PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 961
PAUL THE APOSTLE 726 49") Till then salvation is incomplete: our redemption is exposed to hazard ; our sonship re- mains half realized (Ro 85). The Holy Spirit is the ‘seal’ of the future, as He is the witness of the past and the energy of our present life in God—a seal broken by relapse into sin (Eph 4”, 2Co 13). Se…
1,009 wordsSECTION 962Section 962
ph 4'6, that the Church is, under Christ, self- roverning and self-edifying, that the manifold unctions of administration and instruction exer- cised in it belong to and exist for the body as a whole, however Todgred in this member or that; the body, as such, must press the powers of every limb into its service. (d) B…
998 wordsSECTION 963Section 963
tenance of its ministry (1 Co 97-4, Gal 6*) required business management (bishops and deacons are alike to be μὴ αἰσχροκερδεῖς, 1 Ti 35:5); Hatch de- rived the title ἐπίσκοπος from this financial charge (but see Cremer’s Bib.-Theol. Lexicon, s.v., and Kiihl’s Gemeindeordnung, p. 87 11.}, whereas Ac 20 and 1 P make the …
961 wordsSECTION 964Section 964
As to tne seat of its power, the kingdom of the Lord Christ is inward and spiritual. It is con- cerned essentially with ‘righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit’ (Ro 147-18, Co] 216: 20_ 3. 15, Ph 47), Its ways of rule are wholly opposite to those associated with the Χριστὸς κατὰ σάρκα of Judaism, to the ext…
1,010 wordsSECTION 965Section 965
previously under restraint, will be allowed one day a full manifestation (cf. Ro 7%); and ‘the lawless one,’ Satan’s perfect embodiment (apparently, a PAUL THE APOSTLE PAUL THE APOSTLE 725 elf deltvats autocrat of universal power), ‘shall be revealed, whom the Lord shall destroy’ by His coming (2 ΤῊ 2°"), Nowhere mo…
951 wordsSECTION 966Section 966
νόμοι Χριστοῦ) and awaits us. He sighs for this eavenly house; without stripping off the present body, he longs to ‘put on over it’ (ἐπενδύσασθαι) the other,—were it only possible for him to be found ‘not naked’ (bodiless), but still in the flesh at the Lord’s coming (vv.7*). Though weary of the earthly tabernacle, Pau…
916 wordsSECTION 967Section 967
Lrreraturs.—A. Tre Tres, etc.—O. Schéttgen, Hore Heb- raice et Talmudice in NT (1733); E. Schiirer, Geach. d. jid. Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi’ (tr. trom 2nd ed. : Jewish People in Vine of Jesus Christ, 6 vols.), the most complete introd. to the Times; A. Hausrath, NJ’ Zeitgeschichte2 (Time of the A lea, tr. from …
974 wordsSECTION 968Section 968
H. Tue Docrrixg (considered in general).—To the chief works enumerated under (ΕἾ add the following: L. Usteri, Entwickelung ἃ. paulin. rbegrifs8; A. Ἐς Daihne, under same title; A. Ritschl, Entstehung ἃ. altkath. Kirche?; E. Reuss, Hist. d. la Théol. Chrét. au siecle apost., tome ii. (tr.); ipost. W. J. Irons, Christi…
973 wordsSECTION 969Section 969
Paulus ὦ. d. Reden ἃ. Herrn Jesu; it is touched on by P. Ewald in his Hauptproblem ἃ. Evangelien. Péché (Appendice to L'apétre P.3); P. Wernle, Der Christ τι. d. Stinde bei Paulus; A. Zahn, Das Gesetz Gottes nach d. Lehre ὦ. ἃ. Erfahrung d. Ap. P.2; R. A. Lipsius, Die paul. Rechtfertiqungslehre ; Th. Haring, δικαιοσύν…
1,056 wordsSECTION 970Section 970
There were three kinds of pavements or flooring in the Assyrian palaces—beaten earth, brick pave- ments, and limestone slabs (Place, Ninive, i. 295). In the palace of Sargon nearly every chamber except those of the harem had a floor of beaten earth, like those in a modern fellah’s house. Even in the most sumptuous hall…
928 wordsSECTION 971Section 971
The fundamental meaning of o\Sy is prosperity, wellbeing, good of any kind (Ges.), a meaning which ToeEpests in the Gr. εἰρήνη. (So Ps 1297, peace and prosperity; Is 52’, Jer 297 peace as opposed to evil; 1 Th 5° peace and ΠΣ Ας 245). _In this sense it is used in the formule of greeting (15 it well—Heb. peace—with thee…
900 wordsSECTION 972Section 972
as a gift to them from Himself (Jn 147 165; ‘My peace I give unto you. These things have J spoken to you, that in me ye may have peace’). Characteristic of NT is the view of peace as the present possession of the Christian. In a single case it is used by St. Paul of that future blessed- ness which is to be expected b…
967 wordsSECTION 973Section 973
G. E. Post. PECULIAR.—The Heb. word ségullah (n5:p) is used in Ex 19° of the people of Israel as God’s special possession and care, and it is translated in AV and RV ‘a peculiar treasure.’ It is applied to Israel in the same sense, but with ‘am (oy), ‘ people,’ prefixed in Dt 75 143 2618, Ex 195 is echoed in Ps 1854 ‘…
912 wordsSECTION 974Section 974
The Revisers have been divided on the propriety of retaining the word. In Tit 214,1 P 99 ‘a peculiar people’ is changed into ‘a people for his (God’s) own possession.’ But in Dt 75 ‘a special people’ is turned into ‘a peculiar people,’ and that phrase or ‘a peculiar treasure’ is retained in the OT wherever it occurs in…
1,085 wordsSECTION 975Section 975
PEDIAS (B Πεδίας, A Παιδείας, AV Pelias), 1 Es 9*, a corruption of BEDEIAH, Ezr 10*. PEEL, PILL.—The origin of these verbs is parerelly elie, skin, and pilus, hair; but they cannot be traced directly back to these separate sources, because the Old Fr. words peler and piller, from which they come, were confused in spe…
1,040 wordsSECTION 976Section 976
* See art. ‘Chariot’ in this Dict. and in Encycl. Bibl., and algo ‘ Army.’ ἡ Cf. Stade, Gesch. i. p. 588, n. 1. t We have no alternative but to follow the MT at this point ; UXX ἐναντίον οἴκου is an obvious corruption of the text εἰς ἄντρον ἔχου. Of. the closely parallel 1 K 1618, Klostermann in place of 32) 339% ΠΝ …
912 wordsSECTION 977Section 977
* With hue like that when some t ter dij His pencil in the gloom of Gia ena eclipeey? adel for us in graphic and lurid touches the onward march of those marshalled hosts of Tiglath-pileser’s army of invasion. ‘Behold, hastily, swiftly he cometh. There is none that is weary orstumbleth. He stumbleth not nor sleepeth. T…
990 wordsSECTION 978Section 978
The Lucianic recension of the LXX assigns 10 years to Pekah- iah’s reign. It has been observed that 2 Καὶ 17! implies the same duration. From the 2nd year of Azariah to the 12th of Ahaz is 80 years according to the Hebrew chronology, and this demands 10 years of Pekahiah’s to be added to the 20 of Pekah. Klostermann (B…
957 wordsSECTION 979Section 979
The pelican belongs to the order Steganopodes, family Pelicanide, to which the cormorant also belongs. Two species are found in Palestine and Syria — Pelecanus onicrotalus, L., the roseate or white pelican; and P. crispus, Brush, the Dal- matian pelican. Both have white plumage, the former with a roseate tinge. The leg…
923 wordsSECTION 980Section 980
PENIEL (5x35 only in Gn 32”, LXX Εἴδος θεοῦ), elsewhere PENUEL (5x32). — This name appears on three occasions only, in connexion Soy fe with Jacob, Gideon, and Jeroboam. he word means ‘face of God,’ and is traced in Gn 32” to the fact that Jacob had there seen God ‘face to face.’ Perhaps a different derivation is allud…
907 wordsSECTION 981Section 981
140 PENTECOST ἡμέρᾳ τῶν νέων) ; while the later Jews also denom- inated it myy, Aram. xmsy, (Jos. Ant, mI. x. 6 ἴα: ἀσαρθά) ; Mishna, Arach. il. 3, Chag. ii. 4, Rosh A. i. 2; Targ. on Nu 28%), a term meaning ‘solemn see (2 Καὶ 10”, Is 10”, Jer 9? etc.), but applied in OT to the closing day of the feasts of unleavened…
1,387 wordsSECTION 982Section 982
PENTECOST PENTECOST 741) hd (Ly 257 * ® 26%. 4); while the use of ninz¢ in opr sense of weeks may be justified by the analogy of the Aramaic and Syriac, the interpreta- tion οἱ the LXX (τῶν ἑβδομάδων), and the use of σάββατον and σάββατα in NT, e.g. Mt 28', Lk 184 [see Biihr, Symb. ii. 619; Dillm. in Schenkel’s Bid.-…
954 wordsSECTION 983Section 983
These ceremonies emphasized the relation of Pentecost, as the close of harvest, to the sheaf- waving at its beginning. There a single sheaf of barley, here two prepared loaves of wheat-bread ; there one lamb, here two, together with accom- anying burnt- and sin-offerings. That, there- ore, was the prelude of this. he …
960 wordsSECTION 984Section 984
* Dt 1613 gives @ reason for observing the feast ae directed, τος a meses of — feast celebrated. See 516, 1515, er in He ‘8 ν art. ‘ Pfingstfest,’ a peals for this view also to 2 Ch 1610, and even to Jn 63%; but Ei arguments are not convincing. t The ay fee of Ac 21 iv τῷ συνεληροῦσθα, ἡμίραν τῇς wivtnmecrig been u…
1,043 wordsSECTION 985Section 985
PEOR (iy5n; Φογώρ; Phogor, and [Jos 22!7) Beel- Ὁ ΕΟ, etc.).—1. Nu 2355 only, a mountain in Toab, the last point to which Balak took Balaam, after he had sacrificed at Bamoth-baal and in the field of Zophim, at the top of Pisgah. Peor is described as looking down upon Jeshimon (RVm; RV text ‘the desert’). The ΟΣ ΠΡῸΣ …
982 wordsSECTION 986Section 986
In the beginning of our era the popnlation was revailingly Towle. Perwa sent a multitude of pa to Jerusalem in the rising against Sabinus (BJ τι. iii, 1). When Gadara fell they were mostly Jews who perished (BJ rv. vii. 3,6). They were strong enough to venture on armed strife with the inhabitants of Philadelphia (‘Am…
1,099 wordsSECTION 987Section 987
PERESH (zs, B om., A @dpes).—A ‘son’ of Machir, 1 Ch 715, See MANASSEH, p. 2328, PEREZ ( ‘rupture,’ or ‘breach’; οἵ, Perez- uzzah, Baal-perazim, ete.).—In AV of OT this name is, except in 1 Ch 278, Neh 11* 5, His Pharez, a modification of the LXX Φάρες and ulg. Phares. This last form is found in AV of Mt 1 , Lk 3%, an…
905 wordsSECTION 988Section 988
gure to indicate the chief stages in the develop- ment. Speaking broadly, we may say that the OT idea of moral perfection is distinguished trom the NT one in three respects. It is negative rather than positive, refers to outward act rather than to inner disposition and spirit, and may be summed up in righteousness rat…
948 wordsSECTION 989Section 989
Another line of phraseology, taken from human growth, sheds much light on our subject. The perfect (τέλειοι) are the mature, full-grown in con- trast to babes and children (νήπιοι, παιδία). ‘ Every one that partaketh of milk isa babe. Solid food is for perfect’ (men), He 5 ‘Wherefore let us go on to perfection’ (τελειό…
950 wordsSECTION 990Section 990
Performance is used in AV only in the sense of bringing to an end, completing, viz. Lk 1 (τελεί- wots, RV ‘ fulfilment’), 2 Co 8! (τὸ ἐπιτελέσαι, RV ‘the completion’). J. HASTINGS, PERFUME, in the sense of a fragrant material, is tr? of mbp kétoreth, in Ex 30%, and of [np7, only in plur.] rikkiuhim, in Is 679, In the …
1,003 wordsSECTION 991Section 991
ifts which the Philippians had sent to him by paphroditus ‘an odour of a sweet smell’ (Ph 4"). In the apocalyptic vision the four living creatures and the 24 elders before the throne of God are said to offer incense, which is the type of the prayers of saints, Rev 5°. The perfumes mentioned in the Bible will be found…
987 wordsSECTION 992Section 992
Paul and Barnabas, with John Mark, on their first missionary journey, sailed from Paphos and came to Perga in Pamphylia (Ac 918); and the expression reminds us of Strabo’s opinion that Perga was on the navigable river. It would See from all the passages taken together that there was a port-town on the river, ranking no…
901 wordsSECTION 993Section 993
pee SF Stddte Pamphyliens; Hill, Cat. of Coins, Brit. Mus., Pamphylia, eto. On the ecclesiastical facta several articles by Gelzer in Jahrbiich. fiir protestant. Theologie, xii; and Ramsay, Hist. Geogr. of Asia Minor (see Indez, 8.vv.). W. M. Ramsay. PERGAMUS or PERGAMUM (7) Πέργαμος or τὸ Πέργαμον ; the word occurs i…
966 wordsSECTION 994Section 994
In 133 the Pergamenian realm, bequeathed to the Romans, was formed into a Roman province ; but the province was much smaller than the king- dom, for Phrygia Magna was given away to Mithridates, king of Pontus. Phrygia was re- claimed by the Senate after B.c. 120, when Mith- ridates died; but, though loosely attached to…
1,040 wordsSECTION 995Section 995
imperial act, as capital of the province. The pro- vincial council necessarily made its temple and meeting-place first in the provincial capital ; and by degrees the modification was introduced that temples and meetings were arranged also in other great cities of the province. H Asia was peculiar in Sie so many meeti…
973 wordsSECTION 996Section 996
by a solita 5 os itself ‘four times Neokoros,’ where the fourth Neokorate refers to the worship of Diana the Ephesian, recognized as a Roman deity by Hadrian (see above). beg sueyhane on its coins boasts itself as che first city honoured with triple Neokorate ; but no stress can be laid on this boast, for the three ci…
1,336 wordsSECTION 997Section 997
dainty of ‘Solomon’s servants,’ Neh 757. In the arallel passage, Ezr 2, the name appears in the orm Peruda (x75; B Φερειδά, A Φαρειδά), and in 1 Es 5% as Pharida (B Φαρειδά, A Φαριδά, Luc. Φαδουρά). PERIZZITE (ὙΠ50).---ΤῊ6 name of one of the ‘peoples’ which were settled in Palestine before and at the period of the Is…
931 wordsSECTION 998Section 998
So Persecutor means pursuer in Neh 9" ‘ And thou didst divide the sea before them... and their persecutors thou threwest into the deeps’ (RV ‘their poe) La 419 ‘Our persecutors are swifter than the eagles of the heaven; they pursued us upon the mountains’ (RV ‘Our pur- suers ... they chased us’). As with the verbs, so …
959 wordsSECTION 999Section 999
See, further, art. NERO; and, for the persecu- tion of the Jews by Antiochus Epiphanes, art. MACCABEES. H. M. GwWATKIN. PERSEPOLIS (IlepoéwoXs).—The capital of Persia proper, the temples of which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to destroy (2 Mac 95). The city itself and the royal palace had already been burned to the gr…
913 wordsSECTION 1000Section 1000
motives of love and hope come to the support o the sense of duty as bearing on Ἐϑιβογοῖαηςο; We are now the sons of God, greatly beloved by Him, and are designed for the highest things, even complete likeness to Christ. Both because of our present standing and the hope of what we shall be, we should strive to be pure a…
1,053 wordsSECTION 1001Section 1001
PERSIC YVERSIONS.—See VERSIONS. PERSIS (Ilepols). —The name of a Christian saluted by St. Paul in Ro 16", and described as ‘the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord.’ The name appears as that of a freedwoman (CIL vi. 23,959), but does not occur apparently among the inscriptions of the imperial house- hold.…
909 wordsSECTION 1002Section 1002
4. St. Peter in connexion with Babylon, 5. St. Peter in connexion with Rome. 6. Chronological notices in (i.) the Chronicon of Euse- bius ; (ii.) the Liber Pontijicalis. 7. The burial-places of St. Peter, and memorial days. 8. The ‘Acts of Peter’ (Gnostic, Catholic). The Quo vadis legend. 9, The Clementine literat…
1,245 wordsSECTION 1003Section 1003
2. Family, home, education.—(a) The name of the apostle’s father appears as Ἰωνᾶς in Mt 16”, as ᾿Ιωάνης in Jn 121)". 16.“ Tt is generally supposed that "Iwas is a contraction of "Iwdyns. It is, how- ever, possible that we have here an instance of a double name, Jona-Jochanan or Jonas-Johannes, see art. JOHN (FATHER OF …
956 wordsSECTION 1004Section 1004
PETER (SIMON) 757 the scribes and one of the ὄχλος (Jn 749), an ‘am ha-'a: see especially Weber, Die Lehren des τάμα Φ11, ‘Der plato Character der 11, Religiositit"). Compare the gaying of the Fathers : ‘ No boor isa sin-fearer, nor is the vulgar (am ha ‘drez) pious’ elhod Aboth, ed. Taylor, p. 30). Thus the words are…
905 wordsSECTION 1005Section 1005
(iii.) The call to apostleship.—If the call to discipleship must have been somewhat later than the first Passover of the ministry (Jn 2"), the call to apostleship must be placed somewhat earlier than the (presumably) second Passover (see Mk 6™: 595... Jn 6‘). The interval therefore separating the two calls cannot have …
979 wordsSECTION 1006Section 1006
This, the last element in the confession, is introduced w th the emphatic ἡμεῖς πετιστεύχαμεν καὶ ἐγνώχαμεν. The apostles (ἡμεῖς) with their sure conviction are placed in contrast to the faithless seceders. Their present assured belief is the out- come of past experience deliberately interpreted. What is the meaning of…
925 wordsSECTION 1007Section 1007
(B) Our Lord’s welcome of the Confession (Mt 167-9 only).—It is clear that our Lord regarded the deliberate confession of His Messiahship as marking a crisis in His relations with the Twelve, and as a pledge of the growth of the kingdom. He answers it with a solemn beatitude addressed to St. Peter (μακάριος el—the only…
944 wordsSECTION 1008Section 1008
alman, Die Worte Jesu pp. 174-178. In regard to the essential meaning of this series of metaphors as applied to St, Peter, the following points howl be noted: (1) They seem to be all conditioned by the scope of the first of them, the * It is true that the word cepha is not used by the Syriac versions in these two But…
901 wordsSECTION 1009Section 1009
in which He is seen to be the mediator between the living and the departed; (c) the voice from heaven attesting His Sonship. In the period. between the Transfiguration and the Entry into Jerusalem St. Peter is mentioned on four occasions. At Capernaum, his home, the collectors of the temple dues am to him the ques- ti…
1,362 wordsSECTION 1010Section 1010
tives in the four Gospels see Westcott, Additional Notes to Jn 18. The second cock-crow (Mk) and the sudden piercing pane of the Lord (ἐνέβλεψεν, Lk) recalled to Peters mind the prophecy of Christ, ‘and he went out and wept bitterly’ (Mt, Lk; on Mk’s ἐπιβαλών see Field’s interesting note in Notes on the Translation of …
909 wordsSECTION 1011Section 1011
(δ) On the early morning of Pentecost the dis- ciples were all gathered together in one of the many chambers (οἶκοι) of the temple (v.?; for this sense of οἶκος cf. e.g. Jer 42 (36) 4 43 (36) 10. 13, Jos. Ant. Vu. iii. 2). The chambers and courts of the temple were crowded with worshippers from amon ‘the dwellers at Je…
975 wordsSECTION 1012Section 1012
The action and the words of St. Peter were a double challenge. The officials in charge of the temple resented the assumption of the position of ‘teachers’ on the part of men whom they despised as ‘am hd-drez. The Sadducees were provoked by the proclamation of the Resurrection. The two apostles were therefore put in pri…
1,008 wordsSECTION 1013Section 1013
grading in‘uence on Christianity of paganizing PETER (SIMON) associations, Peter pronounces him to be at poeent an alien from the gospel, but holds ont ope of the purifying influence of repentance and payer for forgiveness. The apostles, after some her work, returned to Jerusalem, and on their way ‘evangelized many v…
954 wordsSECTION 1014Section 1014
Ivis clear that in 10443 we have a summary of a speech which was early interrupted (1115 ; cf. 41 754 2222), (1) V.46, The apostle declares that now he s the truth that God is the moral ruler (not of Israel only, but) of men belonging to every nation. (2) Vy.8841, There follows a historical statement as to the Divine…
1,029 wordsSECTION 1015Section 1015
About two years later St. Paul, with Barnabas, visited Jerusalem in connexion with the famine. His stay there was, from the nature of his mission, a short one. The historian’s mention simply of ‘the elders’ (Ac 11”) at Jerusalem and St. Paul’s silence as to this visit in Gal 1. 2 appear to show that neither St. Peter n…
958 wordsSECTION 1016Section 1016
tells us, St. Peter ate with the Gentile disciples, treating them as on an equality with their Jewish brethren. Afterwards certain members of the Church at Jerusalem came from James, These men had been for the moment silenced by the decision of the conference, but they had not been satisfied with its spirit. Perhaps in…
1,200 wordsSECTION 1017Section 1017
(ii.) The continuity of revelation and redemp- tion.—The doctrine of a Messiah who had suffered, and who by definite acts of God had been raised from the dead and exalted to supreme sovereignty, was new. But in various ways St. Peter insists that these facts of redemption were the develop- ment of the whole history of …
901 wordsSECTION 1018Section 1018
t It should be remembered that the LXX often represents 13) in Isaiah and elsewhere by δοῦλος (e.g. 18 4219 4820 498.5), It is therefore not improbable that St. Paul’s words μορφὴν δούλον λαβών in Ph 27 allude to the prophecies in Deutero-Isaiah. But in Ph 2 the preceding and the succeeding context alike guard against …
1,003 wordsSECTION 1019Section 1019
The story of Petronilla, the supposed daughter of St. Peter, is given in Acta Nerei et Achillei 15 (ed. Achelis p. 14 f.), and in Acta Philippi, in Tischendorf, "ἘΞ Apocr. pp. 149, 155. Augustine (contr. Adimant. 17; Migne, Pat. Lat. 42, 161) also mentions the fact that the story had a place in the apocryphal books in …
1,092 wordsSECTION 1020Section 1020
below ; (4) Gregory the Great, Ep. vii. 40 (Migne, Pat. Lat. \xxvii. 899), ‘ipse firmauit sedem [in Antio- chia] in qua septem annis, quamuis discessurus, sedit.’ The festival of ‘Cathedra Petriin Antiochia was on Feb. 22 (see below, ne 773). (3) Syriac. Doctr. Apost. (Cureton, Anc. Syr, Documents, p. 33). To pass to …
941 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.