PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 361
What is virtually an enactment of the levirate law, and that the oldest, is given in narrative form in the story of Tamar and Judah (Gn 38). Here the object of the marriage is ‘to raise up seed’ to the deceased (v.8); the person upon whom the obligation rests is the younger brother, failing whom the next in age (v.*); …
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* An expression of this idea is quoted from the Mahabharata (Muir's tr.) by Max Miller, Anthrop. Rel, p. 31— ‘That stage completed, seek a wife And gain the fruit of wedded life, A race of sons, by rites to seal, When thou art gone, thy spirit’s weal’ MARRIAGE ascribed to the dead man in virtue of the same ideas a…
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The first important stage in the iseteabiial procedure was the settlement of the amount of the so-called dowry, and the payment or part payment of the same. he dowry of the OT (rnb Gn 3413, Ex 2271S 18% ; cf. Ex 2216, where RV has ‘pay a dowry’) was not a portion brought by the bride into the husband’s family, but a p…
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After the betrothal the bride was under the same restrictions as a wife. If unfaithful she ranked and was punished as an adulteress (Dt 22™-™); and on the other hand the bridegroom, if he wished to break the contract, had the same privileges, and had also to observe the same formalities as in the case of divorce. The s…
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The relation of the Apt Sa re to the situation pre- supposed in the parable of the Ten Virgins requires elucidation. ‘More rarely it happened,’ says Nowack (i. p. 163), ‘that a procession poniinrtadi Sie bride to meet the bridegroom as he approached with his friends (1 Mac $7"); in the evening such a procession sometim…
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This somewhat conjectural account of the ancient marriage ceremony would have an important addition could we follow Mackie in interpreting Ps 196 in the light of modern custom. “At a Jewish wedding,’ he says, ‘ the most interesting feature is the canopy under which the bride; mand bride sit or stand during the ceremony…
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In the succeeding period interest centred in the question of the precise nature of the Deut. con- dition justifying divorce, and the vagueness of the language in which the wife’s offence was described gave rise to one of the most famous of rabbinical controversies: What was the ‘unseemly thing’ (22 nny, lit. ‘nakedness…
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ivorces the wife of his youth,’ said R. Eleazar, ‘even the altar of God sheds tears’ (Amram, Jewish Law of Divorce, p. 37). That ‘the unseemly thing’ was not a euphemism for unchastity may be confidently assumed in view of the fact that Dt pre- scribes the capital punishment for adultery. But recent scholar- ship at le…
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Among Protestant writers the more urgent question has been whether, consistently with the teaching of Christ and His apostles, divorce may be sought on other grounds than adultery ; and the laxer modern practice has usually been justified as an extended application of the principle embodied in the words ascribed to Jes…
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The right of the wife to divorce her husband, which was conceded at least under later Greek and Roman law, was an idea repugnant to Hebrew custom and enactment. The only trace of such an idea is the legal provision that 1f a bondwoman hecome a wife, and if she be denied conjugal rislits, she shall go out free without m…
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How large a portion of the body of Christian doctrine may be set forth, and with the sanction of Scripture, under the category of the marriage re- lation, may be briefly indicated. (1) Under the doctrine of God this representa- tion, besides embodying as its fundamental prin- ciples the divine sovereignty and love, la…
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(2) 195» tiphsar (Jer 5157) or 1220 taphsér (Nah 3"), The meaning of this word—a loan-word in Heb.— is not certainly known, but Lenormant (followed by most scholars) compares the Bab. - Assyr. dupsarru [dup arru, Delitzsch], ‘tablet-writer’ ; so RVm to Nah 3” ‘thy scribes.’ The title ‘scribe’ might very well be given t…
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J. HASTINGs. MARVELLOUS is an adverb in Wis 19%, ‘seeing thy marvellous strange wonders’ (θαυμαστὰ τέρατα, RV ‘strange marvels’). Cf. Ps 31%, Pr. Bk. ‘Thanks be to the Lord: for he hath showed me marvellous great kindness in a strong city’; and Ps 145° ‘Great is the Lord, and faervallods worthy to be praised’ (but mod…
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In Lk 234-58 we are told generally that the women which came from Galilee stood afar off at the crucifixion and followed Joseph to the tomb to see how the body was laid, and prepared spices and ointments, which they brought at early dawn on the first day. Entering into the tomb they saw two men in dazzling apparel, who…
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arable of the Two Debtors; and a contrast is drawn etween his neglect of the ordinary forms of hos- pitality and the humble devotion of the penn woman, who is bidden to go in peace. In the other Gospels the disciples are reminded that the poor would be always with them, while their Master would shortly leave them; tha…
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* This view is taken by Ephraem Syrus, Paulinus, Victor of Capua in his Diatessaron (see quotations in Faillon, i. 37, 146), Grotius, Strauss, and the rationalistic interpreters generally, and also by Hengstenberg. + See art. on ANOINTING, where reference is made to tian monuments, as bearing witness to the practice …
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Before examining other explanations, we will just mention the attempts which have been made to get over two minor difficulties: (1) the dis- crepancy as to the anointing of feet or head ; (2) the nature of the locality where the sinful woman lived. As to (1), some have compared Ps * The reading of the best MSS, ἀφ᾽ ὃς…
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Prof. W. M. Ramsay ®* favours this third view, but considers that ‘the attempts to harmonize John with Mark and Matthew fail completely. John, who says that “they made him a supper there, and Martha served,” obviously places the meal in Martha’s house: it seems quite absurd to suppose that she would be serving in the h…
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ristian writers is, as a rule, uncritical. Difficulties are not felt. They are much more anxious to extract a useful moral from their text by means of some forced allegory, than to ascertain the precise meaning of the words as they were understood by the speaker and hearers, or to get a clear conception of the actual f…
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Discussion recommenced with the rise of the Reformation in the treatise of Faber Stapulensis de Maria Magdalena, which was somewhat feebly answered by Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and condemned by the Sorbonne in 1521, on the ground that Faber departed ‘ab universali Ecclesiw ritu * See the translation in vol. of Ante…
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§ See Hengstenberg, l.c. p. 2. | See his sermon on ‘Our Risen Lord’s Love for Penitenta,’ in which he refers to his note at the end of Sermons preached at St. Saviour’s proving the identity of the sister of Martha, the penitent who anointed the Lord’s feet, and St. Mary Magdalene. 4] Dr. E. A. Abbott suggests that ἢ …
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Nothing is really known to us of the subsequent history of the Ν agdalene. The Greek Church believed that she died at Ephesus, whither she had followed St. John,* and that her relics were removed from thence to Constantinople by the Emperor Leo vi. The story, however, which took root in the West was very different. It …
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vili. See next article. J. B. Mayor. MARY (THE VIRGIN). —This subject may be considered under four heads: (A) the story ot her life as it is given (1) in the NT, (2) in the Apocry- phal Gospels and elsewhere; (B) the history of ae respecting her; (C) her place in Liturgi- ology ; (D) her place in Art. A. 1. What we a…
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MARY MARY 287 Peter, and St. John are alike emphatic in in- sisting on the fact of the Incarnation as the central truth of the Christian religion, and alike silent as to the way in which it was brought about. The ancient Syriac Gospel discovered at Mt. Sinai, and published in 1894, of which a translation was publis…
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2. The brief but exquisite sketch of our Lord’s early years contained in the NT provided a natural stimulant to imagination and curiosity, and the craving for further particulars was supplied by the writers of the Apocryphal Gospels, sometimes with the ulterior aim of magnifying asceticism or incul- cating some special…
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* The tradition of the cave is found in some of the earliest Christian writers, e.g. Justin, Dial. 78; Orig. c. Cels.i. 61. It is supposed to have been derived from Is 3316 οὗτος οἰχήσει iv ὑψυλὼ σανυλαίω πίτρας ἰσχυρᾶς. See Blass, 1.6. p. 165. + This is referred to by Clem. Alex. Strom. 889, μετὰ τὸ rextiv αὐτὴν μαιω…
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For Jewish and Mohammedan traditions with pv to Mary, see Canon Meyrick’s article ‘Mary the Virgin,’ in Smith’s DB. The only point which need be mentioned here is the Jewish slander reported by Celsus,* to the effect that Jesus was the illegitimate son of Mary and a soldier Pandera. B. As early as the 2nd cent. we fin…
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* Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 8.0. MARTYRS, R&LICS, Wonpers, Licuts, 1 See Gieseler, E.H. ii. p. 24 ff.; Bede, H.E. Angl. i. 30; Augusti, Denkw. iii. 9 ff.; Maitland, Dark Ages, p. 149 f., Homily on Jdolatry, parts 2 and 3; J. J. Blunt, Vestiges of Ancient Customs in Modern Italy. Σ ‘The fact that some ancie…
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It must not be supposed, however, that there was no protest against the constantly advancing tide of Mariolatry. Beside the Nestorians an the Eastern Iconoclasts, who were to a certain | extent supported by the Frankish Church under Charlemagne, there were various sects, Paulicians,} Cathari, and later the Waldenses …
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octrine of the Virgin and the Saints (Essay on Development, ch. 8).* (3) As early as the 5th cent. Augustine gives a warning against the worship of saints in the words, δ τόπο τες sunt propter imitationem, non ador- andi propter religionem’ (de Vera Religione, 55) ; ‘Colimus martyres eo cultu dilectionis et societati…
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* Eirenicon, 168-172. t See articles Mary and Rosary in Dict. of Christian Antiquities. t The festivals thus denoted are marked with red letters in the Church of England calendar. § The festivals thus denoted, as well as that of St. Anne, the mother of the Me ΕΝ (July 26), are marked as black-letter feasts in the Ch…
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MASCHIL The motive of this is, according to Petavius, a ‘kind of olay: lurking, as Augustine says, nay, implanted in human hearts, which is greatly abhorrent from theology, that is, from the gravity of heavenly wisdom.’ LireraturE.—Hofmann, R., Leben Jesu nach den Apokryphen erzihit, 1851; Protevangelium Jacobi, Evan…
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Ὁ. S. MARGOLIOUTH. MASSAH (npo, t.e. ‘ proving,’ ‘trial’; (ὁ) πειρασμός, in Dt 33% wetpa).—The name given to the place, near Rephidim, at which, according to Ex 17}, the Israelites ‘tempted’ J” (i.e. in the old sense of the word, tried Him, put Him to the proof), doubt- ing (ν.3) His power to save them in their thirst…
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MATRED (77»2, Ball compares the Arab. mitrad, ‘a short spear’).—The mother-in-law (?) of Hadar (Gn) or Hadad (Ch), one of the kings of Edom, Gn 36° (A Marpalé)=1 Ch 1% (A Ματράδ). In Gn the LXX and Pesh. make Matred the son not the daughter of Me-zahab, which is accepted by Ball, who reads 13 instead of MT na. Kittel i…
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MATTER.—In Sir 28” ‘matter’ is used where we should now use ‘material’ instead, ‘As the (March 1895, p. 136 ff.) Budde argues that Mattanah is not a proper name at all, but that the song should end— ‘With the sceptre, with their staves, Out of the desert a gift’; and then v.19 resume ‘and from Beer (LXX ἀσὸ gpiares) t…
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J. V. BARTLET. **MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF.— i, External Evidence of Authorship, ete. ii. Internal Data and Characteristics. (a) OT Quotations. (δ) Chs. 1-2. (c) The Sources: (1) The Zogia : (a) Sermon on the Mount ; (8) the Disciple Discourse, ch. 10; (y) the Parables of ch. 18; (6) the Discourse in ch. 18; (e) the late…
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* A later date for Papias’ work is too readily assumed. Eusebius (// Ziii. 37) reckons him in ‘the first line of succession (διαδοχήν) from the apostles,’ through whose writings the tradi- tion of apostolic teaching lived on. He then names Tguauus and Clement as cases, and proceeds at once to Papias. The next book open…
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MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF 297 brews’ *—along with the lack of any trace of a common Matthzan document in Aramaic or Greek, suggests that all that really belonged to the apostle was a type of oral teaching. In that case our Mt would be related to the apostle much as Mk is related to St. Peter; and the difference in their title…
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(a) The Sermon on the Mount, Mt 5-7.—Weiz- siicker subjects this sermon, ‘a kind of catechism’ set in the forefront of this Gospel, to an analysis which reveals its true nature as ‘a kind of code, such as originated in and was designed for the Church.’ This transformation of Christ’s teaching into forms adapted to the …
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t Here, too, there may be later or editorial elements, v4 in particular. But Lk’s divergent arrangement by no means proves that these subjects were no part of the Matthiwan Logia. ¢ On the other hand, 7% (-11). f- are out of place. MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF 299 of the Church’s echoed counsels to the Mes…
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(ε) The later Parables.—Similarly the three par- ables of 2178-2214, centring in that of the Vineyard common to the Synopties, define the Church’s rela- tions to Judaism. In the first two of these parables we get the phrase ἡ Bac. τοῦ θεοῦ, so rare in Mt, and perhaps a mark of the later stratum in its Logia. In 12%> t…
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The whole of Mk 815 influences Mt 5%. Not only does Jesus ascend ‘ ie mountain,’ though no special locality is in question ; but the reference to disciples as coming to Him creates some obscurity touching the persons addressed in the Sermon. Mt has just referred to ‘the crowds’ ; and at the end we hear of its effect, n…
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The next step is more obscure; but the link seems to be a similarity of oceasion (to which time is subordinated). As the last event was ὀψίας γενομένης (ΞΕ ΜῈ 13%), so he subjoins another evening scene (Mk 4% ὀψίας yev., Jesus saith Διέλθωμεν els τὸ πέραν" K. ἀφέντες τὸν ὄχλον... ). The motive of departure, too, comes …
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idea (διὰ τὴν ὀλιγοπιστίαν, ™) ; and a favourite word, θεραπεύειν (28. 18), + The other case of this rare word, 14, is also in Mk’s wake. + The προσ(ελθοῦσαγ.... τοῦ κρασπέδον common to Mtand Lk might seem to need a literary link. But both regularly prefer προσελθεῖν for ‘approach * (see Mt S%<Lk S™, cf. Lk 714); whi…
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(g) Eschatological Standpoint and Date.—Here the concluding Woes on the scribes and Pharisees lead up to the Last Things. 234-%, The blood of the Prophets will come on them. This is fuller than Lk of colour from Pales- tinian experiences, and of presage of the reckoning imminent. The addition of ‘ son of Barachiah’ (n…
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2477.28, The Son of Man comes like the lightning. Mt (Lk elsewhere, 17) repeats the warning against being led away by rumours of Messiah’s having been seen in various retired places (ef. Apoc. Bar 48%4)—so showing the topic of the hour when he wrote. The comparison of Messiah’s Coming to lightning is found in Apoc. Ba…
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Since the discovery of the Sinaitic codex of the Old Syriac version of the Gospels, it has been argued that our text of Mt 116 is not original, but secondary. Not only is this refuted by study of the various forms in which divergence from our oldest Gr. MSS occurs in certain groups of authorities (see, δ... Zahn’s Ein…
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*Lk ἸΌΝ had in his ‘special source’ a mixed gospel embodying the bulk of his Zogian element as it now stands in our Lk. 304 its later Petrine form. At some stage which we cannot now trace they took on the special impress of the Apostle Matthew,* probably in a ministry of which Galilee, rather than Judwa, was the sce…
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(8) Alltheoriesof Mt must be both problematic and complex. Zahn’s theory of an ‘apologetic’ Aramaic * Gospel by the Apostle Matthew, c. 62 a.p., turned into Greek, ὁ. 85, is too simple for the phenomena. The prevalent ‘two document’ hypothesis, with the use of special oral traditions, comes far nearer the truth. But it…
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ILLusTRATIONS.—Hebrew and Talmudic parallels are collected chiefly in the Horm Heb. et Talm. of Lightfoot and Schéttgen, and in Gerh, Meuschen, ΔΓ7' ew Talmude et antiquit. Ebrao- rum illustr. 1736; Weber's Jéid. Theologieand Dalman’s Worte Jesu also contribute thereto. In the enormous accumulation of Greek parallels t…
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¢ The lot, presumably, would be taken in the usual way, the names of the two men being written on tablets, and shaken in a vessel, and he whose tablet first leapt ont being regarded as divinely designated (Ly 168, Nu 2655, Pr 1685), So late as 1781 the Moravians decided by lot the question whether they should retain th…
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MAUZZIM.—The text of the AV of Dn 11® con- tains the title ‘the God of forces’: the marg. has ‘Heb. Mauzzim, or Gods protectors.’ The same Heb. word Ὁ") oceurs in the beginning of the next verse. Our marg. note may be traced to Theo- dotion’s rendering, θεὸν μαωζείν, which, however, he does not repeat in ν. 3, The Vulg…
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follows :— Ὁ the planet Jupiter approach,’ etc. etc. ete., Want ina samé ina manzalti-sunu tzzazzini parakke-tunu dahdu inammaru, *the gods in the heavens in their station remain, their shrines will see plenty.’ (WAL iii. 69, 85-36). MEADOW 307 This comparison, however, is not without its diffi- culties, as the A…
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>k7 ny, literally ‘the time of eating.’ See Foop in vol. ii. p. 41 f. 2. The substance of grain ground but not sifted. Our English word is from the Anglo-Saxon melu, which is connected with the Gothie malan, ‘to grind.’ The word is used as the tr. of n>p kemah, which signifies meal in general, sometimes used with the …
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MEARAH Communion,’ ‘My duty is to exhort you in the mean season’; Jer 3255 Coy. ‘In the meane season he cite is delyvered in to the power of the Cal- ees.’ There is another adj. ‘mean,’ which is traced to the Anglo-Sax. gemaene, ‘common,’ ‘general,’ and is possibly connected with Lat. communis, though Skeat counts …
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. Ἐς STENNING. MECHERATHITE.—See MAACAH. MEDABA (Mnéa8d).—The form of the name MEDEBA, which appears in 1 Mac 955. MEDAD.—See ELpap. MEDAN ()7>).—Name of a son of Abraham and Keturah, Gn 25° (B Madalu, A Maddv)=1 Ch 153 (B Μαδιάμ, A Maddy). The word is probably to be identified with Madan, the god of some Arab trib…
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affording pasture for flocks, and at one time suited for the cul- ture of the vine (Is 168). The number and extent of the ruins in this district show that it was once thickly inhabited. The Bedawin in their black tents are now the chief inhabitants ; tee G. A. Smith, HGHL pp. 535, 548. a translation from Clermont-Gan…
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After the capture of Samaria by Sargon in B.C. 722, some of the Israelites were transported to ‘the cities of the Medes’ (2K 17° 18"). This probably took place after Sargon’s campaign against the Medes (B.C. 713), when he penetrated as far as the distant land of Bikni. Isaiah (13 21°) calls on the Medes and Elamites to…
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$12 MEDIATOR, MEDIATION idea emerges in the lowest es of civilization under the form of the medicine man, the rain- maker, the sorcerer, whose function, however, is rather to coerce than to conciliate inimical powers. While the purification of religion eliminates degraded, distorted, and superstitious forms of mediat…
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When we turn to Buddhism it would seem reasonable to regard the Buddha himself as a mediator, since he is seen sacrificing himself for others, even for animals. In former states of existence, it is said, he often gave himself as a substituted victim in place of doves and other innocent creatures, to satisfy hawks and b…
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Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.