PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 121
We are told that ἤδη ὄζει (11%) expresses, not merely Martha’s expectation, but a fact. d are we prepared to maintain that Christ restored a putrid corpse to life? The reply to which is, that we have no right to dogmatize, but that we have full right to believe that God, who had determined that L. should be raised, had…
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Various untenable identifications have been made in con- nexion with the story of Lazarus. Mary has been identified either with Mary Magdalene, or with the sinner in the house of Simon the Pharisee, or with both. Almost certainly they were three different persons. Simon the Pharisee has been identified with Simon the l…
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LEAH as Dives is not punished for his wealth, so L. is not rewarded for his poverty. He is rewarded for his patient submission. In life he does not mur- mur at God’s unequal distribution of goods, nor rail at Dives for his neglect of him. In Sheol he does not triumph over Dives, nor protest against the idea of his bei…
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od’; and Twysden, Decem Script. col. 2650, ‘ For efore that the fende fader of lesynges was lowside, was never this gabbyng contryvede.’ The word occurs three times in AV, Ps 4° ‘how long will ye love vanity, and seek after leasing ?’ (Heb. 31) wp2n, Wye. ‘sechen lesing,’ Cov. ‘seke after lyes,’ Gen. ‘seking lyes,’ D…
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LEAVEN (rk¥, ζύμη, fermentum).—The Hebrew word δον (ἽΝ), which probably expresses the idea of fermentation, is found only five times in the OT (Ex 12%: 137, Ly 2", Dt 16); more commonly we find a word from another root, denoting to be sour, and hence to be leavened (y2n hdméz). Bread, kneaded in a baking trough (mxvp E…
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Lebanon is mentioned in the OT over 60 times, but almost two-thirds of the references occur in oetical passages. It is not mentioned in the NT. Vhile included in the land assigned to the Israel- ites, Jos 13° (105), these mountains were never con- quered by them (Jg 34), the actual limit of con- quest being ‘ Baal-gad…
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main streams are—Nahr Beyrout (the Magoras), with its two branches, rising on the face of Kuneiseh, and between Kuneiseh and Sannin are the Zaharédni, the | respectively, Nahr el-Kelb (Lycus flumen) drain- ing Sannin ; Nahr Ibrahim (the Adonis) with its main sources at Afka and ‘Akfirah ; Nahr ej-Jauz ; Nahr Kadisha,…
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The feudal system lasted in the Lebanon far into the present century. In consequence of the massacres of 1860 the government of the mountains was reorganized, with a Christian governor under the general protection of the Powers. The popula- tion is about half a million, and eclattes the following sects, which are given…
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LEBONAH carefully distinguishes him from the traitor, and nothing whatever is known of his ultimate career. See, further, art. THADDUS. W. Muir. LEBONAH (A325, AcSwvd).—A place near Shiloh on the way to Shechem, Jg 21”. It is the ruin ealled Khan el-Lubban, about 3 miles W.N.W. of Setlén (Shiloh). See SWP vol. ii. sh…
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παρὸν pw,’ lit. ‘leg upon thigh,’ see art. ΗΤΡ. 4, Sse’ in Is 47? is wrongly translated ‘leg’ τὴ AV. The correct rendering is ‘train.’ The proud daughter of Babylon is called ἘΠΕ to assume the guise of a slave, to take the millstones and grind meal, to remove her veil, to strip off hei train, to uncover her leg (px ‘t…
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The Philistine marauders made Lehi their head- pte for attacks upon the Hebrews of the istriet ; the name of the place was suggestive ; and tradition attached to it the story of Samson’s exploit with the ‘fresh jawbone’ (/éhi) of an ass. Popular etymology explained Ramath-lehi, Jg 15", ‘the height (from rm) of Lehi,’ …
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G. E. Post. LEPROSY (nyn¥ or ΠῚ 3) zdra’ath, nega’ zdrdath ; LXX and NT λέπρα). τὰ genus of diseases with which, in a special degree, the element of unclean- ness was associated. The removal of other maladies is spoken of in NT as healing, but the removal of leprosy is called cleansing (Mt 85. 10° 11°, Mk 1%, Lk 4515…
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pray thee, be as one dead, of whom the flesh is half consumed (eaten away) when he cometh out of his mother’s womb’ (v.”*). In Ly 13 there are minute instructions given for the recognition of these diseases in their early stages. Here the name is used with nega’ pre- fixed to indicate that it is regarded as a ‘stroke …
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The Rabbinic comments on these regulations in Negqaim, Siphra, and Mechilta are ve rolix, and add nothing to our real knowledge of the disease. R. Chanina recognizes 16 kinds; R. Dosa, 32; and Akiba, 72. In Jalkut on Job 28% man is said to be made up half of water and half of blood ; if he sin, this balance is disturbe…
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The sudden infliction of leprosy as a divine judgment is recorded not only in the case of Miriam, but also in that of Gehazi (2 K 5”), which could not be due to infection, although it is calle¢ the leprosy of Naaman, as in all known instances the incubation period is much longer. There is also the example of Uzziah (2 …
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LEPROSY to substitute two doves for the second pair of lambs, one for the sin-offering and one for the burnt-offering, and needed only to bring pyth of an ephah of flour for the meal-otfering (Ly 141-32, In medieval times a man who was a leper was formally excluded from the Church by a funeral mass, in which earth wa…
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A. MACALISTER. LESHEM (o25).—A form, occurring only in Jos 1947 és, of the name Laish (which see). Wellh. (de Gentibus, ete. 47) emends o%9, which is admitted by Dillm. to have been ‘perhaps’ the original pronunciation. LESSAU (A Λεσσαού, V“4 Δεεσαού).---Α village (κώμη) where an encounter took place between the Jews…
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LEVI (nb, LXX <Acv(e)l(v)).—Son of Jacob and 100 LEVI Leah. The meaning and derivation of the name are ancertain. (1) In Gn 295 (J) Levi is interpreted as joined, i.e. husband to wife; the root /avah is used with this meaning in the reflexive conjugation (Niphal), Is 56% 6, Ps 83%: in Arab. it=‘ turn, bend.’ In Nu 18…
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The story may be understood to describe an episode in the early struggles of Israel in Canaan after the Exodus. The attachment of Shechem, son of Hamor, to Dinah, daughter of Jacob, will then represent an alliance between a branch of the Israelite family and the city of Shechem ; and the action of Simeon and Levi may b…
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* Two narratives are interwoven in ch. 17. According to one there is a young Levite (1133) residing in Micah’s neighbourhood, whom Micah treats as a son, consecrates and makes his priest (vy.7, 1b. 12a), The other narrative tells how a Levite (Ὁ ΝΠ) from Bethlehem comes, in the course of his wanderings, to Micah’s hous…
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It does not fall within the scope of this article to deal with the later developments and organiza- tion of the priestly tribe of Levi, which will be fully treated of in art. PRIESTS AND LEVITES. Besides Jg 17 and 18, 19 and 20, the only other places in pre- exilic historical books where Levites are mentioned are 1S 64…
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LITERARY STRUCTURE.—The 27 chapters fall readily apart into four divisions which are suc- cessively discussed, 1.6. (1) the Law of Sacrifice, 1-7 ; (2) the Consecration of the Priesthood, 8-10; (3) the Law of Clean and Unclean, with appendix on the Day of Atonement, 11-16; (4) the Law of Holiness, with appendix, 17-27.…
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The remaining section 68-7 has also been edited afresh with several additions, ‘The original werk is easily separated by following the clues given by the introductory formula This is the law of ..., and by the list of subjects given in the colophon 77, which concludes this little ‘ Priests’ Manual.’ Both the order of …
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Dt 143-20 compared with 11. Though interpreters differ, the facts, when taken all together, favour the priority of Dt over Ly. (1) The clean animals’ names, given Dt 144%, are omitted in Ly as covered by general law in 6f; while names of birds, etc., are retained of necessity. (2) The cases of camel, hare, and coney ar…
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ndent form of cleansing after the pattern of the latest sacri- cial law (perhaps introduced to supersede the old form, or because it was becoming obsolete), which the compiler has combined with eee the link §>, For originally a second shaving % could hardly have been required. Moreover, although the present arrangemen…
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LEVITICUS Ps | sree | Redemption of Heb. slave. Commands as to worship. ConciupiIna EXHORTATION. Co.ornon to the Law of Holiness. On Vows : persons, cattle, houses, fields. Firstlings and devoted things excepted. Appendix on tithes. Colophon to Leviticus. B. Critical Notes. For a general account of the Law of Holi…
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icturesque style. Each of these series has been interpolated or revised. 2320: on the Sabbath can hardly be original, for 4 .s clearly the commencement, and 4 also hardly includes the Sabbath under its terms.—%1l4 has been Grpatied: The original elements from P» are clearly seen in 10b-11. 14a. Here a feast of firstfr…
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26: Concluding exhortation.—'* contains brief laws forbidding false worship and commanding the true.—In ** is found a long discourse, similar to those found at the end of other codes, Ex 237°": E, and Dt 24 D. Already hortatory fragments have appeared in 18°. 24-80 7086. 202-6 9251-83, Tn all a common phraseology is us…
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(5) The resemblances with Ezekiel have long attracted attention. They are indeed so striking as to have led many critics to argue that the prophet was the author of the code. The similar relation between Dt and Jeremiah was indeed often interpreted in the same way. But if in each case it has been found impossible to su…
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c. The earlier collections in the one case (ΡῈ) carry us back to the earlier years of the monarchy, and in the other (P*) preserve probably with accu- racy the procedure at the Temple during the period after Josiah’s reformation, and no doubt partially reflect the praxis of previous centuries, for thie continuity of cu…
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From this developed next the sense of ‘ wicked * by an easily understood transition. Sir John Davies, Discoverie of the State of Ireland (ed. 1613), p. 181, says the followers of the Irish chieftains ‘ were borne out and countenanced in all their lewde and wicked actions’; North (Plutarch, ‘Cicero,’ p. 862) has ‘This V…
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Setting aside the fantastic conjectures that the Libertines were a philosophical sect, or the adher- ents of the school of one Libertus, and the sugges- tion of Lightfoot (Hor. Heb. et Talm.) that they were Pal. Jews who had been enslaved and sub- sequently set free, we conclude that the Libertines were freedmen in th…
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But the chief NT doctrine on this subject is that of inward freedom as the privilege of all believers. Sin brings into bondage (Jn 853, Ro 615); but from this bondage believers are saved both negatively and positively. This is the pro- found meaning of redemption in the NT sense— deliverance from that sense of gui't an…
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LIBRARY.—See WritIna. LIBYA, LIBYANS.—See Lusim. LICE (0:3, 0%3 kinnim, 03> kinndm, σκνίφες, κνίπες, sciniphes, cinifes).—The usual meaning of σκνίψ τεκνίψ is plant-louse. It is also used for various species of gnats. Some have supposed it to designate a species of worm. Whether it can be understood of the louse also …
1,054 wordsSECTION 155Section 155
LIE, LYING In NT, in which the duty of truthfulness is strongly insisted on in contrast to Oriental deceit- fulness, it is suggested that there are three lies por excellence—heathen religion (Ro 155), the claim οἱ the false apostle (Rev 2*), and the denial ‘ that Jesus is the Christ’ (1 Jn 2”). 2. The heinousness of …
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The following phrases should be noticed: 1. Lie along. See ALONG. 2. Lie on or Lie upon. This phrase occurs in the figurative sense of ‘oppress,’ ‘annoy,’ as Dt 29” ‘all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him’ (3 7¥23; Driver . remarks that 727 is ‘to lie down as an animal’ (Gn 49°], and thinks the…
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LIFE AND DEATH The adjective ‘5 ‘living’ is used of God as the source of all life, as Jos 3" ‘the living God is among you’; and most commonly in the formula of the oath ‘as the Lord liveth,’ e.g. Ru 3%. Itis the ordinary word for ‘living’ of men or animals. The word for ‘life’ most generally is a plural emphatic form…
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revent man gaining the gift of immortality he is driven out of the garden, and the tree of life guarded, Gn 355. (2) In the Pentateuch.—The ordinary word for ‘life’ is wo} (LXX ψυχή), as in Gn 94 ‘but flesh with the life (w53) thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat.’ This recurs repeatedly throughout th…
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B. TEACHING OF THE APOCRYPHA AND THE APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE.—These words occur most frequently and with most special significance in the two books of the Wisdom Literature in the Apocrypha, viz. those of Wisdom and Sirach. In the former {w occurs in several interesting con- nexions, ef. Wis 113 ‘Court not death in the …
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LIFE AND DEATH 92. 103. and 108, from which we learn that the resurrection of the body pertains only to the right- eous. In the Apocalypse of Baruch we have the uni- versal resurrection foretold, and the punishment of the wicked, as, ¢.g., in ch. 30 ‘And the secret places shall be opened wherein have been kept the so…
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(c) The Apocalypse.—This mystical book has many references to life, particularly in figurative phrases, such as ‘the tree of life,’ 2’ 22? (in which return is made to the imagery of the early tradi- tions of Genesis, ef. Ezk 47"); ‘the crown of life,’ 2; ‘the book of life,’ 3° 13°; ‘waters of life,’ 717 21° 227, ψυχή i…
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iii. CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN FROM SCRIP- TURAL USE OF THESE WorDs.—(a) Doctrinal.— God isin Himself the source of all life, physical, moral, and spiritual. He has not only called it into being, but sustains it. Life is God’s gift, and can have no other origin. It is therefore a direct offence against God to destroy eve…
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ord. ‘death.’ True life meant conscious and purposed fellowship with God; true death was not the dis- solution of body and soul, but the separation of sin persisted in. Thus we find Job and the Psalmists rising to the conception of escape from Hades, and to the assurance of an endless life in God’s presence. The way t…
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lory of Christ’s revelation illumining the hearts of ΝΣ και is beautifully compared with the light on Moses’ face in Ex 347%, See also iii. (3) (a) below. (5) In a more intellectual sense the word is used of the occult wisdom of the sage in Dn 2” 54-14, iii. By far the most important uses of the word are those connect…
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upon this moost light meet,’ Tind. ‘oure soules 120 LIGHT, LIGHTNESS LIGHTNING lothe this lyghte bred,’ Matt. [Rog.] ‘oure soules lothe thys pit breade’ with marg. ‘ that is so litle worth,’ RVm ‘this vile bread’); Jg 9% ‘Abimelech hired vain and light persons, which | , | ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, RV ‘strike upon them’). follo…
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‘Lightning’ in EV stands once (Job 37%) for tx (‘light,’ LXX φῶς), and once (Ex 208) for τεῦ (‘torch,’ LXX λαμπάς). In Ezk 1" the Heb. is 73, which is possibly a corruption of p}3 (Cornill, Smend). ere LXX (A) has Beféx, and so Theod. ; Symm. has ἀκτὶς ἀστραπῆς, and Aq. ἀπόῤῥοια 4 ἀστραπή. In two passages (Job 28° 38…
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LIKE, LIKING 12) saying, That we never saw the like’; Shaks. Jud. Ces. I. ii. 315— ‘'Tis meet That noble minds keep ever with their likes.’ The verb ‘to like’ is both trans. and intrans. The trans. verb means either to ‘ be agreeable to,’ ‘please’; so Sir 1617 ‘Before man is life and death ; and whether him liketh sh…
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The name Lilith is generally derived from the root meaning ‘night’ (Bab.-Semitie lildtu, Eth. lélit, Heb. 5:5), night being the special season of this demon’s power and activity. Baudissin, how- ever (op. cit. below), doubts whether this derivation be correct, although it may have been assumed as the basis of some late…
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(3) What is meant by ‘lilies of the field’? It is plain that our Saviour Bpoke in a way that His hearers would understand. Therefore (a) there could not have been included in His allusion any plant unknown to His audience. This would exclude Liliwm Chalcedonicum, L., and Lilium Martagon, L., which have been assumed by …
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‘ The archdeacon hath divided it Into three limits very equally.” The verb occurs twice: In Ps 78“ it means to set limits to, restrict, ‘they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy One of Israel’ (nnn, LXX παρώξυναν, RV ‘provoked,’ RVm ‘ limited’). The tr. ‘limited’ comes from the Gen. Bible, which explain…
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They are not influenced, as some of the older expositors perhaps were, by Ro 1018, where St. Paul quotes the LXX and applies the words to the world-wide proclamation of the gospel. The only places in AV where saw is not tr4 ‘line’ are Is 4418 ‘(carpenter’s] rule,’ where, however, RV gives ‘line’; and 183. 7, where the…
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Great quantities of linen were employed in wrapping the mummies of the dead (Herod. ii. 86). The bandages used for this purpose were invariably of linen. This has been demonstrated by a series of careful microscopic examinations well described by Wilkinson (Ane. Egyp. iii. 115, 116). Wool LINEN LINEN was never used …
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4, npwe (or mvs) is a general term ; applied to the plant (Jos 25), to the raw material (Jg 15", Pr 31"), to heckled flax (Is 19°), to threads in a mixed web (Dt 22"), to cloth (Lv 13*7*-), to the prophet’s girdle (Jer 131), to a measuring-line (Ezk 40°), and to the sacred garments of the priests (Ezk 44! 5), See FLAX.…
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or ordained (on two occasions in December) fifteen bishops and eighteen priests’ (Brev. Rom.). LITERATURE. — Pearson, De serie et successione primorum Rome Episcoporum (1688); Lightfoot, St. Clement of Rome 1890); Harnack, Die Chronologie der Altchristlichen Litteratur Gn: Duchesne, Liber Pontisicalis, i. (1884-86). …
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LIP attitudes and movemeuts of the lion. 1. 739 rabaz = Arab. rabad, signifies to crouch (Ezk 19%), awaiting his victim. So sin is represented as lying (735) at the door, i.e. crouching (as in RV) as a wild beast, ready to spring (Gn 4’). 2.3.4. In Job 38" it is said 37y-w> A793 sayz Niaiv23 ane". The three roots nny …
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G. M. MACKIE. LIVELY.—1. The mod. meaning full of life, brisk, is found in Ex 119, Ps 38", Wis τῷ Cf. Adams on 2 P 1" ‘ Paul calls it [sin] an old man —Put off the old man, Eph 4%—above 5000 years old, and yet it is not only alive, but lively and lusty to this day’; and Rhem. NT, p. 215, ‘Ter- tullian also reporteth, …
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* But the Gr. and Syr. Versions read 72> ‘my glory’=‘my soul’ (cf. Ps 169 etc.). Conversely the LXX read "135 τὰ ἥπατά μου for 72> in Gn 498. They also make David’s wife put a goat's liver (reading 133 for "25 of MT) in his bed in the incidert recorded in 1S 1913f. | + (Qn this passage see, further, Wellhausen, Reste …
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deceptive’ (Cheyne), it is difficult to class in an envirely different category the sphinxes of Egypt and of Greece and the gryphons of Teutonic fable. While the representations of the nature and functions of the ‘living creatures’ in Ezk and Rev are closely allied, there are marked differ- ences. In Ezk the four creat…
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It will be seen from this list that the RV regards all these creatures as lizards. In our opinion, 1, 3, 4 are pretty certainly lizards, 2 probably so, 5 dubious, and 6 perhaps the mole-rat, but possibly the chameleon. RVm says of 2, 3, 4, 5, ‘words of uncertain meaning, but probably denoting four kinds of lizards.’ Wh…
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5. bsby (pausal form) zéJdzal (Dt 28%), is tr. by the LXX ἐρυσίβη, and Vulg. rubigo = blight or mildew. But it is much more probable that this is a word referring to the whizzing, whirring, or rushing of the wings of the locusts (ef. Is 18"), or the stridulation (of legs against sheath of wing). 6. [33] géb, only in p…
1,119 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.