) the term, esp. in the expression ‘this law,’ is used somewhat ambiguously: some- times it denotes more particularly the code of laws embodied in Dt; sometimes it is used more generally of the exposition of an Israelite’s duty contained in …
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There is an interesting, but obscure, passage bearing on this subject, in Jer 88 ‘How say ye, We are wise, and J”’s direc- tion is with us? Surely falsely hath it wrought, the false pen of the scribes.’ The priests here claim that they possess the legitimate tradition, and principles, of J’’s torah: Jeremiah replies th…
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4. nny ‘édwoth or ‘édéth, ‘testimonies’; in the Pent. only Dt 4° 6; a theological term, denot- ing generally moral and religious ordinances, regarded as an attestation, or solemn declaration, of the Divine will. In P the sing. testimony is used frequently of the Decalogue, as a statement κατ᾽ ἐξοχήν of God’s will for m…
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ἡ Comp. Stade, Gesch. i. 636; Holzinger, Einl. 248. Many of these laws seem to fall into groups of ten, which L. B. Paton has endeavoured recently to restore in their (supposed) original completeness ; see / BL, 1893, p. 70 if. (an abstract in LOT® p. 40), and cf. Briggs, Lc. p. 311 f LAW (IN OLD TESTAMENT) burnt unt…
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B. The next code which has to be considered is that of Deuteronomy. From a literary point of view, Deuteronomy (disregarding the few short passages belonging to P, and the two poems in chs. 32. 38) consists of a code of laws accompanied by hortatory introductions and comments. Here we are concerned only with the laws a…
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Those provisions of Dt, which are without parallel in JE, relate mostly to conditions which, LAW (IN OLD TESTAMENT) 68 in the age when the laws of JE were drawn up, were not yet regarded as demanding legislative regulation: the greater variety of subjects in- cluded in the Code is evidence both of the growth of civil…
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2415b-16a. 17-21 (laws on blasphemy, and certain cases of injury to man and heast). 252>-7, parts of vv.8-55, perhaps in particular vv.8-. 10s. 13-15. 17-22. 24-25. 35-40a. 43. 47. 53.55, Land to lie fallow in the sabbatical year vy.2-7; land not to be sold beyond the next Jubile vy. 15-15 ; and four regulations for t…
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85-26 the consecration of the Levites, and (v.23) their period of service. 99-14 (a law arising out of the incident, 91-8) the supple- mentary or ‘ Little’ Passover (to be observed by those ps pane debarred from keeping the regular Pass- over). 151-16 the meal- and drink-offering to accompany every burnt- and peace-o…
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* Ezk 4039 4213 4429 4620; the MNDN, also, 4319. 21.22.25 4427 4517. 10. 22.23.25. Neither, it is to be observed, appears as a new institution in Ezk. +See LOT 129-132 (6186-189). The most noticeable contra- dictions with Dt relate to the position and revenues of the priestly tribe, the disposal of tithes and firstlin…
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sized, is the statutory character of religion in the Priestly Code, as contrasted with its more spon- taneous character in the earlier codes. In the earlier codes religious observances arise largely out of the circumstances and incidents of daily life. Sacrifices are the spontaneous outcome of the religious feeling of …
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On the view taken of the ‘law’ in the NT see the following article; and on the law in post- biblical Judaism (the Mishna, ete.), see TORAH. * It ought not in this connexion to be forgotten that only unintentional sins were atoned for by the sin-offering, not sins committed ‘ with a high hand’ (Nu 1590f), i.e. in delib…
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(1) Speaking positively, Jesus recognized the law as a Ἐξ εὶς as a divine institution, and therefore as invested with indefeasible divine authority. He expressed His sense of this authority in the strongest possible language ; and, with the idea of the law as embodied in writing present to His mind, declared that ‘till…
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ualification (and in part, of course, it was not, as Jesus immediately goes on to show), the qualifica- tion could be left to take care of itself ; the main interest of the moment was to expose the Pharisaic practice Be which the law was so wickedly annulled. hat making void (ἀκυροῦν) the law of God (Mt 15°|| Mk 718) w…
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ness of heart Moses allowed you to put away your wives, but from the beginning it was not so’ (Mt 198 || Mk). The question was one on which Jewish schools were divided, and Jesus legislates upon it in independence, indeed, of Dt 24), but in harmony with the law embodied in the creation narrative, Gn 2%, From the point …
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It is at this point, where this decisive breach with: legalism is accomplished, that Jesus is compelled to leave Palestine (Mt 15%! || Mk), to give up the attempt to win the people, and devote Himself to the training of the Twelve. It was only to a select company that His mind could now be unfolded; a great gulf had be…
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This inference, which was involved in St. Peter’s conduct, and in his defence of it, was not, however, clearly drawn at once. The exceptional case of Cornelius was regarded as exceptional; one man and his family could not make a Church, and this isolated instance might perplex rather than en- lighten the simple-minded.…
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In these verses in 1 Co it may be assumed that St. Paul is interpreting the principle on which he had acted when at Corinth, and on which he acted everywhere. The man who is called (i.e. who becomes a Christian) uncircumcised is not to cir- cumcise himself ; the man who is cireumcised when the call comes to him is not …
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‘The Gentiles, he says, in explaining how it is possible for them to be judged by God, though they have no law (in the sense in which Israel had) yet do by nature the things required by the law, and so display ‘the work of the law written in their hearts’ (Ro 3.4), They have the idea of a task to be done, just as the …
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(¢) We may now proceed to notice more particu- larly what St. Paul teaches about Law, bearing in mind that it was through the Mosaic law that he obtained the experience out of which he speaks, but that he speaks for the benefit of men who may have had a similar experience although they had never heard of Moses; in othe…
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(δ) But though the law acts in this paradoxical way, and does so in pursuance of God's purpose, God is not to blame for the sin which is multiplied, nor is the character of the law itself in the least degree compromised. The law is spiritual and holy. Both πνευματικός and ἅγιος are words which indicate the connexion of…
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(4) But the question remains, What is the relation of the Christian to the Law, or to law in general? Much of the paradox of St. Paul’s teaching gathers round this point. In all religion, of course, from the point of view of ethics, there is something paradoxical. It belongs to religion, as such, to transcend the ethic…
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party. (7) The later Epistles hardly enable us to add anything of importance. In Eph the law as a national institute—the law of commandments con- tained in ordinances, cf. Col 24—is regarded as a dividing wall between Jew and Gentile; it has been broken down and annulled by the death of Christ, and with it the enmity …
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et in 10°, where such emphasis is laid on Christ’s obedience, it is to be noted (see v.) that the obedience required of Christ is specifically that of a Redeemer: i.e. ex hypothesi, the obedience of One who becomes one with the sinful not only in nature but in experience and in lot (one of the leading thoughts of the E…
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erfect freedom. Formally a contradiction of -anlinism, it is at bottom the same kind of ex- perience which is here described. To St. Paul hristianity is a new religious relation to God, which he defines by contrast to legalism; to St. James it is rather a new ethical life, which he describes in terms of law, but of la…
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LAWYER 88 notes, further, that similar insignia of authority are still carried by the Bedawin sheikhs and art men of villages, and considers that the idea of a sitting figure, with the staff held between the feet, as seen in some ancient sculptures, does not har- monize so well with the context which suggests movement…
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For their judicial and teaching activity the ‘lawyers’ or ‘doctors’ were understood to receive no payment. Some of them would therefore maintain themselves by following a trade (cf. Ac 185), and doubtless many men of means would adopt a profession which was almost universally held in the very highest esteem. They were…
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"ἐπιβαλεῖν τὰς χέρας usually—in the NT always—implies hostile action. t Cf. Dict Chr. Ant. i. p. 757 f. ¢ See Dillmann on Ly 1472. eS LAYING ON OF HANDS made on behalf of the whole congregation, in the event of a common ἀγνόημα ; (4) the goat ‘let go for Azazel.’ (c) Witnesses laid their hands on the head of a per…
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For the post-apostolic history of the ceremony see Morinus, de Ant. Eccl. Rit. (passim) ; Suicer, Thes. s.vv. xeporovéw, χειροθεσία ; Dict. Chr. Ant. art. ‘Imposition of Hands’; Mason, Relatioa of Confirmation to Baptism. H. B. SWETE. LAZARUS OF BETHANY.—The name Lazarus is an abbreviation of the Heb. Eleazar=‘ God ha…
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* Schwarz seems to be alone in disputing the site; but many modern travellers are incredulous about the vault at the bottom of 26 steps, in the middle of the village, which is shown as the tomb of Lazarus. one and the same tradition, and that a very frag. mentary one, is now much more fully realize It has been seen th…
928 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.