PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 841
The pro])het who made this announcement boro the name of John. The .'<cene of his preaching was the wilderness of Juda;a, near thi^ lower course of the Jordan where it fell into the Dead Sea. In this wilderiuss he had lived in soliiude for some time before he began his prophetic mission. His whole appearance was sternl…
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ifi) The Voice from /leoren. — It has been too readily assumed by some distinguished writers (e.g. Usener) that the oldest version of the voice from heaven was in exact agreement with I*s 'J' 'Thou art my [belovetl] Son: this day have 1 begotten thee.' in two of the three Svnoptics the reading is nn<lonbtedly • e fTo'i…
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No doubt there was more than this. Besides the outward maiiifest;ition, a new epoch o]>ened for the Son of Man Himself. But the nature of this we can describe only by its effects. The evan- gelists evidently have before their minds the analogy of the prophetic call and prophetic endow- ment. After the events of the Bap…
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All these questions Jesus answered for Hiniselt absolutely in the negative. There did not enter into His mind even a p;ussing shadow of the am- bition which marked the best of earthly conquerors. He was determined not to minister in the least to the national pride of the Jews. Still less would He work out a new pride o…
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A striking feature in the .lohannean version of His visit to Judiea is the way in which the work of .lesus in connexion with it takes up the work of the ISaptist and lills in conspicuous gaps in the narrative of the Syno])tics. The cleansing of the temple is an act of reformation which follows up the call to repentance…
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• B. FiiisTArTrvF oit Co.vsTitrcr/VE Vkiiiop.- Tin: For.Y/n.vt; of tiik Ki.vudom. Scene. — Mainly in Giililee, but also p.artly in .leriLsalem. Time. — From about Pentecost .v.n. 27 to shortly before Pa.ssover .».i>. 2fs. Mt 4>-'-I.S'-% Mk l"-(!i». Lk 4'«-n«, Jn ■.'-•". In this period the points to notice are : ii.…
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The course of teaching in which the Twelve were initiated covered a considerable part of that of which an outline will presently be sketched, , especially its first two heads. It is suiiiniarized j in the phra.se 'the mystery of the Kinudnm' , (Mk4iMI). t)f course it is n("it to be lliought that the disciples at once u…
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iii. Pieachiny of the Kintjdom. — In the mean- time the crowds of Galilee, and especially the Twelv?, enjoyed the privilege which John did not. They were having expounded to them in full the new doctrine of the Kingdom of (Jiid (or of heaven). This doctrine is of .such far-reaching importance, ami is so Intimately boui…
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CIC JESUS CHRIST JESUS CHKIST inaiiiier whether Jesus were reallv a propliet sent iiDiii God or no (Jii liw, Ml \2^« \\ lO'ir llian ji, .In 7'""). Hut their suspicions were soon arouscil. It Wiis evident tliat the teacliin;; and manner of tlie life of Jesus contticted greatly with their own. There wius a freedom and…
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The Teaching of Jesus. a. General Characteristics of the Teaching. (1) Itr: Hclntiiin tn tlir Trnrlii'mt of thr Ihlfillst and til Hint nf tin' .Srriliis. — \Vc have seen tliat.Icsus began by taking up not only the announcement of the Haptist that the Kingdom of (!od was at hand, but also bis call to reformation oi l…
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We may say that the parables of .lesus are of two kinds. In some the element of 'comparison' is more prominent. In these the parable moves as it were in two planes — one that of tiie scene or story which is made the vehicle for the lesson, and the other that of the higher truth which it is sought to convey ; the e.s.se…
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Then the nature of the parable, at once presentini; a picture to the iniml ami pinvokini; to the search for a hidden nieanin;; or application beneath it, would seem to be exactly suited to the ))a;da!roL;ic inelliod of .iesus, which always "alls for some respon- sive effort on the part of man. .md which iirefers to pro…
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(1) Tlii> Fiitherhtxid of Gnil. — li has just been said that the doctrine that God is Father by no means excludes the doctrine that He is also King. This idea, too, is repeatedly put forward ( Mt ;V''' 18--5 :>-2- etc. ). The title ' King ' brings out what in modern language we are accustomed to call the ' tran- scende…
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heaven ' (though not exactly in the sense usually assigned to it ; see below under ii.) occurs rs- Ileal edly in the Talmud. It seems, therefore, on the whole |iidbable that both forms were used by our Lord Himself. In any case they may be re- garded as equivalents. (ii.) Neaninij. — The phrase in both its forms is am…
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From this point of view it mav be .said, with Iloltzmann (AT Th. i. 202-207), that the negative side of the conception is the p'orgivene.ss of Sins as the first condition of entrance into the King- dom, and that the positive side of it is the .active pr.actice of Uigliteousness with the peace and con- tentment which th…
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(vii.) Xatiijnal or Universal ? — The same i)rin- ciple holds good throughout the whole of this analysis of the idea of the Kingdom. The aptest figure to exjiress it is that of r/rowth. It is a germ, secretly and silently iiiK-nuatcil, and secn-ily and silently %vorking until it puts forth (irsl the blade, then the ear…
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civic and industrial duties are very few, and those negative rather than positive (Mt 18-" 22-' = Ko l.'i-). (iii.) I'aiaJiij-i's of OiriMianity. — It is oidy natural that these features in the teaching of Christ should be taken hold of and made a charge against C'hristianity, as they have been from Suetonius onwards …
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When the verse Mt 5*^ ' Give to him that asketh thee,' etc., is criticized from the point of view of modern political economy, the mistake is in apply- ing a standard whicli is out of place. In those days the natural and, indeed, the only outlet of the kind for benefiting the poor was almsgiving; and our Lord's main ob…
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JESUS CHRIST JESL'S CIliaST 0i'3 Gesch'-. p. 381). Xiir can this conclusion really be avoided by such an expedient as Iloltzinann's, who calls attention to the comparative rarity of the title in the early chapters and early stages of the history (p.;/. in Mk only 2"''-S), and would explain it during this period impe…
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At the same time it is abundantly clear that the title was really assumed from the indirect mode in which Jesus constantly speaks of God as ' My Father.' This is verv frequent in Synoptics as well as in St. John (Mt 7-i 10*-' 11^' 1,5'3 16" etc.). And although, as we have seen, the consciousness which finds expression …
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LiTRRATCKE. — Much material of value vdW be found in the works on the Biblical Theoloi^y of NT by Weiss, Beyschlair, an<l esp. 11. J. Holtzuiann (ISStT). Iteference may also'be made to Hovon, Tltml. flu XT, Lausanne. 1S97. The most considerable recent work on the Teaching of Jesus as a whole is Weiuit's I.elireJem, Got…
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it lias doubtless greatly changed. IJut it is still a (luestiou wliicli is probably by no means so clear, whether, alio wing for its temporary and local character, the language then used di<l not con- tain an important element of truth. The physical and moral spheres are perhaps more intimately connected than we suppos…
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Kvery attempt to treat of the life of our Lord should contribute its quota to the answer to these (|uestions. And it is becoming more and more possible to do this, not merely In a spirit of su|]er- licial apologetics, but with a deep sense of responsi- bility to the truth of history. And the writer of this article stro…
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(iv.) Tlie Qiifditij of the Evidence. — So far we have spoken of the external character of the evidence. It is speaking within the mark to say that a large part of the evidence for the Gospel miracles, including some of those that are most miraculous, is separated from the facts by an interval of not more than thirty y…
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This, too, is a very original feature. It is certainly not one that the popular imagination would create, because the motive to create it was wanting. It is not to be supposed that the popular imagination would first coiTCCt it.self and then embody the correction in a fictitious narra- tive. Here again we are driven to…
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(vii.) 'J'lie Unexplained Element in Miracles. — When all the above considerations are borne in mind, some may still think that there is a residuum which is not wholly explained — not so much as to the fact of miracles, or as to their congruity with the Person of Jesus, but rather as to the method of particular miracle…
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the circuit; but Mt II-'"- appears to mark thu practical close of the Galilieau ministry. The greater part of this circuit lay witiiin tlie dominions, not of Herod Antipa-s, where Jesus had hitherto mainly worked, but of his brother Philip. Now we know that the hostility to lliin wiis shand by l\u: Pharisees with the …
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ii. IVideninr) Breach tnith the Pharisees. — More than one incident occurs in tliis period which points to the increasing tension of the rela- tions between Jesus and the I'harisees (Mk 8"-'''). i5ut the decisive passage is .Mk 7'-'-'ll, the severity of which anticipates the denunciations of the last I'assover. In this…
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V. The Transfiejuration. — To the confession of the apostle and to the words of thanksgiving, which are also words of serene contentment and inward .a.ssurance, there was not wanting an out- ward Divine sanction. This was given in the scene which is known to us as the Transfiguration (Mk !t--''|l). The narrative of the…
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from the Feast of Dedication ? Is it probable that Jesus returned to Galilee and coutiiuu-il \i\\ ministty there',' It does not seem .so. The .solemn anil deliberate leave-taking from Galilee is not likely to have been so broken. The principal objection to this view would be that the secret and uuex|)ected visit to Jer…
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iv. The Prophecies of Death and Jlesurrection. — From the time of St. Peter's confession Jesus began in set terms to foretell that His mission would end in His death, soon, however, to be followed by His resurrection (Mk 8-"l!). At the moment of His highest triumph, marked by the Transfiguration, the same .solemn predi…
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That which gives this particular Death a value which no other death could have had is (o) the fact that it is the Death of the Messiah, of Due whose function it is to be the Saviour of His peoi)le, and whose Death like His Eifi- must in some way enter into the purpose of the whole scheme of .salvation ; and (/S) the fu…
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they were cheering. They were still in the twilight of their old Jewish expectations. They supposed that the moment had at last come when the hopes which they eherislied would be realized, and when before the crowds as.sembled for the l'as.sover Jesus would at last i)ut Himself forward as the Leader for whom they were …
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W^itli this charge it is that the leaders of the Sanhedrin come before I'ilate. Pilate has the rough Kouian sense of justice, and he feels that the charge is not proved, lie sees no evidence that .Jesus is really a formidable con.spir.ator, or even a cou.spirator at all against the State. He therefore desires to rele.i…
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Tlio Qiick'tit solution of the ditliculty was to suppose a corrup- tioij (K fnr I', or ilV** ret'mi) of the te.xt. inort- often In .In thiin in .Mk ; ami ri^litlv. beeaUM- In Mli tlierc arc thrt-f several notes of time (Mk I.'"" '"•»') whlrh banfr tojretber. So lius. </</ Marinnm, with aproup of MSS scAotia {rid. Tisch…
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One hypothesis, which the writer was at one time tempted to entertain, — very tentatively, — . that the 'Passover' which lay before the disciples and the Sanhedrin was not the Pa.ssover proper, but the eating of the Chiia'tgah (so Kdersheim, M'Clellan, Nosgen), he now believes to be unten- able (see Expo^s. 18i)2, i. 1…
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On the other side, no doubt, must be set the fact that in the apostolic circle the belief in the near- ness of the Second Coudng Wius almost universal (1 Th 4""', 1 Co 7-'»ii 10-», 2 Co &a, Ko 1:5" '-. Pli 4', 1 P4', 1 .In 2'», Uev 1^ 2-Ji" etc.). The obvious conclusion to draw from this would be that the belief had a …
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• .\ similar view Is taken 1>\ Mnupl, i*. I:t;t f, ftn,l appnr.-iitly also by Hrnslon tllolltmAnn, 'XftiUit. Thro:, 1. St.', n.^. ttut coni mended itself to the writer of this lnde|H'ndel:th . 636 JESUS CHRIST JKSUS CHRIST that til tbe discourse of Mk IS I tliore Is lncor|ionilt'»l a * Uttlo A pornlvpsf ' of ,Iew(>…
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Iltm tranap. w.". is omittmt (Clir.) rtl partim intfrifct« (Sln.l v.*** Syrr. (Sin. -Cur.). ['"... ««« otoo wAijpwdp it Tn fiaa. TOO ©eoe. '• tai Aa^ui' apTOe tv\apiaTri(xai cicAatTd' tai iStiiKtv airoK Atywe" toOto em to aui/^d ^ou TO ijnia iifiiiv itiofifvoii (oin. Cur.)' touto irotttTt «»« Tiji* in'riv ai'd ^i-ijati…
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We are reminded further that the same phra.se /cNJK (xaTakX^K) ipTof is repeatedly used of a solemn act of our Lord independenilv of the Kucharist ( Mk ti«i II 86 II '••'. Lk 24«>J. And' we gather from the context of the last passage that there was .some- thing distinctive in this particular act by which our Lord was r…
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We take the view that the discourse in question does not relate directly to the Eucharist. But it does not do .so only because it expresses the larger idea of which the Kucharist is a particular ctm- crete embodiment, the one le.tding embodiment which Chri.sl has bequeathed to His Church. As there is a coinniunion with…
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t)f the critical theories respecting the origin of the Eucharist, that which we have just mentioned is the most important. Harnack"s contention, that it was sometimes administered with water instead of wine, not only here and there among the sects, but in the main body of the Church, belongs rather to the history of th…
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Is it not possible that the story of the Walk to Kmmans has a like origin ? The name Cleopas ( = ('leopatros) is just such as we .should expect to hnd in the same Heroilian circle. In any ea.se, the source bears other marks of being a good one. It gives a grapiiic; pi(-turc of the dejection through which the di.sciples…
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It is noticeable that although there were doubts in the Apostolic Ai;e on the subject of resurrection (1 Co lii'-, 2 Ti 2'^'), it is not as to the resurrection of Christ, but as to that of Christians. St. Paul argues on the assumption that Christ was really raised as from a premiss common to himself and Ills opponents.…
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The oidy remaining course is to combine the traditions, much as they seem to be combined in the Fourth (Jospel and the Gospel of Peter. We must not disguise from ourselves the difficulties which this .solution leaves. The most serious of these are caused by the command of Lk 24^*, and the contracted space within which …
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It is at this point that some of the best attested details of the Ke.surrection interpose difficulties. To carry through a consistent theory of visioiLs, two con<litions are necessary, (a) If they arose, as StraiLss suiJ]>oses, from affectionate dwelling upon the personality of Jesus, combined with re- flexion upon cer…
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(rf) On the one haml, the Resurrection of Christ was the pledge anil earnest of physical resurrec- tion and the life beyond the grave. St. I'aul founds upon it the hope of immortality (1 Th 4", Ko 8«, 1 Co (j» lo'-"'-, 2 Co 4" etc.). (e) But he equally founds upon it the most earnest exhortations to holiness of life. …
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Om. !<*D, a b e ITj Syr.-Sin., Aug. 1/2. This means that the omission of the words is a primitive Western reading, which in this case is probably right: it was a natural gloss to explain the parting of the Lord from the disri[tles of the Ascension ; there was no similar temptation to omit the words if genuine. In Ac …
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Yet, on the other hand, the same two Gospels, though tliffering widely in the details of the nan-a- tive, assert uneciuivocally that Joseph had no share in the parentage of Jesus, and that the place of a human latlier was taken by the direct action of the Spirit of God. The differences show that the two traditions are …
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Ill regard to the Matthiean document we are in the dark. The curious gravitation of statement towards Joseph has a reason ; but beyond this there is not much th.at we can say. It would not follow that the immediate source of the narrative was very near his person. In the case of Lk we can see farther down the vista. We…
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ilt 1'" 'laKoj^ &i iyiffrjtrtr Toe 'Iiotrij'f) Toe av5pa Mapt'af , «"f ^? iytvvrjQri 'I,)troOs o Ae-ytificeo? XpitrToc, t 'iii/tl. (rftrr. litif. ijiti fxfitaiit 077}ji. vihni'<t:. qiKtuiphtr. I'trnn. {iitcl. f ffj, tft/. 1), </. llial. Tim. et Aq. fol. 1 1:! r°. ^ 'loKuijS 6e eyeVi'tjffe Toi' 'Iwatj'^, (J ^vijerTc…
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I.itkkati'up.. — The ftillest discussion of this subject took jtlnre In a lengthy corres|iuiulenco In T/ie Academy, towards the eiul of 1MI4 and beginning of Is'JS. iii. The Genealogies. — At the time when it was Uiought lUMcs.sary at ;dl costs to bring one biblical statement into visible harmony with anuiher, two hyp…
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The chief authority for the census of A. p. 6 is Josephus ; nnd an eminent German scholar, I>r. Tb. Zabn, put forward in 1"»93 Uie view that it was .Tosephus who was al fault in dating from tlds vear an event which really foil in n.c. 4-;J ( S'eitf Kirch- ticfte ZdUchyift, pp. 68;i-t»54). "This bronpbt tlic data more n…
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JESUS CHRIST JESUS CHRIST G47 that the facts recorded have been derived from 'eye-witnesses and ministere of the word.' Aloni.' with this process there has been growing up a belter and fuller pliilosophy of the Incarna- tion. Tliis has been due especially to some of the contributors to Lux Mundi, and may be seen in…
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The la-st of these heads is not really so disparate as it may seem from the rest. The ultimate object that we have in view is to bring home — or to suggest lines on which it may be possible to bring home — what Christ really v/as and is to the Individual believer. In order to do this we en- deavour to collect (1.) what…
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Sayings like these, it is needless to add, could be multiplied almost indefinitely. Through all of them there runs, indirectly, if not directly, the same self-portraitures. And it is a self-portraiture tlial has the .same two sides. On the one hand there is the hunuxn side, the note of meekness or lowhuess, condescensi…
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There is another passage in the Ep. (1 Th .■>*') in which there Is the same intimate combination of 'our God and Father' and * our L<tr<I -iesiis.' Here the context is not exactly mystical, but the two names are mentioned in connexion with the divine pre- rogative of ordering event.s. The apostle prays that (Jod and Ch…
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The one Gospel which bridges the gap more unmistakably than the others is the Fourth. And the reason is obvious, if St. John was its author. He had a foot in both worlds. As the di.sciple whom Jesus loved, he vividly remembered His incomings and outgoings. And in the same capacity, as a disciple who was also an apostle…
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In closer contact with (.'hrlsiianlty proper are the heretical Ebloniles. For them a better claim might be made out to represent a real divergence of tradition. It Is possible that their (leniai of the Vlririn-Hirth was derived front the state of things when the canonical narratives had not yet obtained any wide circul…
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It would be ditlicult to overestimate the value of the existence of this Ijxed traditional standard of teaching at so earlv a date. It was the rallying and steadying centre of Catholic Chrfstianity, which kept it straight in the midst of Gnostic extravagances and among the perils of philosophical speculation. Our so-ca…
926 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.