PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 721
NICODEMUS, GOSPEL OF.—i. Namre.—£van- gelium Nicodemi is a title which meets us for the first time in the 13th cent. (Vincentius Bellova- censis, Spec. hist. viii. 40 ff. [c. 1264], Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda aurea, 54, ed. Graesse, p. 241 {c. 1275]), and is in general use in manuscripts of the 15th cent. It is there…
1,166 wordsSECTION 722Section 722
iii. VERSIONS AND MANUSCRIPTS.—The writing is extant (a) in a Greek text (only chs. 1-16), repre- sented by some 12 MSS of 12th-l5th cent., of which Par. τ: 770 (C) may be counted the best; some, like Par. gr. 929 (E) and still more Par. gr. 1021 (D), contain complete transformations and ex- ansions, partly upon the l…
945 wordsSECTION 723Section 723
The Greek text was first published by A. Birch, Auctarium codicis apocr. i., Haynie 1804 ; better, J. C. Thilo, Codex apocr. NT, i., 1832 (Gr.-Lat., with an extremely valuable and learned com- mentary; reproduced, without the latter, by Giles, Codex apocr. NT, London 1852, i. 150- 219). Fuller materials have been drawn…
967 wordsSECTION 724Section 724
vii. COMPOSITION AND INFLUENCE.—The com- position of the first part (15 and 1°) is not par- ticularly HAREY = the continual leading in and out of the accused, the accumulated testimonies by persons who had been healed, the twice-repeated entrance of the three men from Galilee, all go to show that the author lacked the …
952 wordsSECTION 725Section 725
NICOLAITANS scourging of Jesus, but is really nothing else than His being led before Pilate, as described in Evangel. Nicod., with the obeisance of the footman and the miracle of the standard. The influence which Ussoff alleges to have been exercised by our Gospel upon the miniatures of the Codex Ros- sennenela is cer…
1,000 wordsSECTION 726Section 726
For the relation between the Nicolaitans and Nicolas of Antioch, see art. NIcoLAs. There appears to be no suflicient reason for rejecting the ey explanation of the connexion as sup- pre by Clem. of Alex. (without accepting etails). _We know, from other instances, the anxiety of early heretics (e.g. the Basilidians and…
932 wordsSECTION 727Section 727
gesting that the *In the Acta Apost. Apoc. of pseudo-Abdias (embodied in Fabric. Cod. Apoe. vol. i. p. 498 ff.), usually ascribed to the 6th cent., there is an account of another Nicolas, who after a life of Ts said to have been converted in old age by the Apostle Andrew; but, as he does not appear to have been a teac…
1,037 wordsSECTION 728Section 728
The reference to Nicopolis and to the supposed journey are necessarily connected with the disputed uestion of the authenticity and trustworthiness of the Pastoral Epistles. Those who deny that those Epistles can be accepted as a rational foundation on which to construct the history of St. Paul’s life, will of course t…
982 wordsSECTION 729Section 729
Night is also the season of dreams and divine communications. Dreams are called ‘visions of the night,’ and appear in Scripture not only as significant of the future (Gn 40° ete.), but also as direct means of divine revelation. God speaks in a dream by night to Abimelech (Gn 208), to Laban (Gn 31%), to οϊοιάνα (1 K 3°,…
900 wordsSECTION 730Section 730
thought that tahmds refers to the ostrich, the root λάπιας signifying ‘to be violent or unjust,’ and that it corresponds to the Arab galim, which alsa signifies ‘the unjust bird’=the ostrich. But if ‘ostrich’ is the elope rendering for bath-hayya'- dnah, it is not likely that another word would be used for the bird in …
1,104 wordsSECTION 731Section 731
in Egypt.§$ ihe banndation (which is perhaps referred to in Am 85 9°) was never understood by the Egyptians themselves, who attributed it to some mystic, divine agency, the tears of Isis’ yearly sorrow for Osiris being in one view its origin.||\| Herodotus (ii. 22) rejects the one explanation, among those he had heard…
934 wordsSECTION 732Section 732
to Zoar (see Kir OF MOAB). A name resembling Nimrim has been found By de Saulcy, Seetzen, and Tristram in Bory Nemeira and Wady N’meirah about eight miles south of Dra’a (Zoar), in one of the richest and most The ‘ Waters of Nimrim’ were found by Klein at a spot higher luxuriant spots in the country. up, where wer…
933 wordsSECTION 733Section 733
The question whether Merodach ever was really king of Babylon need not detain us here, as it is of no importance. Suffice it to say that ‘the king’ (Accad. lugala, Bab. Sarru) par excellence was one of his titles. This he apparently bore as ‘king of the gods’; but there is no reason to suppose, on that account, that he…
911 wordsSECTION 734Section 734
1 One of the meanings of the Heb. Ws, the root of gayid, is *to lay snares’ or ‘nets.’ Cf. also the name of Zidon. § It is noteworthy that Babylonia is called ‘the land of Nim- rod’ in Mic 56,—whether because he was an early king of the country, or because, as Merodach, he was the chief divinity, is uncertain. If the …
1,339 wordsSECTION 735Section 735
Nineveh fell in B.C. 607-6, and with it fell also the Assyrian kingdom and empire. According to an inscription of Nabonidos, it was destroyed by the king of the Manda or Scythians, 5 had settled in Ecbatana and gone to the assistance of Nabopolassar, the Babylonian king. War had NISROCH broken out between the latte…
1,063 wordsSECTION 736Section 736
NITRE (Ὁ, νίτρον) in its modern usage denotes saltpetre, nitrate of potash, but the νίτρον or nitrum of the ancients was a different substance, natron, carbonate of soda. It occurs as an incrustation on the ground in Egypt, Persia, and elsewhere, and is also a constituent in the water of certain saline lakes. The most …
890 wordsSECTION 737Section 737
NOAH (ny), Novd).—One of the daughters of Zelophehad the Manassite, about whose rights of inheritance a knotty point of law came up for settlement, Nu 26% 27! 36", Jos 17%. G. HARFORD-BATTERSBY. NOAH, BOOK OF.—In the use which was made of this book in the final redaction of the Ethiopic Book of Enoch we have an admirab…
1,023 wordsSECTION 738Section 738
At a still later date apparent y (60) Noah had a vision in the 500th year of his life, on the 14th day of the seventh month, and he beheld the heaven of heavens quake with a mighty quaking, and all the heavenly hosts greatly disquieted. And the Head of Days sat on His throne, and all the angels and the righteous stood …
1,008 wordsSECTION 739Section 739
NOBAH 557 called el-sadr, the breast, there are remains of ancient cisterns and rock-tombs. ΕἸ Isawiye, a village 1 mile S.W. of ‘Anata, which has been proposed as the site of Nob, seems to be excluded by the fact that it lies in a valley, and that Jerusalem is not visible from it. Shaphat, 2 miles due N. of Jerusal…
1,015 wordsSECTION 740Section 740
ed, as he has sometimes been, with the centurion whose servant Jesus healed (Mt 85, Lk 71). G. T. PURVES. NOD (73; Samar. 13; LXX, Philo, Jos. Ναΐδ). --- The land to which the fratricide Cain emigrated after the Divine verdict was pronounced on him, Gn 4:6 (J). It is a play on 7; ‘wanderer’ of ν.}3, The subst. 4 ‘wand…
951 wordsSECTION 741Section 741
NOISOME all that lande’; 28" Tind. ‘And this sayinge is noysed amonge the Jewes unto this daye’; and Hacket in Life of Abp. Williams (referring to Dr. Collins), ‘His works in print against Eudaemon and Fitzherbert, sons of Anak among the Jesuits, do noise him far and wide.’ J. HASTINGS. NOISOME is a shortened form of…
986 wordsSECTION 742Section 742
uarter whence evil or invasion arises (Jer 1 45 6! 13” 15}? [prob.], 25° 46%-* 472; and against Babylon, 50% “ 51: comp. Is 145}, of the invading Assyrians; and Ezk 26’, where Neb. is brought ‘from the north’); Jer 3'8 (cf. 31:3), 16% 23° 318, Zec 2°, just quoted, show also that it was regarded as the region in which I…
932 wordsSECTION 743Section 743
refused’ (οὐδὲν ἀπόβλητον, RV ‘nothing is to be rejected’), Cf. Lk 45. Rhem. ‘And when the Devil had throwen him into the middes, he went out of him, and hurted him nothing’; also the Annotation to Luke 195 in Rhem. NT, ‘The poore widowes brasse peny was very grateful, because it was al or much of that she had: but the…
908 wordsSECTION 744Section 744
(a) In Assyrian ‘one’ is represented by a vertical wedge (Y), and the other units by combinations of such wedges, but ‘ten’ by a sign which is quite similar to the sign for u (<<, cf. in Delitzsch’s Assyr, Gramm. p. 18 with p. 40). The other numbers are indicated by combinations of this sign for ‘ten’ with the vertical…
938 wordsSECTION 745Section 745
The alphabetic method of abbreviating the ex- pression of numbers is what is employed in the 562 NUMBER later Hebrew inscriptions and books. On those coins which are with the greatest probability dated from the Maccabean period we find fully written numbers (¢.g. y27* or nnx) and also figures (x, etc.) In the Mishna …
920 wordsSECTION 746Section 746
This employment of a definite number as the approximate equivalent of an indefinite sum is found also in the following instances :— (8) *Two’ replaces the indefinite expression ‘a few’ (Germ. ‘ein paar’=‘ einige’), Nu 93, Hos 6%, Dt 32%, 1 S 11} (cf. the Arab. ‘not two were of 8 different opinion’), 1 K 177, Mt 14” 18…
1,233 wordsSECTION 747Section 747
NUMBER 563 Isaac and Esau marry at the age of forty (Gn 25 26%) ; peering to Ex 2" ‘Moses went out unto his brethren when he was grown,’ but according to Ac 7* ‘when he was full forty years old’; Caleb says (Jos 14”), “ Sorty years old was I when Moses sent me,’ etc., and Ish-bosheth was forty years old when he began …
1,132 wordsSECTION 748Section 748
rom Moses to Solomon. (9) The number ‘five’ also has at times the character of a familiar (Gn 43%, Jg 183,1 S 17“ 218) and approximate number: Ly 22 268 1S 175, 2K 7%, Is 1918 (against Hitzig, ad loc.) 30%, Mt 14-2 (| Mk 6®-4, Lk 9%, Jn 6°), 1 Co 14%, 2 Es 1435, Could the number of the fingers fail to give rise to suc…
930 wordsSECTION 749Section 749
loftiness of character attaching to ‘twelve’ as well as the frequent use of this number. The instances we have in view are not those where ‘twelve’ manifestly stands in direct or indirect relation to the tribes of Israel, as in Ex 24428"! (‘ twelve stones in the breastplate of the high priest’), Lv 245, NUMBER Nu 7°*…
1,061 wordsSECTION 750Section 750
roduct of a process of development within Judaism itself. It is the Esoteric-Priestly source (P) of the Pentateuch that has first to tell us that 70 descendants of Jacob went down to Egypt (Gn 46”; cf. on the 70 or 72 names in Gn 10 Kénig's Einleitung, p. 231), and the Chronicler means to enumerate 70 descendants of No…
1,016 wordsSECTION 751Section 751
(a) The view that certain numbers, on account of their factors or coefficients, came to be used to express ideas, is not a plausible one. Yet Philo (de Plantatione, ὃ 29) says, ἑβδομὰς ἐκ τριῶν καὶ τεττάρων, while he derived ἐννέα from ‘eight’ and ‘one,’ finding the ‘eight’ ἐν οὐρανῷ and the ‘one’ NUMBER ἐν ὕδατι καὶ…
1,113 wordsSECTION 752Section 752
(y) But the NT also shows a clear trace of this use of the numerical value of letters. We refer to the number of the Beast in Rey 13", where we read τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου ἀριθμὸς γὰρ ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ χξε΄, i.e. 666. Long ago Irenzeus (adv. Her. y. 30) mentions the expla- nation of this number as=AATE…
924 wordsSECTION 753Section 753
NUMBERS B. Analysis. Pe Ξ 11-18 Ps 71-16 19b a YD 3 6-10 14-22 Pe 17-198 «= 20-47 48-53 “1-34 “1-4 pt 4“. ort. 88. 80 4 29-82 856-88 40-43 46-51 Ζ1-1616' 17-20 41-21 22-27 89 ἘΣ Aes 9 6 : Be ue 11’ 12-léa Pt. eh oe 9.5 6-23 108 Pb of. C. Critical Notes. 1-4: The tribes and their encampment.—These opening chapters…
995 wordsSECTION 754Section 754
Chapter 4 combines an account of a fresh census of adult Levites, with a statement as to their duties, By its elaboration, its phraseology, and its reference to the golden altar 4 (cf. Ex 30 P*), this chapter is marked as secondary. 5-6: Various ceremonial laws.—The first para- graph (02) on the exclusion of the leper…
910 wordsSECTION 755Section 755
who has inserted many harmonizing touches elsewhere. Obs. its cumbrous Heb., a that spirit is masc. here, but fem. in », ‘UMBERS is the chief actor, the former being the earlier view. —** Alters 45 by making the Levites begin work at the age of 25 instead of 30.—9'*, on the pass- over of the second year, is followed …
925 wordsSECTION 756Section 756
13-14: The sending of the spies.—The numerous duplicates and divergences in this section re- quire explanation, and find it adequately in the hypothesis that J E and P are all represented in combination, while the very phenomena which dis- prove unity furnish clues to the tracing of the separate threads. The analysis g…
939 wordsSECTION 757Section 757
_Ps—{a) The leader is Korah 15, perhaps borrowed from J, and his associates, who are not Levites, are the 250 princes of the Peongregation (ct. 273, where it is implied that a Manassite might have been among them 2b. 6f. 18.85); (b) they complain of the sacerdotal pretensions of Moses and Aaron, as against the whole co…
902 wordsSECTION 758Section 758
21 follows on 20”, the death of Aaron, but “Ὁ continues 207, the march from Kadesh, and the story of the serpents is also given to E on the ground of verbal parallels, see above,—0-s 110-15 and 16:39 consist of extracts from itineraries assigned to P, E, and J. Each opens with a different for- mula, FP! 1a 991, 33, 220…
943 wordsSECTION 759Section 759
Loses’ death followed (cf. Nu 2u®-*), 28f., a detailed list of the offerings prescribed for the full round of sacred seasons, is given to P*. Its position among other supplements and away from the calendar in Ly 23 dated forty years back, its uniform inclusion of the later elements of Ly 23 and addition of the New Moo…
940 wordsSECTION 760Section 760
The remainder, occupying more than half of the whole book, though as far as possible from bein, homogeneous, must come under the one heading οἱ priestly supplements P*, some of them little later NUMBERS in time than P*, others among the latest additions to the Hex. Enough has been said above to enable the student to …
927 wordsSECTION 761Section 761
NUN (j:3 ‘fish,’ in 1 Ch 77 ji: Non, LXX Νανή [possibly a puueve error in transcription, NATH for NATN], hence Nave of Sir 46! AV).—The father of Joshua, the successor of Moses, Ex 33", Nu 11%, Jos 1) ete. On the probability that Nun is a clan rather than a personal name, and on its bearing on totemism, see Gray, Heb. …
940 wordsSECTION 762Section 762
eneric character seems to have been lost in Heb., in which are several words the signification of which is uncertain as between the terebinth and the oak. (See OAK). Doubtless the form botnim, the plural of the assumed 53, refers, in the onl passage in which it occurs (Gn 43"), to pistachio nuts. They are the fruit of …
914 wordsSECTION 763Section 763
2. npx ’éldh, EV tr. (Gn 354 LXX τερέβινθος, Vulg. terebinthus ; Je 64-19 LXX τερέμινθος, Vulg. reus; 2 § 18%1-14 LXX δρῦς, Vulg. quercus ; K 134% LXX δρῦς, Vulg. terebinthus ae 1° LXX τερέβινθος, Vulg. quercus; Ezk 6 LXX omitted, Vulg. quercus) ‘oak,’ RVm ‘terebinth. EV transliterate (1S 172 LXX om.; ν.}" δρῦς, Vulg…
996 wordsSECTION 764Section 764
That we may understand the purpose and im- portance of oaths among the Hebrews in primitive times, the historical situation requires to be borne in mind. Before there was a collective national life, with an accepted code of laws and a strong executive, any convention formed among men had to be of the nature of a mutua…
1,030 wordsSECTION 765Section 765
When God is regarded as binding Himself by an oath, a period has been reached in the repel of Revelation which is comparatively well definea both in respect to the initial and the closing stage of it. There has been an advance when the truth is communicated to man, in such a way as to be believed, that God makes and wi…
956 wordsSECTION 766Section 766
G. FERRIES. OBADIAH (39793) and a3y).—1. The ‘steward’ or major-domo (maby wx, οἰκονόμος) of Ahab, 1 Καὶ 18% (Αβδειού). From his youth he had feared the Lorp, v.™, and, during a persecution of Jahweh’s prophets by Jezebel, Obadiah is recorded to have concealed 100 of them in caves and fed them with bread and water, v.…
978 wordsSECTION 767Section 767
The imperatives in vv.1214 a) icture which the writer calls up to himself of the conduct of idom. He is really describing the past, but he speaks of what the Edomites had actually done as of what they ought not to do. to be due to the vivid The day of the Lord (on this conception see Driver, Joel and Amos [Index]; …
1,165 wordsSECTION 768Section 768
The safest conclusion appears to be that Jeremiah and Obadiah borrowed from a common source, and that Obadiah incorporated this with less alteration than Jeremiah. OBADIAH, BOOK OF »- To return now to the three views noted above as to the date of the book in its present form. What we have said in comparing Jeremiah …
935 wordsSECTION 769Section 769
This was the view of Ewald, and is adopted substantially by Kuenen, Cornill, Wildeboer, Driver, etc. According to Ewald (so also G. A. Smith), the later prophet lived in the Captivity (v.29, which Ewald renders ‘of this coast’). The occasion of the earlier ad Ewald (improbably) ae to have been when Elath was restored b…
1,074 wordsSECTION 770Section 770
vv.1214, [133] 415) in v.12 isa aw. Asy.; cf. 723 (also aw. Aty.) in Job 318. All these three verses are in the kinah measure. It is possible that v.12, if it is genuine, should follow instead of preceding v.13 (so Wellh., Nowack). For the thrice repeated OTN QT) in v.13 the LXX has πόνων αὐτῶν, ὀλέθρου αὐτῶν, ἀπωλίας …
928 wordsSECTION 771Section 771
OBED-EDOM (ΟἿ 733. The second part of the OBEDIENCE, OBEY 581 OBEDIENCE, OBEY name is probably but not certainly that of a god. Cf. the similar names ‘Abd-Ashtart, ‘Abd-Mel- kart, etc., and see Driver, Heb. Text of Sam. p. 206f.; LXX B ᾿Αβεδδαρά, ᾿Αβεδδαράμ, ᾿Αβαεδόμ, ᾿Αβδεδόμ,᾿Αβδοδόμ,᾽ Ἰαβδεδόμ ; A shows the add…
936 wordsSECTION 772Section 772
While the duty of obedience is specially associ- ated in OT with the precepts οἱ the Law (so Dt 30”, Ex 247, Jer 44%), it is not restricted thereto. No commandment of J”, however de- livered, can safely be disregarded (cf. Ex 5%, the case of Pharaoh ; 1 S 15 39 288 Saul, in the case of Amalek; 1 K 20%, the prophet who …
1,057 wordsSECTION 773Section 773
OBELISK.—Hos 3‘RVm. See PILLAR. OBETH (B Οὐβήν, A 0870), 1 Es 8"=Ebed, Ezr 8°. OBIL (3κ; B ᾿Αβίας, A Οὐβίας; Luc. ὨΒΩΔ.--- Che overseer of David’s camels, 1 Ch 27”. The 5 aame is probably Arabic (cf. J! ‘able to manage camels’; see Oxy. Heb. Lex. a.v.). OBLATION.—See OFFERING and SACRIFICE. OBJECT.—This verb occu…
936 wordsSECTION 774Section 774
f the symbole or crede.’ (3) But the word some- times means ‘use’ or ‘employ,’ as Ex 38% ‘All the gold that was occupied for the work in all the work of the holy place, even the gold of the offer- ing, was twenty and nine talents’ (seya aq;7-52, RV ‘that was used’); Jg 16" ‘If they bind me fast with new ropes that neve…
905 wordsSECTION 775Section 775
W. Ewrna. ODED.—4. (τὴν) The father of the prophet Azariab © Β'Ασσούν, Bab μαὶ Ὁ, ca, A Seip, R* Τούρ. ODOLLAM 584 OF who lived in the reign of Asa, 2 Ch 15" (Β Ὡδήδ, A Αδάδ). In ν." ‘Oded’ of MT and B (Add) is a mistake (through wrong marginal gloss or other- wise) for ‘ Azariah’(so Aand Pesh.). See AZARIAH, No. …
1,098 wordsSECTION 776Section 776
4, From the last would easily arise the sense of portion, something taken from among the whole, as Ly 416 ‘And the priest that is anointed shall bring of the bullock’s blood’; Dn 2% “1 have found a man of the captives of Judah’; 2* ‘There shall be in it of the strength of the iron’; Mt 258 ‘Give us of your oil’; 267 ‘ …
977 wordsSECTION 777Section 777
honoured’; and Shaks. Macbeth, τ. ii. 13--- ‘The merciless Macdonwald . . . from the western isles Of kerns and gallowglasses is supplied.’ # road eae English, p. 212) urges with some reason that the Revisers should have adopted the modern idiom in Ca 2° and 54, tince to be sick of a thing means now to be heartily ti…
960 wordsSECTION 778Section 778
OFFENCE.—The verb to ‘offend’ (Lat. offendere, ‘to strike against’) means in AV either intransi- tively ‘to go astray,’ or transitively ‘to lead one astray.’ So ‘offence’ is either a ‘trespass,’ or the cause of trespass, a ‘ stumbling-block.’ Offend. The Heb. words are: (1) 'dsham or 'ashém, to ‘trespass’ or ‘be guilt…
933 wordsSECTION 779Section 779
Pers nL * Regardless of the bliss wherein he sat Second to thee, offered himself to die For man’s offence.’ And in geal (Hales’ ed. p. 15) the meaning is to lay a stumbling-block in the way, ‘A certain Presbyter laid it scrupulously to his conscience, how he durst venture himselfe among those de- filing volumes. The…
963 wordsSECTION 780Section 780
. Ἐς ADENEY. OFFER, OFFERING, OBLATION.—These words are used in the English Versions for very different terms in the Hebrew and Greek ; and it will be the aim of the present article to pisaneaaat them, and enable the student to understand the meaning and munlioasicn of the terms used in the original. For the sake of c…
1,041 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.