PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 3
James Hastings · 1,187,003 words · 1191 reading sections
Section 301
(8) 2116, The guilt of those who marry forelgn women * Contrast Am 8°. ; t The terms of that punishment are not quite clear in 2 MALEFACTOR MALLUS 223 evidently eager to carry out his master’s wish to secure Jesus, and was therefore struck at by Peter. The stroke missed, and only cut off Malchus’ ear (ὠτίον (Mt), ὠ…
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MALLUCH (m$>).—1. A Merarite, ancestor of Ethan, 1 Ch 6* (Heb.*), LXX Maddy. 2. One of the sons of Bani who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 10” (B ᾿Αλούμ, A Μαλούχ), called in 1 Es 9 Mamuchus. 3. One of the sons of Harim who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 1053 (LX.X Μαλούχ). 4. 5. Two of those who sealed the covenant,…
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LITERATURE.—Plummer (International Crit. Comm.) on Lk 169-13; Thayer-Grimm, 8.0. ; Brockelmann, Syriac Lez., 8.v.; Lagarde, Uebersicht, p. 185, Mitteil. i. 229; Arnold Meyer, Jests Muttersprache, p. 51 n.; Jastrow, Dict. of the Tg9., 8.0. W. H. BENNETT. MAMNITANEMUS (A Μαμνιτάναιμος, B Μαμτ-, AV Mamnitanaimus), 1 Es …
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Perhaps the most frequent expression of this kind is man of war, which occurs 42 times in AV text, and always signifies a soldier or warrior. In Ex 15° J” is called ‘a man of war’; see Montefiore, Hibbert Lect. p. 89 ἴ., and art. LoRD or Hosts. The expression man of God (o'r ex), to desig- nate one acting under Divine…
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iv. UNITY OF THE RAcE.—This is implied in the accounts of the Creation, the Deluge, ane the tower of Babel, and in the genealogies of Genesis. It has been asserted that Gn 6}: 3 points to two distinct species of mankind (Keil); but elsewhere in OT the expression ‘the sons of God’ (ox7>x7 23) invariably stands for angel…
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(d) In 13" another Beast comes up out of the earth, which has two horns like a lamb (evidently, therefore, is a rival and counterpart of the Lamb), and speaks like a dragon (being in reality Satanic and not divine). This being is afterwards (195) etc.) called the False Prophet. His function is to support the former Bea…
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MAN OF SIN AND ANTICHRIST 227 sacrifice, and set up the abomination that maketh desolate. He comes to a sudden end, and then follows the great tribulation, and then a resurrec- tion of the dead. It is agreed that these predictions, while partly applicable to a historical person, Antiochus Epi- phanes, do not apply t…
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Antichrist—the Antichrist believed in by the Jews—passes through several stages. He is per- haps originally a natural force personified, repre- senting Chaos as opposed to order, Darkness as against light. He is then identified with Satan, the great adversary of God in the moral world. The Antichrist of the Sibylline O…
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ome (Jos. Ant. XVI. i. 3). When Antipas be- came tetrarch (he was called ‘king’ only by * The arrangement of the conjunctive particles suggests that the first three mentioned were prophets, the last two naen and Saul) teachers. See Meyer, tn loc. ; cf. Xen. Mem. li. 3. 19. + Antipas is the only Herod whom St. Luke el…
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ing, who seems to have done something towards a religious reformation (2 Καὶ 18*). But there was always a strong party which resented reform, and on Hezekiah’s death it improved its opportunity by capturing his successor. All the superstitious cults and practices of the time of Ahaz came back, and were established with…
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* v.49 must be a later addition: not only is it out of place after v.59, but ‘ their tent-villages’ (O7°n)n) in v.41, which can refer only to the ‘ Amorites’ of v.39, shows that once v.41 must have immediately followed v.89. The intention of the addition is evidently to legitimize the conquest of Machir, by repre- sent…
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The is undoubtedly obscure ; and Budde (ΖΑ W, 1887, p. 123 ff. = Ri. τὸ, S. 1890, pp. HA pueecning, this explanation of the ‘forest,’ and developing er the opinion already ex- oo by previous scholars (e.g. Ewal ist. ii, 281, 299f., , 821, 899..." Wellh., Hist. 445; Stade, ch. i. τὰν that the E. half of was ri count: …
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ili. The clans and subdivisions of Manasseh.— In the enumeration of these there is much diversity ; the different schemes will be apprehended most capa if presented in tabular form. 1. In J, then, we have the following genealogy (Jos 17?>-2)— Manasseh | if I | Machir Atom ποῖος Asriel Shechem* Hepher Shemida Gilead (…
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MANASSES (Μανασσή B, -ῆς A).—1. 1 Es 9%= MANASSEH, No. 4 2. Judith’s husband, Jth 8%. 3. An unknown person mentioned in the dying words of Tobit as one who ‘gave alms and escaped the snare of death’ set for him by Aman (To 14", AV and RV, following LXX B Μανασσῆς). The text of &, ἐν τῷ ποιῆσαί με (sic) ἐλεημοσύνην ἐξῆλ…
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lying offences. With humble confession he prays or forgiveness and salvation from death, since God is ‘ the God of the penitent,’ and can show all His goodness only toward the unworthy (vv.*"), This is a fine penitential prayer, deserving its ancient place in the Christian Psalter, casting a favourable light on the ag…
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MANEH. MANES (Μάνης, AV Eanes, due to a misprint *Havys for Μάνης in the Aldine ed.), 1 Es 97..—One of those who agreed to put away their ‘strange’ wives. RVm identifies the name with Harim in Ezr 10}; more probably, perhaps, it takes the place of the two names Maaseiah, Elijah. See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MANGER.—The…
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MANI nimity of the cave tradition a sign that it belongs to the original source of the Infancy history, and from the varieties of phraseology in the Greek narratives he conjectures that this source was Hebrew. It has been suspected (with what proba- bility it is impossible to say) that the cave stor grew out of the pr…
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Manifestation occurs but rarely, Wis 15 ‘the sound of his words shall come unto the Lord for the manifestation of his wicked deeds’ (els ἔλεγχον ; AVm ‘for the reproving,’ RV ‘to bring to conviction’); Ro 8" ‘For the earnest expecta- tion of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God’ (τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν…
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MANNER 245, Nu 73-19, Dt 2°, Jos 17). It is said to owe its name to the question sim }2 man hit, ‘what ™* is it?’ v.15 (E), asked by the people when it fell. For Egyptian affinities of the word, see Brugsch, HW B vi. 606; Ebers, Gosen, 236. As a perpetual memorial of this provision, Aaron was told to place a zinzeneth…
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4. Personal behaviour, conduct, as Sir 3117 ‘Leave off first for manner’s sake’ (χάριν παιδείας) ; 2 Mac 5" ‘He left governors... at Jerusalem, Philip . . . for manners more barbarous, than he that set him there’ (τὸν δὲ τρόπον, RV ‘in character’) ; Ac 13 ‘And about the time of forty years suffered he their manners in …
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generally of all manner fear, but of that only * The TR ixperogépnety is best attested (RBO2DHLP, as against ACIE for ἐτροφοφόρνσιν). In the original ὁ Dt 1 there is also uncertaint; of reading. The decision between the two readings, thoug’ they yield such different meanings, must be mainly due to the view taken of …
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Josephus (Ant. v. viii. 1-3) decorates the narra- *In v.19 the MT nivy) xbox, from which it is impossible to obtain the EV tr", ‘and (the angel) did wondrously,’ is mani- festly corrupt. While B reads χαὶ διεχώρισεν ποιῆσαι, A has τῷ θαυμαστὰ ποιοῦντι Κυρίῳ (cf. Vulg. Domino mirabilia facienti). Perhaps we ought to re…
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“To overcome in battle, and subdue Nations, and bring home spoils with infinite Man-slaughter, shall be held the highest pitch Of human glory.’ J. HASTINGS. MAN-STEALING.—In Ex 21* (Book of the Cove- nant, JE) the law is laid down, ‘he that stealeth a man (es 333) and selleth him, or (}) if he be found in his hand, sh…
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§ The same Heb. expression is used in Gn 25%, where Esau'e appearance is compared to that of a hairy mantle (AV and RV ‘yarment’) 240 MANUSCRIPTS aaa LL MAK 4. arey (B ἐπιβύλαιον, A and Lue. δέῤῥι5) occurs once only, Jg 415, of the article with which Jael covered Sisera. AV has ‘mantle,’ RV ‘rug,’ AVm ‘rug or blan…
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The name Maon was given to several places in S. Palestine. Besides Maon near Petra, there was Maon near Hebron, Jos 15°, 1 § 23" 25? (Smith, HGHL 316), and [Beth]-baal-Meon on S.E. of Jordan, Nu 32% (perhaps pyo for py2 Nu 32%), Jos 1317, Jer 48%, Ezk 25°, 1 Ch 58, Moabite Stone, ll. 9, 30. See Gray, Heb. Prop. Names, …
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A. T. CHAPMAN, MARALAH (ny7>; B MapayeAdd, A Μαριλά, Luc. Mapa\d).—A place on the west border of Zebulun, VOL. 111.—16 MARANATHA 24) Jos 19%. The Pesh. has Ramath-ta'le’, ‘height of the fox.’ The site is quite uncertain. For con- jectures see Dillm. ad loc. C. R. CONDER. MARANATHA.— An expression used by the Apost…
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This opinion, however, may be said to be at length extinet in scholarly circles. It is not only confessed to be without intrinsic or historic founda- tion, but it conflicts with the intimations afforded by the independent use of the word in early iristian documents. The earliest is that in The Teaching of the Apostles…
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* Dalman (Worte Jesu, i. 269) calls 8372 the earlier and fuller form. See Zahn, Hind. in das NT. *. § 18, Anm. 11, MARBLE MARDOCHEUS To the question why the apostle deserts the Greek for the Aramaic language here, many con- e:tural answers have been given: such as, to tumble the pride of his Corinthian converts by r…
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In Ca 5" there occurs the simile, ‘ His legs are as pillars of marble’ (ey πον, LXX στύλοι μαρμάρινοι). In Apocr. μάρμαρος occurs only once (Ep. Jer”). Here it is said that the idols of the heathen shall be known to be no gods ἀπὸ τῆς πορφύρας καὶ τῆς μαρμάρου τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς σηπομένης. The context seems to make it nec…
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2. σκοπός, a mark to keep the eye on, in shooting or running; Wis 5” ‘Like as when an arrow is shot at a mark’ (ἐπὶ σκοπόν) ; 54, Ph 34 ‘I press toward the mark for the prize of the high ca ling of God in Christ Jesus’ (κατὰ σκοπόν ; RV ‘towards bruise’). the goal,’ but it is not a technical word in the race. course …
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MARK (JOHN).—In this art. the identity of the John Mark of the Acts with the Mark of the Pauline Epistles (Col, Philem, 2 Ti), with the Mark of 1 P, and with Mark the Evangelist, mentioned in early Christian literature, is assumed. This identifica- tion is confirmed Ὁ the link between the Acts and the Pauline Epistles …
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(ii.) Some three or four years pass before we meet Mark again in the history. The great con- troversy as to the freedom of the Gentile converts had been closed, pulwardly at least, by the decision of ‘the Council’ at Jerusalem. Paul and Barnabas returned to Antioch. At Antioch (if without further discussion we may assu…
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4, MARK IN CHRISTIAN TRADITION. *_(i.) Mark’s position by birth.—The Preface to the Gospel found in MSS of the Vulgate contains the notice : ‘ sacer- dotium in Israhel agens, secundum carnem levita’ (Wordsworth-White, p. 171, ef. p. 173)—a_ mere deduction, it seems probable, from Mark’s kinship to Barnabas. The remembr…
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(111.) Mark and St. Peter.—A constant tradition in the early Church, reaching back to the confines of the apostolic age and harmonizing with the notices of the NT, certifies us that Mark was a companion of St. Peter (i.e. in his missionary labours), was with him towards the end of his life, and wrote the ee to preserve…
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The legends of Mark’s mission to Aquileia and of the translation of his body to Venice belong to medieval hagiology, and lie outside the scope of this article. See Lipsius, pp. 346-353. (v.) The Acts of Mark.—The Greek text is given in Migne, Pat. Gr. exv. 164-170. The document has been translated into Latin, Arabic, …
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MARK, GOSPEL OF majority of Greek MSS, as well as catalogues and lists given in ecclesiastical writers, it has the second place. This second Gospel (see below, vi.) isseen at once to have a character of its own distinguishing it unmistakably from the first and third Gospels, not to speak of the Fourth. In ancient time…
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The whole matter falls at the same time very ob- viously into two great blocks of narrative—the one occupied with the Galilean Ministry (14-9), the other with the Last Week at Jerusalem (11)-165). There is a difference also between the two. In the first the narrative, while always vivid and at some points full, is ofte…
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| parables, the Fruit-bearing Earth (4559); prayer of the Gadarene demoniac, the complaint of John, the women bringing spices to the tomb, are given by Mark and Luke, but not by Matthew (Mk 12-7, Lk 493-37; Mk 18-89, Lk 44244; Mk 618, Lk 8%; Mk 988, Lk 949; Mk 160], Lk 241). While the peculiarity of Mark as compared w…
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On the other hand, there is ἃ considerable number of words which occur only in Mark and the LXX. They amount to about 40, and most of them are words which are replaced by others in the parallel passages in Matthew and Luke. To the Jast-mentioned class belong such terms as ἀγρεύειν, ἀμφιβάλλειν, δύσκολος, ἐκθαμβεῖσθαι, …
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iv. ORIGINAL LANGUAGE.—From the earliest times to the present day the general opinion has 252 MARK, GOSPEL OF MARK, GOSPEL OF been that the second Gospel was written origin- ally in the language in which we now possess it. The testimony of antiquity is entirely in this direc- tion. The Fathers either speak of Mark’s…
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The only case affecting the integrity of any con- siderable part of the Gospel is that of the concluding paragraph. It is also the great problem in the textual criticism of the book. The documents show three different forms for the close of the Gospel— (a) the longer form as given in TR, embracing 16°; (Ὁ) the shorter …
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called a ‘transcript from life MARK, GOSPEL OF tive of the Forty Days’ (Hort), a summary of the appearances of the risen Christ and their effect upon the apostles, concluding with His ascension, and their subsequent work. The probability, therefore, is that these last twelve verses did not belong to the original for…
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Akin to this, too, is the quality of peculiar circumstantiality. Mark’s is the Gospel of greatest detail. As a general rule, it is richer than the other Gospels in the particulars which go to give certainty and distinctness to narrative. It is copious in indications of time, place, number, situation, and the like. It t…
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MARK, GOSPEL OF on people and on disciples by His wonderful works (02 215 78. 6[0.}. Yet this is not due to any neglect of His true humanity. It is a remarkable fact that, while this Gospel depicts the Jesus of history so pre- eminently in His power, it records with literal faithfulness things which might seem so far…
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We are on much more certain ground when we come to Irenzus. His testimony is as unambiguous as itis ample. He speaks of the ‘ fourfold Gospel ἢ (τετράμορφον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, iii. 11. 8). He tells us both about Mark himself and about his Gospel. He quotes the opening words, Jnitium Evangelii Jesu Christi filii Dei, etc., …
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| } Ϊ MARK, GOSPEL OF believers (Ac 1913}, and cousin (ἀνεψιός) of Barna- bas (Col 4). See preceding article. In the NT the traditional author of the second Gospel is associated mostly with Paul. He is mentioned as returning to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas, after their visit to Jerusalem with the contributions of …
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It has been contended by some that the second Gospel as we have it does not correspond with Papias’ description, and cannot be the work which he ascribes to Mark (Schleiermacher, Weiffenbach, Beyschlag, S. Davidson, ete.). It is asserted that our Gospel is the composition of some unknown writer, who worked up into orde…
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| by Lk (e.g. 717, cf. Mt 15'5; 14%, cf. Lk 225). 258 .---.ο -. MARK, GOSPEL OF The silence of this Gospel in matters honourable to Peter has been commented on from the time of Eusebius (Dem. Evang. iii. 5) onwards, and explanations of most of these cases of suppression may be suggested. On the other hand, there ar…
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x. RELATION TO MATTHEW AND LUKE.—While the three Synoptical Gospels cover for the most part the same field, and have also a consider- able measure of agreement, especially in their latter portions, in the arrangement of events, they have also notable differences in the amount, dis~ tribution, and connexion of their mat…
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MARK, GOSPEL OF 255 726 810 etc., are supposed to betray the secondary character of Mark. But it is entirely to misunder- stand these to speak of them as ‘unimportant, prosaic, unsuitable, and trifling’ (S$. Davidson, Intr. to NT, i. 494). Opinion, however, has gone more and more in the other direction. ‘The independ…
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Pfleiderer, again, takes this Gospel to be the product of Pauline influences adapted to medi- ating uses. He thinks the opening sentence which speaks of the ‘ Gospel,’ the summary of the preach- ing of Jesus in terms of repentance and belief (1, ef. Gal 376 5°), and other things in what follows, run in terms of Pauline…
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The locality of those addressed is not definitely indicated. But that they were Gentile Christians appears from the fact that Aramaic terms, which would be strange to Gentiles, are interpreted, and that Jewish customs, localities, seasons, etc., with which Gentiles could not be presumed to be fa- miliar, are explained.…
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The data available for the determination of the time of composition are limited and uncertain. The Paschal Chronicle places the Gospel at A.D. 40, and Eusebius in his Chronicon puts it in the third year of Claudius (A.D. 43). Irenzeus and Clement Alex. both represent it as written after Peter’s arrival in Rome, which m…
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5. Ὁ. F. SALMOND. MARKET-PLACE is in RV the fuller and better rendering for the Gr. ἀγορά, oftener represented in and comprehensive sense is that of a place of assembly, which may as such be associated with various uses. We find it mentioned accordingly in connexion with the holding of trials (at Philippi, Ac 16), wi…
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By the Matriarchate, maternal system or ‘mother-right’ is not to be understood a system in which women actually rule (gynekocracy), but only one in which they are rded as con- Stituting the family bond. They determine the recognized relationships, so that maternal relatives are treated as kin, while the paternal are i…
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* In the name of Eve, which he connects with hayy (a group based on female kinship), W. R. Smith finds a recognition of the fact that female descent had been the original system (Kin. and Mar, p. 177); while, according to Stade, the older tradition was that the twelve tribes were descended from twelve wives of Jacob (Ο…
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A spirit of protest against the whole system, and the promise of more drastic reforms, is dis- coverable within the prophetic school. In opposi- tion to existing practice, J sounds the significant note that in the beginning it was not so. Accord- ing to the antique mode of thought, to say that the first man had one wif…
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(1) The Christian system involved the adoption of monogamy, and the prohibition of polygyny and bigamy. It is true that there is no direct con- demnation of the latter. And the omission cannot be explained by saying it would have been super- fluous, for, although in NT times monogamy was the rule, polygamy was certainl…
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This, however, involves no difference of relationship, though ibly some difference of status on the part of the half-brother. t is unfortunate that the most satisfactory explanation which connects v.11 with the stepmother’s daughter by another hus- band requires alteration of the text. @ A second difficulty arises …
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The penalties for violation of the forbidden degrees were proportioned to the gravity of the case. In Dt those forming the three types of in- cestuous union there specified (27° *+*) have a curse laid upon them. In Ly 20 capital punish- ment is decreed against the partners in three cases of incestuous intercourse or ma…
979 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.