PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 241
Under Claudius and Nero, when St. Paul visited the churches of South Galatia, Lycaonia included the two parts, the Roman and the Antiochian. The former contained two cities, Lystra and Derbe, and a number of villages and small towns, chiefly towards the north-east, and it is correctly de- scribed (Ac 14°) as ‘the citie…
1,081 wordsSECTION 242Section 242
* Myra is mentioned also in the Bezan text of Ac 211. Λυκιακὸν Σύστημα. Nearly 100 places in Lycia are known to have struck coins, and Pliny, Nat. Hist. v. 28, says there were formerly 70 cities, and in his time only 36; but only 23 had votes in the Assembly, called τὸ κοινὸν συνέδριον (six cities of the first rank ha…
1,000 wordsSECTION 243Section 243
The avoidance of the name Lydia in the NT to designate the country, though the action often lies in its cities, is due to the fact that the early Church accepted from the first the Roman political divisions (i.e. the provinces), and classified accord- ingly. St. Paul, St. John, and St. Peter always speak of the Roman p…
924 wordsSECTION 244Section 244
i tits is much the same ag ἡ κάτω ‘Acie (Paousan. 1. iv. 6; Irenwus, ap. Euseb. HE vy. xx. 5), t.¢. lower Asin as distinguished from upper Asia (compare ἡ ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου ‘Aria, Cis-Tauran Asia, as distinguished from Trans-Tauran, a common phrase); | but such expressions imply one part taken out of the whole. t See …
1,082 wordsSECTION 245Section 245
2. See CLAUDIUS LYSIAS. LYSIMACHUS (Avoluaxos).—1. L., the son of Ptolemy, of Jerus., is named in the subscription to the Greek edition of Esther (Ad. Est 11") as the translator of that book into Greek. This state- ment may imply that the additional sections, for which no Heb. original existed, are also to be ascribed…
917 wordsSECTION 246Section 246
* Good ΡΝ are found jn inscriptions of Pessinus (Korte in Athen, Mittheil. 1897, pp. 16, 89) and of the Milyadic Zeus- a (Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, pt. i. p. ful influence in the Seleucid and Pergamenian cities of Asia Minor. A town doubtless existed there before the Roman colony was founded ; but it …
1,214 wordsSECTION 247Section 247
N. J, Ὁ. WHITE. MAACAH.—A small Aramzan kingdom in Gaulanitis, the modern Jau/ién, east of the Sea of Galilee (G. A. Smith, HGHTL p. 553; Ewald, HI ii. 302). In Dt 3%, Jos 12° the territory in Bashan assigned to Manasseh extends ‘unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites.’ But in Jos 13" ‘the border’ of th…
906 wordsSECTION 248Section 248
MAASMAS (Μαασμᾶς, AV Masman), 1 Es 88%,— Corresponds to SHEMAIAH, Ezr 8". But the text is corrupt, Σαμαίας the Gr. equivalent of Shemaiah being inserted later in the verse. MAATH (Madé@).—An ancestor of Jesus, Lk 335, MAAZ (γυφῷ, Mads).—A Jewish family name, 1 Ch Qn, MAAZIAH (πριν, Ὑπ|0}}}}}.-- τ ὴθ name of a priestl…
1,050 wordsSECTION 249Section 249
li, THE NAME MACCABEE.—As already indicated, Maccabeus (Gr. Μακκαβαῖος, ? Heb. *27>) is properly the distinctive surname of Judas, third son of Mattathias, and after him leader of the heroic struggle against the Seleucid (1 Mac 2® 31 etc.). For long it was held that Maccabee was formed from the initials of the opening …
1,077 wordsSECTION 250Section 250
MACCABEES, THE MACCABEES, THE 183 the courts were cleared away ; the idol-altar was destroyed, and a new altar erected ; and in general the sacred furniture which had been removed by Antiochus Epiphanes was replaced. On the 25t Chislev (Dec.) 165, just three years after its first defilement, the temple was purified …
1,020 wordsSECTION 251Section 251
is little band were overcome by sheer weight of numbers. ‘Judas fell, and the rest fled’ (1 Mac 918), His body was carried off by his brothers and laid in the sepulchre of his fathers at Modin (161). In the long roll of Israelitish worthies we meet with no more striking personality than that of Judas Maccabeus. His pi…
905 wordsSECTION 252Section 252
At this juncture Jonuthan boldly laid siege te the Acra, and as boldly appeared to answer for himself before the king at Ptolemais. The result was a triumph of ἘΠῚ πεν He carried costly gifts to the king; and the latter, instead of treat- ing him as a rebel, ‘gave him pre-eminence among his Chief Friends’ (1 Mac 11”), …
908 wordsSECTION 253Section 253
Now that the war was over, Simon applied him- self with increased vigour to the task of strength- ening the defences of Judea. Having made Joppa a Jewish port, he laid siege to the fortress of Gazara, and expelled the heathen inhabitants. Shortly afterwards he appointed his son John commander-in-chief of his forces, wi…
931 wordsSECTION 254Section 254
whose name was inscribed on the coins. Men liked to flatter themselves that the prophetic gift had been restored in his person (Jos. An¢, XII. xX. 7). Outwardly brilliant, however, as his reign was, it was marked by a strong development of internal discord. It was at this time that the sects of the Pharisees and Saddu…
921 wordsSECTION 255Section 255
ates and make a money payment; but wher Gasincs was sent for the money, the gates were MACCABEES, THE closed against him, and Pompey advanced against Jerusalem. The party of Hyrcanus, to which fear of the Romans brought many accessions, opened the city gates, but the supporters of Aristobulus entrenched themselves in…
1,000 wordsSECTION 256Section 256
A. I MAccABEES, . Contents and Style. ἐς ΘΑ th ginal boo! nguage of the ori ik. Author. Date. Sources. . Historicity. Religious character. . Use in the Christian Church, . The MSS. 11. Versions, B. II Maccasres. 1. Contents and Historicity. 2. Author. 8. Language. 4. Sources and Date. δ. Relation to 1 Mac. 6. Religious…
943 wordsSECTION 257Section 257
eb. idioms and OT phrases (1% 2* etc.), as well as the whole structure of the sentences, precludes the idea of its having been written originally in Greek. There are also in the Greek text many obscurities, due in all probability to mistaken renderings from the Hebrew (28 6! 118 145). More- over, at this period no Pale…
1,097 wordsSECTION 258Section 258
8. Religious Character.—The religious character of the book corresponds to its trustworthiness as history. It breathes a spirit of genuine piety. The standpoint of the author is that of οὐ Πραὲς devotion to ‘the law and the ordinances’ (2*), and unqualified abhorrence of heathen presump- tion (135), blasphemies (7%), a…
903 wordsSECTION 259Section 259
1. Contents and Historicity.—In its present form 2 Mac begins with two letters in which the Pales- tinian Jews urgently invite their kinsmen in Egypt to take part in the Feast of the Dedication (1-2"), whether in Egypt or in Jerusalem is not quite clear, although the latter supposition has the greater probability. Then…
936 wordsSECTION 260Section 260
joints, perhaps, to his having been no longer resi- ent at Cyrene when his work was written. 2. Author.—The personality of the epitomizer is unknown. He was perhaps an Alexandrian Jew, although his work bears no trace of the Jewish- Alexandrian philosophy of religion, and contains nothing alien to the orthodox Palesti…
976 wordsSECTION 261Section 261
references to the Romans. If 2 Mac was known to Philo (see below), this would fix the inferior limit of its composition at about A.D. 40. 5. Relation to 1 Mac.—2 Mac contains much that is special to itself, but where it evidently covers the same ground as 1 Mac it does so with many divergences of detail. It is not, of…
1,026 wordsSECTION 262Section 262
Israel is ‘God’s people’ (136), His ‘portion’ (ἡ μερὶς αὐτοῦ, 14%); their calamities are His loving chastisement for their sins (5'8 6”) ; and from them He will never withdraw His mercy (618). The heathen, on the other hand, are allowed to fill up their cup of iniquity prior to their destruction (61), Foreign kings and…
956 wordsSECTION 263Section 263
MACCABEES, BOOKS OF tnat 500 elephants should be intoxicated with wine and incense and let loose upon the Jews in the racecourse. Although all was in readiness for it, the execution of the order was delayed for another day because the king had slept until it was past the hour fixed for his principal daily meal (5'-*).…
1,116 wordsSECTION 264Section 264
3. Integrity.—In its present form 3 Mac appears to be incomplete. It begins abruptly (ὁ δὲ Φιλο- adrwp); in 13 there is a reference to ‘the plot’ (τὴν ἐπιβουλήν) of which no previous mention has been made; and in 2” allusion is made to the king’s ‘before-mentioned’ companions, although the fore- roing part of the work …
1,116 wordsSECTION 265Section 265
ave been more in place in the first part of his work. In 17-18? the author sets down his final impressions regarding the character and signifi- cance of the martyrdoms described by him. The closing section (18***) ap beats to be an appendix by a Jater hand, but the nature of it indicates that it must have been added at…
959 wordsSECTION 266Section 266
MACCABEES, BOOKS OF 195 and seeks to show that only through obedience ta its precepts can the Stoic ideal of humanity be realized. In the concrete examples of endurance unto death furnished by the Maccabean martyrs he sees the perfection of piety (12 1517), and a conclusive proof that in virtue’s cause the Hebrews alo…
982 wordsSECTION 267Section 267
MACEDONIA (Maxedovla=the land of the Maxe- δόνες, who, themselves akin to the Doric branch of the Greeks, formed the core of a mixed nationality, to which Illyrian, Pzonian, and Thracian elements contributed along with numerous Greek colonies) was in antiquity the common name for a region in the centre of the Balkan pe…
976 wordsSECTION 268Section 268
* Ramsay (St. Paul the Trav. p. 203) suggests that the ‘man of Macedonia’ who was seen by Paul in a vision (Ac 169) is to be identified with Luke himself, who meets the apostle at Troas. MACHBANNAI became the property of Antipas, being situated in nis tetrarchy. When Awtipas divorced his wife, the daughter of Aretas…
1,044 wordsSECTION 269Section 269
. F. STENNING. MACHNADEBAI (‘37222 ; B Μαχαδναβού, Maxva- δααβού, τὰ ᾿Αχαδναβού, Luc. καὶ Nadafov).—One of the sons of Bani, who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 10%. G. Buchanan Gray (Expos. Times, Feb. 1899, p. 232f.), partly upon the strength of the above readings in B and δὲ, argues that the latter element in the w…
973 wordsSECTION 270Section 270
MACHPELAH are to this very time shown in this small city: the fabric of which monuments is of the most excellent marble, and wrought after the most excellent manner.’ He makes Hebron, and not Gibeon, the site of the ‘high place’ where Solomon yrayed for wisdom (2 Ch 1°; Ané. vill. 11. 1); and erome appears to suggest…
955 wordsSECTION 271Section 271
Benjamin of Tudela (1163) states of Hebron: ‘Here is the large place of worship called St. Abraham, which during the time of the Moham- medans was a synagogue. The Gentiles have erected six sepulchres in this place, which they retend to be those of Abraham and Sarah, of saac and Rebekah, and of Jacob and Leah ; the pi…
905 wordsSECTION 272Section 272
Jichus ha-Aboth (1537, a tract) describes the Haram area: ‘An admirable and magnificent edifice, attributed to king David on whom be peace. Near the door is a little window in the wall ; they pretend that it extends to the cavern : it is here that the Jews pray, as they are not allowed to go into the interior’ (PE£/ St…
982 wordsSECTION 273Section 273
eat cave is said to exist, must be a detached <noll ; since on all sides there is lower ground, and a retaining wall 40 ft. high’ (ΡῈ FSt, 1881, p. 267). But Robinson (BRP ii. 76) says, ‘The buildings stand on the slope of the eastern hill; the rocks having been excavated along the upper side, in order to lay the found…
1,063 wordsSECTION 274Section 274
Within the church, adjoining its northern wall, in a line between the tombs of Abraham and Isaac, is a perforated stone (at point E on plan) which rises above the floor of the church. The perforation is 2 circular hole, a little more than 12in. in diameter, leading by a shaft into a chamber below, the bottom of which i…
911 wordsSECTION 275Section 275
LITERATURE.—Ritter, Erdkunde, Paldstina, 209; Robinson, BRP ii. 75; SWP iii. 333; Stanley, S. and P., and Lectures on the Jewish Church; Archives de (Orient Latin, ii. 411; Pal. Pilgrim Text Soc. Publications ; Palestine wnder the Moslems, p. 218; PEFSt (1882) 197, (1897) 53. C. WARREN. MACRON (Μάκρων), the surname of…
1,305 wordsSECTION 276Section 276
Li-Mejdel, with a confidence by no means justi- fied by known facts, is often pointed out as the birthplace of Mary Magdalene. This hamlet, and a handful of squalid hovels at Abu Shusheh above the stream of er-Rubadiyeh, with a few tents of the humbler Arabs, are all the dwellings of men now found in this once densely …
1,112 wordsSECTION 277Section 277
It is partly owing to this vagueness in the meaning of the word that so little certainty can be arrived at in regard to the most important allusion to the Magi in the Bible—that in Mt 2. We are told that certain μάγοι came from the east to pay their homage to the king of the Jews, whose star they had seen at its rising…
972 wordsSECTION 278Section 278
(2) Various attempts have been made to discover unusual astronomical phenomena at this time, which might have aroused the attention of the Magi. Kepler (De vero anno, ete. 1614) calculated that a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn took place in B.C. 7 ; Ideler (Handb. d. Chronol. ii. 399), and more recently Pritchard, h…
1,113 wordsSECTION 279Section 279
The attempt to discredit Mt 2 by producing close arallels is not successful. The scene at Plato’s eath in Sen. Zp. 58 is more remarkable for its differences than its resemblances; the story of Moses, as given in Jos. Ant. Il. ix. 2, though more like Mt 2 than the parallel section in Ex, does not deserve the importanc…
968 wordsSECTION 280Section 280
MAGIC, MAGICIAN LiTERATURE.—The most important works ere cited in the course of the article, while further references can be found from them. On traditions as to the Magi and Epiphany see also Smith, DB, art. ‘Magi’; Bingham, Origines, vol. ix. p. 66; Hone, Everyday Book, Jan. 6. V. M. BENECKE. MAGIC, MAGICIAN.—Magie…
965 wordsSECTION 281Section 281
In the definition, or rather description, above iven we have had chiefly in view the usages and liefs of the Christian era and the ages that pre- ceded it. In other words, magic is regarded as the outgrowth of demonology, the necessary accom- iment of a belief in demons. To quote once more from Blau’s treatise: ‘These…
1,056 wordsSECTION 282Section 282
208 guarded the hair, RA the face, Hathor took the eyes under her protection, Anubis the lips, while Thoth took oversight over all the limbs. Further interesting details on this subject may be obtained MAGIC, MAGICIAN from Dr. A. Wiedemann’s Religion der alten | Egypter, p. 146 f. n Babylonia demonology and magie w…
906 wordsSECTION 283Section 283
The demons which are mentioned in the incanta- tion texts amount to hundreds. They are of various classes: those which inhabit the field, those which haunt the resting-places of the dead, and the evil demons which inflict physical suffer- ing. It is with the last we are now speciall concerned ; and the means by which t…
905 wordsSECTION 284Section 284
In the lines repeated by the exorcizer above noted we notice as significant the appeal to farduk. The invocation of the greater deities was the leading characteristic of these counter- spells. Demons were related to the gods as in- feriors to superiors. Doubtless, in some cases, the dividing line was slight, but that t…
989 wordsSECTION 285Section 285
- Ε ΞΞ---- “10 MAGIC, MAGICIAN Here, as in the case of 4's (Dn 1° 277 47 5), ef. Assyr. asipu), we have probably Babylonian loan words. We have already indicated (art. DEMON) that the Heb. ww (with its Aramaic equivalent) was of like origin. In earlier days than the Exile, especially in the 15th and previous centurie…
927 wordsSECTION 286Section 286
An obscure reference in the Bk. of Job (3°), in which the speaker, cursing the night of his birth, exclaims— ‘May those who curse the day, curse it, Who understand how to stir up Leviathan,’ t— has been considered to refer to the mythical dragon who was believed to seize upon the sun or moon when eclipsed. ‘The magici…
903 wordsSECTION 287Section 287
Most potent of all names in these spells was that of ἄρά, expressed in every conceivable form, sometimes as ov'n, sometimes as the tetragrammaton itself. This subject, as well as the great variety of modes in which the sacred Hebrew name appears in Egyptian magic papyri, will be found fully set forth in Blau’s instruct…
922 wordsSECTION 288Section 288
‘Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo.’” LirerATURE.—The literature of this subject is very copious, and a full list will be found in the pages of Schiirer, pp. 300- 804. In addition to the catalogue there given, Morris Jastrow’s chapter on Babylonian Magic and Blau’s treatise should be con- sulted. To these w…
941 wordsSECTION 289Section 289
A. H. SAYCE. MAGOR-MISSABIB (2255 32>; LXX, Theod. μέτοικον (-xov A*); according to Jerome (ap. Field), Aq. Ist ed. circumspicientem (περιορῶντα), 2nd ed. peregrinum (πάροικον, προσήλυτον, μέτοικον ΟΥ ξένον) ; Symm. ablatum (ἀφῃρημένον), or congregatum et couctum (συνηθροισμένον) ; according to Q™, oa Symm., and Theod…
1,202 wordsSECTION 290Section 290
From the above sketch of the history of Maha- naim it will be seen that the biblical narrative affords but little assistance in identifying its exact site. From Gn 32 it seems clear that it lay some- where near the Jordan to the N. of the Jabbok and of the great gorge (or Bithron,2S 2”). Accord- ing to Jos 13 it was si…
915 wordsSECTION 291Section 291
MAHER-SHALAL-HASH-BAZ (13 oy Shy πὰρ ‘spoil speedeth, prey hasteth’; LXX, v.1 τοῦ ὀξέως προνομὴν ποιῆσαι σκύλων, ν.3 ταχέως σκύλευσον ὀξέως προνόμευσον ; 15 81" 5).---Α symbolical name given to one of Isaiah’s sons to signify the speedy destruc- tion of the power of the allied kings Rezin and Pekah by the king of Assyr…
1,016 wordsSECTION 292Section 292
and means ‘dance.’ St. Jerome’s rendering chorus (Lag. Onom. Sac.* p. 73) should be interpreted in chia way, and not in its musical acceptation. The intimate connexion of the temple ritual with the names Ethan and Heman permits a conjecture that the expression ‘sons of dance’ was originally a note applying to Ethan an…
974 wordsSECTION 293Section 293
* See more fully Oraik, Eng. of Shak. p. 63 ff. 216 MAKE doms of the earth’; and Dn 7* ‘it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon the feet as a man’ (RV ‘made to stand’). Cf. Shaks. Comedy of Errors, τι. i. 26, ‘This servitude makes you to keep unwed’; Hamlet, Ill. iii. 186, ‘Make you to ravel all this mat…
1,050 wordsSECTION 294Section 294
‘Sent before my time Into this breathing world, scarce half made And that so lamely and unfashionable That dogs bark at me as I halt by them’, Timon, V. i. 101— taprigwot). up, ‘Remain assured That he’s a made-up [=perfect) villain’; and in a slightly different sense, Knox, Hist. 177, ‘oppress the inhabitants ther…
945 wordsSECTION 295Section 295
A. T. CHAPMAN. MAKKEDAH (39>; Maxnéd [in Jos 1055. 9 154 B has Μακηδάν]; Syr. Mokor; Vulg. Maceda),— A royal city of the Canaanites, situated in the MAKKEDAI 217 Shephélah or lowland of Judah, mentioned (Jos 15*} with Gederoth, Beth-dagon, and Naamah in the list of cities allotted to Judah. The last three are perhap…
975 wordsSECTION 296Section 296
In the PEF survey of Western Palestine the present village of el-Mughdr (‘the caves’) was adopted by the surveyors, who found that at this site alone, of all the possible sites for Makkedah in the Philistine plain, do caves still exist. The following points are in favour of this site. It is on the northern border-lin…
980 wordsSECTION 297Section 297
* For the contraction it is possible and customary to appeal to the fact that the name of the mother of Hezekiah is given as ‘2 Abi in 2K 183, and as ™3x Abijah in 20h 291. But, since Abjijah must be translated ‘J” is father,’ this Ly Arrears would require that Malachi should be rendered, not ‘ the messenger of J”, but…
1,154 wordsSECTION 298Section 298
content of repentance consisted in the due pay- ment of Levitical tithes (37), and so makes the return to J” shallow, one must join with that his idea of the priesthood in itself and in its work. The glory of the priests of olden time was in his eyes their moral dignity. His representation of that past may be very far…
903 wordsSECTION 299Section 299
etc., are really offered to the one and only God. According to another, it refers to the already widely scattered Jews of the dis- persion, who, in the many lands of their exile, are offering to J” i are pure though beyond the holy land. Sacrifices, which MALACHI with the ideas in which he had been educated, and the…
1,113 wordsSECTION 300Section 300
It is only the beginning and the first causes of such a state of things which are to be found in Malachi. The conflicting ideas seem to struggle in his mind. He can write of J" as receiving an accept- able worship beyond the limits of the holy land, and so can forecast the worship ‘in spirit and in truth.’ But already …
1,003 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.