PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 481
HELIODORUS ('IlXiiJupos).— The chancellor {i ^vl tIv it pal 110.7 up) of Seleucus IV. I'hilojiator. At the instigation of .^POLLONIUS (which see), he was sent by the king to jilunder the private treasures kept in the temple atJerus. ; but lie was prevented from carrying out his design by a great ajiparition (^irii/.oWa…
1,056 wordsSECTION 482Section 482
The word 'hell' is used (2) as equivalent to rdpTapo! in the verbal form Tafn-apuiaas in 2 I' 2' (cf. Jude"). In that ]i.issage it is retained by theKV', though it miglit be better rendered 'cast them down to Tartarus.' The particular case in view- there is that of the punishment of fallen angels, and the word is appli…
1,277 wordsSECTION 483Section 483
HELL HELL ui; the valley jf Hinnom (Barclay, City of the Great King, p. 90). It lias not this sense in the OT. The nearest fvpproach to it is in such a luissage as that in which the prophet makes the diniaiul, ' Who among us shall dwell with the devouring lire '; Who among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings !…
1,272 wordsSECTION 484Section 484
It has further to be asked whether the term ' hell,' Gehenna, in the NT expresses the idea of a penal condition that is permanent. What the common belief of the Jews was on the subject if the nature and the duration of the final retri'iutiun at the time to which the NT writings belong, is a di.sputcd question, and one …
1,295 wordsSECTION 485Section 485
LrrERATURB. — The great Commentariea, eapecially Mc.ver ; the great NT Dictionaries, especially Thayer and Cremer ; the systems of Biblical Theology and Dogmatics, es]tecially Oehler, liiehni. Schultz, Weiss, Beyschlag, Dorner, Uothe, Martcnsen, putt. I'hilippi, Kuhn, Schweitzer; Alger, Critical livftory oj the Doctrii…
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tbe impression that that Is the term in On), as even Abp. Sharp, Works, IT. Ser. xii. * God made man first, and out of hijo created woman ; and declared withal, that he therefore create<J her that she might be a help-mate for the man.' The meaning is a helper (the word is of course concrete as in Ps 703) that will assi…
1,299 wordsSECTION 487Section 487
LmtRATTJRE. —For the word, Schleuener, Lex. NT ; Deias- mann, Bibebttudien (1895), p. 87 (for the papyri) ; for the sense, Weizsacker, Ap. Aqe, U. SlSff., Hort, Chr. Eccl. p. 157 8., commentaries on 1 Co. J, V. BaRTLET. HELYE.— Dt 19' ' As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fet…
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HENA (yjn 2K 18" [wanting in the parallel passage, Is 36"], 19" = Is 37"). — According to some a city in Syria, but probably to be taken rather as a di\ ine name. In that case it should be identified with the Arabic star name al-liun'a; and 'Iwwd (lifttei Aivwd), coupled with it, will be identical with the star name al…
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The NT word for herd is a.-ii\ri, but it is used only for swine (.Mt 8» etc.). G. E. POST. HEREDITY.— The law that like begeto like, and that therefore children inherit the qualities and the responsibilities of their ancestors, is not seientitically stated in the Bilde, but, in so far aa it is matter of common experie…
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' We will establish our estate upon Our eUlei^t, Malcolm ; whom we name hereafter The prince of Ouiiibcrland,* he as clearly means 'from this time forward,' ' henceforth. This is the most frequent mean- ing of the word in AV, and it demands attention because the mod. meaning of the word is apt to make one miss the s…
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D-in. 2. In Jg 8" (RV) ' the ascent of Heres ' (o-;:!.! r^h'jp) is mentioned as the spot from which Gideon returned after the defeat of Zebah and Zalmunna. Both the topography and the te.xt of the narrative are doubt- ful. RV has the support of LXX A, diri dvajjdireus '.-Vpes. B reads aVo iTrafwdetf [r^s Tra/>araifa>s…
991 wordsSECTION 492Section 492
LlTKRiTi'RB— Schleusner, Ltx. XT; Suicer, Thet. /■;..•/., Comm. ad luc. ; Burton, llamp. Ltd. 1S2K, and c»p. L'anipl.ill, The your Gut]xU, vol. L Diss, ix. | lv. J. V. Bartlet. HERETH (n-^n).— A forest (ly:) wliich was one of the hiding-places of David, 1 S 22». The LXX, reading 1-; instead of ii':, has iy wi\ti laptl…
1,010 wordsSECTION 493Section 493
Hermon was held by Hivites (Jos 11'); it was the northern limit of conquest (12'' IS*-"). Its sacred character ajipears from Ps 89'- (where it is coupled with Tabor), and from the name Mount Baal-hermon (Jf; 3'), ' the mountain of the Baal of Hermon.' CiT 1 Ch ,5^. The dew of Hermon is noted as falling on Zion (Ps 133'…
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XIV. 1. 3. XIV. vii. 3. Antiiwter (21), eldest son of Ha rod by Doria; m. a daughter of Antigonus, the liLst of the HoMmonataiiH ; put to death by htH father B.C. 4. HJ I. xxviii. 4 ; Ant. xiv. xli. 1, xvii. v. 2. Antipater (30). son of Saloiu)'. Herod's sister ; m. Cypros, dtr. of Herod and' Mariamne. His father's …
901 wordsSECTION 495Section 495
Jotape (00), dtr. of Aristobulus and Jolape. BJ. ii. xL 6 ; Ant. xvm. V. 4. Jotape (74). dtr. of Aristobulus, king of Commagene ; m. Alex- ander (71), sou of Tigranes. A nt. xvm. v. 4. Malthace (13), a Samaritan woman, wife of Herod, mother o' Anrhclaus. BJ i. xxviii. 4 ; Ant. xvn. 1. 3. Mariamne i. (11), granddaugh…
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iv. Origin of tiik Dynasty of the Herods. — The dyna.sty of the HerodH rose into prorainenoo during the confusion which resulted from the decay of tho Hostnona-an dynn.ity, tliu transference of Syria and Palestine to the sway of the Romans, and tlie civil wars wliich marked the decay of the Kepublic. Their ance.itor "o…
1,120 wordsSECTION 497Section 497
During all these twenty years of Antipater's rule, the younger branch of the Hasmona>an family, Aristobulus and his sons, had persisted in disturb- ing the country. They had clearly a considerable body of supporters, and it seems almost as if the Komans had allowed them to exist in order to prevent the country from bec…
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HEROD HEROD 357 Shortly before the siege of Jerusalem, Herod had married Mariamne, f,Tanddaugliter of Hyrcanus, to whom lie was violently attached. He had hoped by this alliance with the old dynasty to Ktren;;thun his po>iliijn, but he only succeeded in introducing dissension into his own family. Mariamne and her mo…
1,097 wordsSECTION 499Section 499
(4) Ilerod and the murder of the Innocents. — Herod comes into connexion with the gospel narra- tive, in two ways. Both St. .Mattliew fj') and St. Luke (2') agree in stating that it was during his reign our Lord was born. There is no rea.son to doubt that statement, only it has become quite clear tlint it could not als…
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We have more than one reference to Antipaa during our Lord's ministry, apart from his rela- tions to John the Baptist. When he heard of the fame of Jesus, his conscience smote him, and h< was frightened, thinking that John the Baptist had risen from the dead (Mt 14', Mk 0", Lk 9'). Jesus therefore went to IJethsaida Ju…
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In Mk 6^7 all MSS read rii> yvteiiiut •ttXiirwou r«v iZt^JfoZ otvroZ. In Mt 143 ^tXiwwM/ is omitted by D, the Vulgate, and some Old Latin MSS. In Lk 319 it ia omitted by K B D, theVulg.,01d Latin, and was probably not part of the original text. The discrepancy may be explained either (1) by assuming that Philip was th…
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360 IIKRoD HF.KOD fonJ of pence, and knew too well wliat was tlie jiower of Home ; if lie hud nny object beyond that of inereasin}; his own mn-iniliconce, it wna probably the extension of Jewish inllucncc amonj; tlieni. Of his death, which happunod in A.D. 4-), after tlie beginning of the mouth Nisan (see CHRON- OL…
1,085 wordsSECTION 503Section 503
(2) Salome was the name of the daughter of Herod (Philip) and Herodias who danced before Ilerod Antipas as mentioned Mt 14'''and Mk 6"''-^ (but cf. reading of WH in v.-). She married (1) Herod Philip, tetrarch of Trachonitis, by whom she had no children, and (2) Aristobulus, son of Herod of Chalcis, by whom she had thr…
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ticularly told that she left her husband. Drusilla had one son by I'elix, called .\"rippa, who perished in an eruption of Alt. Vesuvius in the reign of Titus, it is added ai'v tj 71*01x1, which is inter- preted by some to refer to his mother, by others to a wife of his own. In Ac 24-^ ve are told how Felix with DrusUl…
905 wordsSECTION 505Section 505
Galilee, nor exactly the frientfs of Home ; but those among the Jews who, in more or less veiled opposition to the Roman procuratorship, as well as to the idea of a pure theocracj', desired the restora- tion of the national kingdom under one or other of the sons of Herod. Their alliance with the Pharisees in opposition…
954 wordsSECTION 506Section 506
&123) remarks that in a branch of Wady Hesban, .W. of the city, are traces of ancient pools and conduits. It requires some imagination on the part of travellers to identify the one large ruined reservoir noted by them with 'the pools of Heshbon by the gate of Bath-rabbim' (Ca 7'') : but the position of the stream outsi…
1,282 wordsSECTION 507Section 507
(6) Frequent dlscrepnnrici and inconsistencies. — The Creation story beginning with Gn 2^'' differs from that of l'-2*' in almost every particular, but most notably in the order of creation, the manner in which man is created, and in the creation of one single woman after that of a single man. The Flood according to 7'…
1,097 wordsSECTION 508Section 508
{d) Differences of style and conception. — These, especially so far as they are connecte<l with special phraseolojry, will be treated more fully at a later stage of the inquiry. It will be sufficient for the present, in addition to what has been already said of the IJk. of Joshua, to point out two very striking example…
1,070 wordsSECTION 509Section 509
C. It will now be shown that this view of the composition of the Hexateuch is borne out by an examination of the books. To do so we will "first call attention to a few isolated facts, tlie bearing of which on the general question will afterwards appear. ( 1 ) It is obvious to the most casual reader that the Bk. of Dt,…
1,116 wordsSECTION 510Section 510
D. now are these three codes related to the narra- tive portions of the Hexateuch? We may begin by examining Genesis. We find that the greater part of the book is divided into groups of longer or shorter pieces, generally paragrapns or chapters, distinguished respectively by tne almost exclusive use of Elohim or J" as …
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HKXATEUCU UKXATEUCH 3G7 t the problem step bj step for himself. But to do this adequately a fuller account of these sources is necessary. For the convenience of the critical student these will now he taken in their order of dirticulty, the first beinj; that wliich can be most eiiaily distinguished, and so with the …
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C. Extent of D. — Hitherto we have spoken of D as though it coincided exactly with Dt ; but, as a fact, we find on examination i/i) that the peculiar characteristics which mark D are not found in some few sections of Dt at all. (6) In other parts of Dt they are found less constantly, and these have also some peculiarit…
1,283 wordsSECTION 513Section 513
meditation, just as afterwards the Mishna resu'ted from the expulsion of the Jews under Hadrian. If so, this law-book was probably hidden by some priest for safety in the temple, in the hope that it might survive those troublous times as the written record of God's law, and the discovery of it may have been perfectly g…
1,053 wordsSECTION 514Section 514
B. V ocahulary and Language of P. — In Genesis and E.x 1-5, prior that is to the revelation of the name J", P always uses as the name of God ' Klohim ' or ":»• Sn ' God Almighty,' the latter es]!. of His revelation of Himself to the patriarchs, if. Ex 6^ with Gn 17' 35" 48» ; P uses Sxi.;;- -p ' the sons of Israel,' no…
1,020 wordsSECTION 515Section 515
The whole of Leviticus e\-idently belongs to P in the wider sense of the word, and almost the whole of Numbers. The exceptions are : (a) Nu 10'^-12 ; (A) 13. 14 : (.) 16 : (rf) 20-21 ; (e) 22-'-25'> ; (/) 32. Of these (a) and (e) l>elong entirely to JE (see Balaam). In ((/) and (/), if we except perhaps '20'-", only un…
861 wordsSECTION 516Section 516
I). Date anil Origin of P. — (1) The date cannot bt earlier than Solomon's Temple. The condition of religious worship evidenced by the Books of Judges and Samuel, for example the social char- acter of the sacrificial feasts, Jg 21'", 1 S O""* 2018-S4 etc.; the performance of sacrificial rites bj other than Levites, as …
919 wordsSECTION 517Section 517
3. JE. The Jahwistic and Elohistic Sources. — A . Wlien we have taken away from tlie Hexateuch a;: the pa.ssages which can with a fair degree of probability be assigned to D or P, we lind that t!ie remainder forms a fairly complete and homo- geneous whole, giving us, by a succession of narratives more or less connected…
1,109 wordsSECTION 518Section 518
372 HEXATEUCH llEXATEUCH dilFiculty. At first sight we should naturally think that it belongs to E, because of Eluhiin in vv.'* and *', and it is so referred by Dillmann ; but the word, which is after all only one out of many criteria, may have been used purposely to express the alistraut idea of God. The divine nat…
1,262 wordsSECTION 519Section 519
Eower of Moses' rod. Similarly, Amalelc is defeated y the virtue of Moses' uplifted hand. The story of Jacob and Lahan illustrates also another tendency of E, to soften moral difficulties. The deception of his old father had been largely the fault of hia mother, and .also took place before the covenant with God at Beth…
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books it is far from conclusive. But the priority to these prophets is made still more likely by the attitude of E towards religious s\ mbola (see above, iii. 3. D). Hosea and Amos, while they show that such symbols still existed as a matter of course, evidently regarded them with disfavour. It is significant also that…
1,015 wordsSECTION 521Section 521
B. Distinctions in E are not so frequently in- sisted on, but some critics have referred to an earlier source, E', such passages as show traces of archaic ideas or expressions, such as the an- thropomorphic expressions of Gn 20*-' (cf. Nu 22™, etc.), the ancient custom referred to in Gn 20", the word n9'i:'i3 in Gn 33'…
1,060 wordsSECTION 522Section 522
HEXATEUCH HEXATEUCH collection of laws witli several slight inconsist- encies. Finiilly, Lv 11-15 breaks the connexion between 10 and 16. (5) To these we should also add the incorporation of tlie already united JEU into I'; but to what date either this or the various supplements spoken of under (4) belong, cannot oe…
1,273 wordsSECTION 523Section 523
LrrKRATURR. — J. W. Colcnso. The Pmtateitfh and Book of Jotlnta erifuratly ftrominrt/, 7 pArla, I^indon, 1S»>2-1S70; W. R. Smith, «7Vf». K.liril.uivli, ISO;!; lirivcr, LOTi. Ijliiilwivh, isiil,". 1SU7; B. W. Bu>-u]i, The C,eiu4is of OenetU, Hartford, li'.rj ; IlisMlt. Oeru*U rriiUfd in Coloura, flartford. The I'mta- ti…
1,281 wordsSECTION 524Section 524
This uncertainty as to the chronology is of less importance, as the interest of H.'s reign, in the ligiit both of prophecy and the Assyr. records, practically closes with the invasion in 701. Even if we suppose him to have lived till C86 (as the later date for his accession would imply), we gain little or no additional…
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restor.'ition of the temple .service, music, both vocal and instrumental, has a prominent place (2 Ch 2;ii'-») i„ j>r 2.5' we read of ' the men of Heze- kiuh ' who copied out the proverbs of Soloiuo i, an<I in the Talm. (Bnhd balhra, i. 15a) ' H. and hia as.sociates' are credited with the 'writing' of certain books of …
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The death of Sargon in 705, and the accession of a.new and untried king, was the signal for a fresh attempt on the part of many vassals to regain their independence. In the first instance Sen- nacherib directed his attention to his rebellious subjects in the ea-st, and it was not tUl 701 that lie turned his arms agains…
1,062 wordsSECTION 527Section 527
IIEZION HIERAPOLIS 379 bears the olamp of historical reality, as docs also tae letter which H. is said to have afterwards re- ceived from liim. In the proplietic words whicli are embodied in the narrative we have for tlie most part the genuine utterances of Isaiah, liar- moniziiig with that ' most beautiful of all h…
1,022 wordsSECTION 528Section 528
HIEL (S^-n • brother of God ' or • he who.se brother is God.' The name is a contraction of Sx-rx Ahiel, and this form appears in LXX ['Ax"<X B, 'Ax")X A]. Cf. DTn for D-i'-.s, and Phoen nsVsn for nD^DnK). — A Betlielite, famed as the rebuilder of Jericho, in the reign of Ahab (1 K 16"). He is said to have laid the foun…
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Probably, nowhere in Asia Minor was the oppo- sition between the native superstition and the • Whence the modem name Parabuk-Kalesai, ' Cotton Oastle.' t See Bonnet, Xarratio de miraciUo Chonig patrato. } See Kains.tv, Cities and Bishoprics, i. pt. ii. p. 552. § n. I pt. L p. 344 f. i 111. i. pt iL pp. 643-653. Chris…
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' Too low a mistress for bo high a servant.' In this way ' higli ' takes on an offensive mean- ing, li'tiiqhtij, as Ps 101' ' Him that hath an high look ai\d a proud heart will not I suller' ; Pr 21' 'An high look, and a proud heart, and the plowing of the wicked is sin ' (cvy a-,, lit. as AVm, ' haughti- ness of eyes…
1,265 wordsSECTION 531Section 531
382 HIGH PLACE HIGH PLACE expressly mentioned, but in very many other casus tlie existence of sanctuaries of J" all over the eountrj' in the period before the establishment of the monarchy is presupposed, e.q. at Bo'hiiii (liethel?) (Jg 2»), Oplirah [6-* 8-''), Zorah (IS"^-'"), Shiloh (18"), Bethel (eo'"^-" 21--*), …
1,017 wordsSECTION 532Section 532
A reformation so radical as that just sketched had of course its losses as well as its gains. The latter were seen in the sweeping away of a sj'stem that was polluting the very life-blood of the nation, and in the (quickening impulse which it must have given to political unification, and to the spread of a more spiritu…
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In connexion with these local sanctuaries we find, in addition to the Muzzfhahs and Anhfrah.'!, fcl.so Ephodf and Ternp/iim (wli. .see). So in Jg 17°, 1 S 21»; cf. Jg 8", IIos 3*. That the former were images used in consultation of J" is probable from 1 S U'""*- 23'' 30'. (See Moore on Jg S"). And in connexion with the…
1,222 wordsSECTION 534Section 534
The passages in which 'hill' stands for ii may next be considered, in is a much more general term than .t^'zj : it may be applied to what we should call a mountain-range, to a simple ' moun- tain,' and also to a block of elevated country (as the central part of Palestine). It thus no doubt in particular cases may corre…
905 wordsSECTION 535Section 535
HIN.— See Weights and Measures. HIND.— See Haet. HINGE (TS ztr, Arab, sa'ir, a pivot).— There seems to have been anciently only one kind of hinge in Syria, the pivot and socket. Doors of houses in Lebanon are made of wood, and gener- ally the pivots on which the doors turn are projections of a piece of wood which run…
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The word erii is also used for the ' vidlii/ gate' (•2Ch 2(3", Meh 2"-" 3"), which appears to Inive lieen on the west side of Jerusalem above the Tyropo'on valb'y near the pre.seut Jall'a gat ,\ The valley of'llinnom isiuentioned in connexion with the liJundary-line between Juilah and Hen- janiiu (Jos lo^ IS"'), but o…
1,220 wordsSECTION 537Section 537
The dillerence between the stronghold of Zion and the citadel of Millo seems to be accentuateil in the following passages :— ' And David dwelt in the stronghold [mUzildah), and called it. The city of D.ivid. And David built round about Millo and inward' (2 S 5*'). ' And he built the city round about, from .Millo even …
1,041 wordsSECTION 538Section 538
* On the other hand, it may be nminUiined that 2 S &s simply dcw-ritK-a the manner of tlic comiuettt of v.^, anil ttiat '/.inn* waH the Jebusite atrongbold. The pamoye It certainly anibi)^- oiia. vallev of ninnom ; but it is suggested, that while the Kidron is only the name for the small narrow portion of the valley e…
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The junction of the ea.«t and west valleys can- not be considered to belong to one valley more than the other, and, bo far as localizing Tophet, all will allow that the valley of H. extended to this junction. It is stated by Jeremiah (7'-) that the valley of H. in the vicinity of Tophet shall be called the ' valley of …
1,002 wordsSECTION 540Section 540
HIRAM (cyn ; \€ipit^). — Some confusion exists as to the actual form of the name. In the books of Samuel and Kings the form given above is that which is usually adopted ; but in 1 K S'"- '* [Heb. M. 32J ■J40 Hirom (cn-n) occurs, while the Chronicler adheres to the form Huram (cn-n ; in 1 Ch 14' Kethihh dtp). The LXX in…
916 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.