PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 1141
(c) Greater Phenicia.—A sketch of the history of Pheenicia would be incomplete without a notice of the many ports, especially in the Mediterranean, where its people settled, and from which came many of those articles of commerce which made them renowned. Some of these settlements can be traced back to the 15th cent. B.…
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ecide as to the Egyptian and Assyrian theories, The selection of the characters to which the Pheenician are referred seems arbitrary, and a succession of intermediate formsis wanting. Either view seems to be historically possible, neither proved. The Phenician alphabet like most others, seems to have only incompletely …
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vi. CIVILIZATION AND COMMERCE.—The people were originally, in all probability, largely agri- cultural. The inscription of Thothmes ΠῚ. men- tions among the spoil of Phoenicia, ‘ good bread and various bread, corn in grain, flour. . . and all good fruits of the land.’ But though the agri- PHCENICIA 8598 cultural class…
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The only meta/ found in Phenicia itself was iron, but the abundance of minerals in some of their colonies soon made the Phenicians expert miners. Cyprus contained large quantities of copper, and the island gave its name to this metal. The Sar- dinian settlements were apparently due to the search after copper and lead. …
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n later times Pheenician cities, like other peoples of the ancient world, introduced foreign gods into theirtemples. Egypt especially furnished its share, and Babylonian deities are not wanting ; while in regard to the other nations around them (other Canaanites, Arameeans, etc.), it is often difficult to say whether o…
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Ww occurs in ΣΟΡΕΣ names of Cyprus, and meets us in Egypt as Rashpu, and is ascribed by Meyer, like Anath (see above), to the Hittites. It seems, however, more natural tc connect the name with the Hebrew word for ‘flame,’ and to look upon the deity as a god of storms or lightning. This seems, too, to be confirmed by th…
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* At that period more probably the former. + That this was so, and that the centurion had authority even over the captain, results from the character of the imperial service (the ship belonged, of course, to one of the imperial corn fleets), in which the military service ranked higher than the naval, and yet was not s…
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Finally, an inscription placed here in the reign of Trajan shows that an imperial ship was epenaling so long a time at this point of its course between Alexandria and Italy that there was time to erect some considerable work, whose nature is not specified. There can hardly be any doubt that the ship was lying up for th…
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* Ramsay, St. Paul the Trav. p. 326. ἡ Many scholars regard Φρυγίαν as a noun, not an adjective, in both these passages ; others take it as an adjective in 168, anda noun in 188, These opinions will be very fully treated in tha sequel. 864 PHRYGIA PHRYGIA i Ὃςἀ͵ππηπσττ Ὁ; ΈΤΤἐ-- Τ ῬῪἜῸςῬῬ:- - .ὕ. be truly said tha…
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In the Roman time Phrygia was divided between two provinces, Asia and Galatia, with thorough Roman indifference to national frontiers in mapping out their province—an indifference which resulted in the final failure of those provincial divisions to attain permanence. These two parts were called Phrygia Asiana and Phryg…
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Ζ Small Phrygia (Μικρὰ Φρυγία) occurs In a few 4th cent. authorities ; the name Great Phrygia in this new sense does not occur (our authorities say * amy eh and ‘Small Phrygia’), but seems necessarily to follow from the other term. VOL. 111.—55 PHRYGIA 865 district of Cibyra, on the south-west, was given over to Car…
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The interpretation of Ac 16° affects that of 18%; and on that account Luke expresses his meaning more briefly in the second pence. In that pas- sage, as Dr. Hort says (Lectures on Colossians and Ephesians, p. 82), ‘he followed his old course (i.e. as in ch. 16) through southern Asia Minor, and this time was allowed to …
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* Compare the precise and clear definition of 1823 by Asterius about a.p. 400, quoted in vol. ii. p. 91. PHRYGIA PHRYGIA 867 inner country as distinguished from the coast ;* but this distinction seems not in harmony with Luke’s narrative: it is of no consequence to him to distinguish coast and interior: moreover, mo…
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According to tradition of somewhat uncertain value, the Lycus valley was afterwards the scene of missionary work by St. John the apostle and by St. Philip (probably the apostle, though several authorities, especially the later, say he was the deacon). Archippus of Colosse, the ‘ fellow-soldier’ of St. Paul (Philem 3), …
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Christianity did not spread uniformly over Phrygia. The three local groups of inscriptions are separated by a large district, where the new religion seems not to have grown so strong until the time of Constantine.* The eh oes martyrs who are known by name almost all belong to the period before A.D. 184 (see Neumann’s l…
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* Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, pt. 11, No. 890 bis; see also ch. xv. on ‘The Jews in Phrygia.’ t Textes Relatifs au Judaisme, p. 240. He thinks they must represent several years’ contribution; but as the two cities stand for all Asian Phrygia and great part of Lydia, it seems not at all impossible that they are t…
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V (left) (right) The hand-phylactery is shaped on a similar block without incisions, and consists of a single compartment (m3 bdéyith) with plain walls, fitted with brim, base, and flap as before. The same four passages are written in four parallel columns on a single piece of parchment, and inserted in the bdyith Bo…
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with 6%). We have now before us the cardinal pee on which has been based the ancient ewish custom of the phylacteries. Do they, we must now ask, or do they not command and sanction this custom? The answer is by no means ΒΟ easy as may at first sight appear, for it is not an affair of exegesis alone, but involves quest…
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In three of the cardinal passages, however (Ex 1319. Dt 6° 115), for the zikkdrén of Ex 13° there is * These marks were called στίγματα by the Greeks (see Stade, ut sup., and Deissmann, Bibdelstudien, 266 ff.); of. LXX Ly 1 γράμματα στικτα, ἡ Cf. Nu 1658. 40 ( Heb. 175. δ), where mix and ΠΥΡῚ are used interchangeably…
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The terminus ad quem is suggested by the famous letter of the pseudo-Aristeas, who repre- sents himself as having been instructed by Eleazar, the then high priest at Jerusalem, in the institu- tions of Moses. The latter, says Eleazar, in addition to ‘the token of remembrance on our garments (see FRINGES) and the texts …
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* Jerome (Comment. in Matth. ad 235) was evidently mis- taken in thinking that the orthodox phylacteries contained the Decalogue. He seems to have confused them with similar ευλαπτήρια used exclusively as amulets (see below). PHYLACTERIES, FRONTLETS 878 interpret the words as enjoining their use ‘from day to day.’ Th…
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LireraTurs.—The commentaries, esp. Dillmann - Ryssel, Exodus, etc.; Dillmann, Driver on Deuteronomy; Kalisch, Exodus (special dissertation, pp. 223-227). The numerous minute Rabbinical prescriptions will be found in the authorita- tive works of Maimonides (Yad Ha-hazaka Hilkoth Tephillin) and co Caro (Shulhan ‘Aruk). E…
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or with a hand or other amulet sign marked upon them for the preservation of fields and vineyards from evil influences. For ‘pictures of silver’ in Pr 25" RV gives ‘baskets (m. filigree work) of silver.’ See Lagarde, Anmerk. z. Gr. Uebersetz. d. Proverb. 80. 2. πη. For a7007 nvrz> by of MT the LXX has ἐπὶ πᾶσαν θέαν πλ…
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* Some count him the sixth procurator, reckoning as the first Sabinus who took charge during the absence of Archelaus (Jos. Ant. xvu. ix. 8, x. 1); but Sabinus, as procurator in Syria under Varus, merely acted to secure Cwsar’s interests after the death of Herod, and while the cause of Archelaus was yet in doubt. t Ex…
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alace of Herod in Jerus., on each of which was inscribed the name of the donor and of him in whose honour the shield was dedicated. But even this aroused the fury of the Jews. Their chief men, including four sons of Herod, besought him to remove the objects of offence; and, when he refused, they wrote to Tiberius, who …
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* Being only ἃ procurator, Pilate had no qumstor, and there- fore con —_— 8 αν, ἘΞ τ at t This narrative of John’s is absolu’ necessary explain the Synoptic account of Pilate’s conden PILATE 877 because the relations between him and Herod had been strained, and he desired to show his friendli- ness. But Herod, perha…
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rofess ἘΣ allesiance to the emperor (Jn 19"), hen he finally delivered Jesus to crucifixion ; but it was quite in keeping with Pilate’s character and with the violence which he had done to his own convictions, that he obstinately refused to change the title on the cross, its very offensiveness to the Jews being a meri…
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+ Tertullian (4. 21) says Pilate at or immediately after Ohrist’s death was ‘already a Christian in his own convictions’ (jam pro sua conscientia Christianus), and in the first Gr. form of the Gosp. of Nicod. (Acts of Pilate) he is described as ‘uncir- cumcised in flesh but circumcised in heart.’ t He and his wife are…
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Much obscurity hangs over the origin of the unhewn stone representation of deity. It has been generally held that that origin is to be found in the primitive fetish worship of which many illustrations have been collected by Prof. Tylor* and other writers from Africa, India, and ancient Hellas. Theophrastus (4th cent. B…
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y stone of this character would mark a Béth-el. Hence such stones came to be called by the Greeks βαίτυλοι or βαιτύλια. In Is 57° we have an interesting reference to the wide pre- valence of this worship of sacred stones, on which drink-offerings were poured and to which meal- offerings were offered. In the wadis, the …
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* Hebrew Proper Names, Ὁ. 194, cf. also 105 f. + On the difficulties of the text of 1 K 71522 dealing with the two pillars in the portico of Solomon's temple, Jachin and Boaz, see Klostermann, Kittel (cf. Jer 62%-%), and ἐμόσαν ὦ ad loc. The last is especially useful on the archmolog details and religious significance…
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PILTAI (‘2}2, B om., A $edqrel).—The head of the priestly house of Moadiah in the time of Joi- PINNACLE akim, Neh 12?” emend to robs, Palti; cf. It is posible that we should ἃ 13%, 1 S 254, 2 233, PIN.—Jg 47: RV for AV ‘nail.’ The Heb. is an} (LXX πάσσαλος). In 5%, by an unaccountable inconsistency, RV retains ‘nai…
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wn. When, however, we remember that the sanctu- was on the nies of a series of terraces, so that its roof would command valleys and moun- tains around Jerus., and even beyond Jordan, it is much more natural and impressive to make the sanctuary roof the scene of this temptation. Meyer objects that, on account of its b…
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The renderings of LXX for Pisgah call for some comment. In the second group (those containing "Ashdéth-happisgah) we find bacyd or Φασχά three times, and τὴν λαξευτήν in Dt 4” In the first group (those containing ‘top of Pisgah’) we find Φασγά once (Dt 34), but Nu 21” τοῦ λελαξευμένου, of the eld by | and Nu 23", Dt …
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If Paul preached in Pisidia, the brevity of the reference rather suggests that the work was un- important and unsuccessful. He found there no ‘door opened unto him’ (2 Co 2"). A rude, little- educated, rustic pop ulaion was not favourable to his teaching; and there is no reason to think that Pisidia was early Christian…
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4. κὮ} (from x33 ? ‘to gather together’) a cistern, as in Is 30“ RV; but in Ezk 474 probably a marsh or pool. δ, ypu (an Aram. loan-word) occurs only in Ec 105 *He that ἀΕδεῖα a pit shall fall into it’; ef. the parallel in Pr 26”, where the word used is nny; root yo) Syr. and Aram. =‘ to dig.’ 6. nop (from an unused…
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For this pit, or bottomless ἀβύσσου, ἄβυσσος, see Rev cf. art. ABYSS. PITCH (np}, 15>, πίσσα) may denote either mineral itch (bitumen), or the vegetable pitch obtained rom resinous trees. Pliny (Nat. Hist. xiv. 25, xvi. 23) reserves the word pra for the latter, while the former is called pissasphaltus. The words rende…
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Herodotus (ii. 158) describes the canal made by Necho to connect the Red Sea with the Nile as starting ‘a little above Bubastis’ (now Zagazig), and passing ‘Patumos, a city in the Arabian nome’ (Πάτουμον τὴν ᾿Αραβίην πόλιν). ‘Arabia,’ οἱ the Arabian nome, was the 20th nome of Lower Egypt, called Sopd-Qemhes in Heypban,…
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. 361), ‘the son of Tum’ is transla’ ‘son of éron’ (or ‘Hér6’). Pi-Tum or Heroopolis was the capital of the 8th nome of Lower Egypt; consequently Herodotus was mistaken in placing Patumos in ‘Arabia.’ It adjoined the Arabian nome, but was not actually in it. The high priest of its temple had the title of Herti-sonti. …
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‘Plague’ in Hos 13" is deber, usually tr. ‘pestilence.’ In 1 Co 1555 κέντρον, ‘sting,’ appears to be the rendering of Ὅτ; the LXX in Hosea uses κέντρον as the translation of 38, and δίκη as that of deber. In NT the issue of blood is called a ‘plague’ in Mk 5”-*, where the Greek term is μάστιξ, literally a ‘scourge.’ T…
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The first sign, that of changing a rod into a serpent, was the converse of the common magical trick of rendering snakes rigid like rods. The African Psylle, who had control over sepenta PLAGUES OF EGYPT either by natural power or artificially by the use of herbs (Ludolf, Hist. of Ethiopia, Gent’s tr. ix. Pi 49), are …
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he plague lasted seven days and was appar- ently then suddenly removed. It was Grittatadl b the magicians, which seems to imply that not all the water of the land was transformed. As to the time of year of its occurrence, if the phenomenon had any relation to the natural discoloration, it probably took place about the …
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PLAGUES OF EGYPT that they were small insects which not only pierced the skin, but set up intolerable itching and pene- trated the eyes and nose. Origen describes them as little flying insects (Hom. in Ez. iv. 6). That they were not lice in the ordinary sense of the word is shown by their attacking beasts as well as m…
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4 e have no mention of the removal of this plague, which probably worked itself out; but unmediately succeeding it, if not a part of the same infliction, was the outbreak of the pny shéhin or ‘boils’ on mankind and beast. This came without warning, Moses and Aaron being in- structed to sprinkle handfuls of the ashes of…
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The species of locust was the 73x ‘arbeh, or common migratory locust (see above, p. 130*). PLAGUES OF EGYPT 892 The peculiarity of the plague was their coming in such immense numbers, for Egypt is by no means sv liable to devastation by locusts as Syria; and they swept clean all the remnants of vegetation that the h…
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In reviewing the narratives of these Divine judgments, we have seen not only that there are reasons to believe that they consisted of eight episodes, 1, 2, 3 (4), 5 (6), 7, 8, 9, 10, but that there is a certain thread of connexion running through the series. If the first took place towards the end of the period of high…
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Plain’ is, on the whole, preferable to ‘valley.’ PLAIN 893 4. 722 (properly a round, e.g. of metal, ἐν. a ‘talent,’ or of bread, t.e. a loaf or round cake), used specifically of the ‘round,’ or as we should probably say, the ‘oval,’ of Jordan, the (approxi- mately) oval or oblong basin into which the depression (el-G…
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resent identified being (beginning at the N.) Dingo (a little S.E. of Lydda), Aijalon, Gedérah, Eshtaol, Zor'ah, Beth-shemesh, ‘En-gannim, Za- noah, Jarmuth, Socoh, ‘Adullam, Maréshah, ‘Eglon and Lachish (W.S.W. of Maréshah), and Beth- tappuah (a little W. of Hebron): Adida (included in it in 1 Mac 12%) is a little N. …
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* This verb pny in its Qal conjug. is the usual verb in Gn (where alone it is found) meaning to laugh(Gn 1717 1812.13. 15 bis 216); in its Piel conjug. it occurs Gn 1914 219(RVm ‘ play’) 3914.17 (followed by 3) where it is tr. ‘mock’; 268 ‘sport’; and Jg 1625 ‘make sport.’ t This, a later form of pny, is the verb tran…
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2. pay occurs four times, Dt 241% 11. 12,15 (LXX ἐνέχυρον). In vv." it is prescribed that when an Israelite lends to his neighbour on the security of a pledge, he is not to go into the house for the purpose of fetching his pledge, but the borrower is to have the right of selecting the article. Vv.'*” contain the same p…
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have felt constrained to reject [see art. ORION], and partly on a mistaken derivation and explana- tion of nwo (LXX δεσμόν), which does not mean outpourings, but ‘ bands,’ ‘links,’ ‘ knots.’ As might have been expected, this conspicuous group of stars arrested the attention and exercised the imagination of many people…
389 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.