PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 421
HANNIEL (Sx-w 'grace of God'). — 1. Son of Ephod, and Manasseh's representative for dividing the land, Nu 34=^ P. 2. A hero of the tribe of Asher (AV Haniel), 1 Ch 7*'. HANOCH {tin ' dedication '(?)).— 1. A grandson of Abraham by Keturah, and third of the sons of Midian (Gn 25'). In the parallel list of 1 Ch 1»» AV gi…
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HAPPINESS.— This word, in its subst. shape, does not appear in the Eng. Bible, either in AV or in RV, anil its synonym btesseclness (occurring thrice in AV of NT) has now (see Blessedness) been changed by the Revisers (in accordance with the form /uaKapicrMis) into 'blessing' (Ro4''') and ' gratulation ' (Gal 4'^). The…
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HAPPIZZEZ (fiEn, A V Aphses).— The head of the 18th course of priests, 1 Ch 24". See Genealogy. • Compare the fiaxzapirr&roL'ni lilatfMniet, the mttst blessed happiTiesi, offered by Virtue to Hercules, as the sure retrard il foUowiug tier (Xen. Mem. ii. 1. 21). HARA HAIIAEITE, THE 301 HARA {try;, Vulg. Am) occurs …
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Elace three years later under Cyrus. The city eing relieved of the presence of the enemy, Nabonidus was able to linish the work of Shal- maneser and Assur-bani-apli, and, at the same time, to embellish the citj'. In the 5th cent. A.D. the Sabicans of Haran seem to have worshipped the sun as ' Bel-shamin,' the lord of h…
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For Harden, Hardening, see next article. Hardiness — This subst. occurs only in Jth 16" 'The Persians quaked at her boldness, and tha Meclcs were daunted at her liardines.s' (Opdiros, RV ' bulilnes-s'). Cf. Sir T. Elyot, Gorernour, ii. 47, ' What avayled fortune incomparable to the great kynge Alexander, his wonderful…
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The two modes of speech, however, are not con- lined to Pharaoh's case, but are common in OT. We find 'the Lord hardened' in Jos 11-", Dt 2^, Is G.'{", etc., the other phrase in passages like 1 S 6», 2 Ch 3G'», Ps 95». The language in such passa;,'es as Jg 9^, 2 S 24' may seem even more startling. But if we look into t…
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2. A priestly family which appears in the same lists, Ezr 2*' = Neh 7-", Ezr 10-', Neh 10» [Heb.*]. The name is found also among 'the priests and Levites that went up with Zonibbabel,' Neh 12", where it is miswritten Rehum (:in-)) ; among the heads of priestly families in the days of Joiakim, Neh 12" ; and as the third…
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From the prophetic period the Iiarlot was not only involved in, but was the symbol of, idolatry. The experience of Hosea seems to have suggested her faithlessness and fickleness as a fit emblem of the dealings of Israel with her true Lord and with other gods (see IDOLATRY). LrrERATtTRB.— On Prostitution as a religious…
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VOL. II. — 20 solution of the riddle is to be sought for in the apocalyptic literature of the Jews. Eb Nestle. HARNEPHER (-lyno).— An Asherite, 1 Ch 7". See GESiiALOoy. HARNESS. — In AV harness always means ar- mour, and to harness means to put on armour, RV gives ' armour 'in '. K 2u", i Cb "P*, and 'armed' in Ex 1…
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LlTERATURB. — Thomson (the tlrst to identify with et-FIara- thiyeh). Land and Book'', ii. 215 £f. ; G. A, Smith, HGHL 393 f. ; Baedekcr-Socin, Pat.^ 241 ; Buhl, G^P 214 ; fiW f vol. i. sh. v. ; Oonder, Tent-Work, L 132; Moore, Judges. 107 t., 119, 122. J. A. Selbie. HARP.— See Music. HARROW. — 1. In modem agricultnr…
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HART (Vn 'ayyfil, (\a(pos, cervus).—TUe Arab. 'iyyal undoubtedly refers to the same animal. It is probably Crri'iis Drima, L. , the true fallow defr. HARUM HASMON/F.AN 307 bat not tliatof AV Dt 14', 1 K 4^, wliicli is a mistr" of yahmilr, and should read rueburk. The fallow deer is found in Anianus, and is said by …
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HASMON^AN, the family name of the Macca- bees. It occurs in Jos. [who claimed (Ant. xvi. vii. 1) alliance with the family}, under the forms of Waaixuivtitoi and 'Acrtra/xui'aroi, and is derived from the name of an ancestor "Aa-o^iui'oro?, who is represented aa the great-grandfather of Mattathias (ib. xil. vi. 1). In th…
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Tlie verbs, however, which have the meaning ' hate ' are frequent both in OT and NT in various connexions. In OT \^y ' oppose,' corresponding to 'enmity,' occurs five times (in three of wli. instances RV renders 'persecute,' Gu 49'^, Job W, Ps 55^), always of personal animosity against a per.son. Far more frequent is n…
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HADNT.— To haunt is in older English simply to fre(|ucnt, to make one's stay, be familiar with, and conveys no reproach. Thus Jn 3--' Timl. 'After these thinges cam Jesus and his disciples into the Jewes londe, and ther he haunted with them and bapti.sed ' (3ifrpi/3t, AV 'tarried'); U" Tind. ' Jesus therfore . . . went…
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SIO HAUKAX HAVE Salc-Iind, with its mis'ity fortress crowning tlio Eoutlicni lioi;;lits, are tlie most outstanding foatures. The range ell'ectually guards the fertile readies to westward against the encroachment of the desert Bands. The mountain is referred to in the Mishna 83 ' Mount Haurfln,' one of tlie stations …
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3. Have is sometimes equivalent to ' hold,' as Ja 2' ' My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory, with respect of persons' (m*? ^ff, RV 'hold not'); Ac 25'^ ' Wlierefore I have brought him forth before you . . . that, after examination had, I might have somewliat to write ' (t^s avo.Kp…
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Next in importance and sequence of time to Sidon was the seaport of Tyre, situated about 20 miles S. of Sidon, and, like it, having a double harbour to the N. and S. of the promontory, which jutted out from the coast and terminated in a ridge of coralline rock. It was one of several islets lying at some distance from t…
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LiTKiuTtJiiK.— Hudde, Richt. u. Sam. 34, S8t , 87, 97 ; Kuenen, //ex. (Macmillan), 47, 101, 254; Wellhauscn, Comp. 117, 218 n., HUt. 0/ /»r. and Jud. 33 n. ; Driver, Deut. 65 f. ; (!raf, Di-r Stamm Simeon, 4 1. ; Moore, Judget, 274 f. ; W. R. Smith, KS, s^n- J. A. Selbie. HAWK (n nSz, Upa^, accipiter). — A generic wo…
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HAZAEL (Sxin, Sx.-itq 'whom God beholds.' 'AfaiiX BA Luc. Assyr. ^aza'ilu). — A powerful king of Syria who reigned contemporaneously with Jehoram (last 3 or 4 years), Jehu, and Jehoahaz kin^s of Israel, and Jehoram, Ahaziah, Athali.ah, and Joash of Judah. Hazael is first mentioned 1 K 19"' ", where Elijah at Horeb r& …
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HAZAR-SHUAL (H''=' -P^n).— A place in S. Judah (Jos 15-''=1 Ch 4''') or Simeon (Jos 19'), repeopled by Jews after the CaptiWty, Neh 11-''. It may be the ruin S'tiu-i on a hill E. of Beersheba. See SIVP vol. iii. sli. xxiv. HAZAR-SUSAH (i;fD-nsn, in 1 Ch 4" Hazar-susim c-cia-Tj-). — A city in Simeon, .los 19°= 1 Cli 4"…
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* A clearer view of the topotrraphy of the district may, how- ever, be obtained from the OTdiiance Survey of Stnoi (1869), L 1S2 1, with the aco)nipan.\in^ map of the peninsula. fountain, which is still used as a wateringplact for camels, ' is conducted by an aqueduct, cut in the solid granite, into a reservoir or poo…
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3. In Jos 15^ a Hazor in the Negeb of Judah is noticed. 4. In Jos lo'-^ another Hazor appears to be mentioned, which is identical with Kerioth- hezron (wh. see). S. An unknown Arabian locality (Jer 49''°') mentioned along with Kedar as smitten by Nebuchadrezzar. C. R. CoNDER. HAZOR-HADATTAH (m-iq ■rtsrt).-The text (Jo…
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A clear example of the ancient dative him ( = 'for him') remains in 1 K 13'" 'And he said unto his sons. Saddle me the ass. So they saddled him the ass.' Other instances are 2 K 10' ' they . . . sent him them to Jezreel ' ; Sir 8'- ' Lend not unto him that is mightier than thyself ; for if thou lendest him, count it bu…
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while by the Iranians it was deilicated to Haoma, that the immortal part of the animal mi;;hl return to him. A dried human head or the head of at animal wius frequently used by the Semites as a cliarni (W. U. Smith, 'iW 359, 302, 449, 4jG). Jacob placed his hands upon the heads of Ephraim antl Manasseh as a symbol of …
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With the Hebrews not the head but the heart was the seat of intellect. See Heart. J. A. Selbie. HEADBAND.— See Band and Dress. HEADSTONE is erroneously printed in mod. edd. of AV as one word; in Kill it is 'head stone' (eus RV), and means simply the topmost stone of the building. HEADTIRE See Dress and Tire. HEADY…
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This secondary or p.sychical meaning it holds unchanged and undisputed through the whole of 318 IIKAKT HEAKTU the biblical writings. Its prominence as a psycho- logical term in the Scriptures and in other ancient books is no doubt due partly to the fact tliat tlie physical heart bulked so much more largely in the v…
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On the relation of the term Heart to Soul, Spirit, Keins, Conscience, see under these words. LlTKRATURB. — Oi;f. Heb. Lex. i. 2yb and 3^ ; Cremer, Bib.- Theol. Lex., and Thayer •Grimm «. tucfiiit ; Ochler, Theol. oj OT, i. 221 tT.,ii. 449; Schultz, OT Theol. ii. 248; Weiss, Bib. Theol. of ST (' Heart' in Indei). J. La…
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HEATHEN.— The title 'Nations' in Scripture (Heb. Guiim, Gr. Ethne), originally covering the nations of the world as a whole, soon comes to desi™ate exclusively the non-Jews, the untircum- eised. Scripture casts its view, and it is a sym- pathetic view, over the whole human race, before It treats of the forefatliers of …
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320 HEAVEN HEAVEN and love ; in His doctrine of God as the Father of iniliWdual spirits, who welcomes the returning; f>ro«li;;nl on the sole condition that he repent-s and las mith (Lk 15) ; or, a^'ain, in His aunouncvnicnt that God is a spirit, who mu^t be worsliiiipcd in spirit and in truth (Jn 4'-='). God is the…
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It is used also (3) to denote the peculiar abode of Deity, with which the ideas of elevation, majesty, glory, power, holiness, unchangeableness are associated. It is the place to which prayer ascends (2 Ch 30=^), which makes J'"s throne (Is 6' 66'), which is His peculiar possession in contrast with the earth which He h…
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(Mt 5'=, Lk e=», 2 Cor 5\ Eph 0', He 1(P etc.). So it is the sum of all good, and the goal of man's hope (Mt G'9, Lk 6-^ 10=", Ph 3™, 1 P 1', He 12=»). Tliere are other questions regarding the ' heaven ' of the Bible which are of interest and require consideration. Some relate to the use of the term, others to the ide…
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This idea of a plurality of heavens as it appears in the Biblical writings, however, is free from the extravagances and puerilities wliich we tind associ- ated with it in the extra-canonical literature. In the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, e.g., carious details are given of each of the several heavens. The first…
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HEAVEN HEAVEN 323 heaven, which is the scene of the iiniiuMliate nsion of God (Elucidar. c. 3) ; between the iwlumsidi're.um, the ccelum crystallinum, and the caelum empyreum (John of Dam., Thomas Aiiuin., etc.) ; or between the rcgio nuhifera, the regio astrifera, and tlie regie angdifcra (Grotius). But such strain…
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Theology has sought to answer many questions re. lating to heaven which Scripture suggests, but which it does not itself follow to their conclusions. It has occupied itself with the question as to how the spirituality and omnipresence of the Divine Being can be reconciled with the predication of heaven as His peculiar …
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spread an heavy night' {3ape7a) ; 2 Mao 5" ' Mene laus, \\ho worse than all the rest bare an heavy hand over the citizens ' (vnep-Qpn-o tois iroMrais, K V ' ex- alted himself against his fellow-citizens '). Cf. T. Lever, 5erm<»w( Arber, p. 64), 'And their landlords which shuld defend them, be most lieavye maisters unto…
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HEBREW,"iiri(-i=y, o-iap, o—iny).— Ebrew(Shaks. I Hen. JV. II. iv. 198; AV 1611 Dt 15 heading): Ebreus (Wyd. 2 Co U--) : through Norm. He.hrcu, Ilebrwus, E/3paTo?, Aram, 'ibrai, det. forms, 'ibrd'nh,' ibrcti/ii/i, ("!^i\ ^)<1^V, ■i-i:!', l)ti]m. Jik/.-Fal. Aram, drnmm. p. 155). The Greeks were thus evidentl}' lirst aci…
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tt In the tii'ne of Eusebius, when the (hnliuction betweer, 'Hebrew' and 'Hellenist' was hardly rej^irilfd by a cientile Christian, even Philo can be called a Hebrew by birth (t» >-t»#< iiiK^tHtf 'K.:p«7«f h, UH II. Iv. 3X For oth'er examples of 'K^PAttt. Uflirtrvs, being used in the widest national sense, »<■« I'lut. …
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Upon the evidence before us this explanation appears to some the most satisfactory. t [See, how- ever, Margoliouth's criticism of Hommel in Erpn.'s. Times, Aug. 1897, p. 5006. Even Sayce (EHH p. 8), after mentioning Hommel's theory, .says, ' The origin and first u.se of the name (Hebrew) are still a matter of doubt '].…
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Hebrewess, Hebrew Woman (T.?*), Jer .34', l)t lo'-, in contra-st to slaves of other nationalities. Kx 1'* "'■ I'J 2' [E], in contrast to Egyptians. A. LUKYN WILLI.VMS. HEBREW LANGUAGE.— See LANGUAGE. HEBREWESS.— See Hkbuew. •• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO t. Aim mill Ct'utrai Iiiea. 11. .Method. (1) Clirist and Propheta. …
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HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO the phrase iv vlf, used to describe the agent of the Chrisriiin revelation. In the end of the diiys God spake to men hy one liavin;; the staniliin; of ii son. A son knows all that is in a Father's mind ; when 111- has sjioken there is nothing more to be said. (:; ) Clirist <ii…
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iii. TiM;i)i,or.lc.\L Imi"oi:t. — This rapid sketch may .suffice to give .some idea of the drift of this Epistle on its apologetic side. But our main concern is with its juisitive theological significance, to which we now turn. It is important for a true appreciation of the theological ideas of the Epistle to keep ste…
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es]iecially as the Son is the first-begotten (irpuri- To^os, 1''). Further, the Heir of all is repre.sented as the -Maker of all — by Him God made the ages (toi>s ai'wi'os) or worlds. This implies pre-existeiice, or rather, seeing no reference has yet been made to an earthly slate, ancient existence. It takes us b.ack …
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(a) Incartuilinn. — The 'Son' becamenan. This nionientous event is alluded to in various places and in diverse forms of langu.ige ; now in terms boiroweil from the Psalter as being made a little lowe' than the angels (2'), now as becoming par- taker of blood and flesh (2'*), and at another time by the very general expr…
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Its Ilatiunale. — The main contribution towards this object is to be found in ch. 2^"*. The leading puqjo.se of this very important section, crammed full with deep weighty thoughts, is to set forth the ration.ale of the earthly humiliation of Christ. And the drift of it is: a (ilorij in the humiliation. On this theme t…
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(a) Tht' Meh-hizedek Ti/pi'. — The excursus about Melchizedek in ch. 7 is of essential importance to the author's doctrine of Christ's jiricstliood. It were an entire mistake to regard it as a discussion on a curious topic in theology on which the writer happened to have some pet idea.s. In that case the complaint he m…
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The self-sacrifice of the ideal priest, the priest after the Melchizedck type, can be reached by another line of deduction, viz. from the roya\ character of the type. The ideal priest is not a legal drudge, but a king who graciously con- descends. Carry out the idea of conileseension to its utmost limit and it will yi…
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(e) Theory of liidrmplion. — For modern readers the great thought-s of the Kpistle to the Hebrews are obscure<l by being expressed so largely in terms of lA'vitical ritual. The apologetic, which was meant to elucidate, now serves to some extent as a veil to hide the true meaning. It is therefore desirable to make the m…
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This conception of heaven as the place of reali- ties, as distinct from earth as the place of shadows, is tin- ]>hilosophic presupposition of the .system of positive Christian thought contained in our Kpistle. It reminds us of I'lato and of I'hilo. Whether our author was acquainted with the writ- ings of either the Gen…
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The word TtXaiw Is sometimes also used In our Epistle to denote the establishment of right relations between man and God, that Is to say, as equivalent to 'justify' In the Pauline vocabu- lary. So in the text : ' By one offering he hath perfected for ever them that are sanctilled.' Per- fecting here means giving the wo…
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iv. Uki.athin" to I'llli.d. — Such in brief outline is the theological import of the Epistle. We have Ivoideil preliminary discitssion of the qncsticms belonging to the head of Introduction, becan.se we did not wish to give any countenance to the idea tliat a right understanding of tlie Epistle depends on the previous …
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• Ilil.r.lfrhiUf. II. p. Sit, note .1. jM HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO two authors in respect of religious teuiperament, all shut one up to this conclusion. As to the ilifference of style, it is a nialter of ileUiil, with reference to which a decided impression can be made oidy by a large accumulation of…
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Our author is in thorough sympathy with St. Paul's conception of Christianity as a spiritual reliijian. He sees not less clearly than the apostle the utter worlhle.ssness of rites ami ceremonies, except as a shadow of good things to come. He makes no allnsicm to circumcision, but doubtless he would h;vve been in full s…
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viil, LmATION of FII:st Hk.mikks, — Where the Heb, conmninity, to which the Epistle wiisaddres.scd, Wivs hn-ated, is a much debated (|Ucstion of inferior inoment to that ju.st disposed of. I'alesline, Alexanilria, Rome are the rival liypotheses, and weighty authorities can be cited for each of them. § • So in elfect I…
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We must be content to remain in ignorance as to the writer of this remarkable work. Xor should we find this difficult. Some of the greatest books of the Bible, such as ./oh and the second part of Isaiah, are anonymous writings. It is meet that this one should belong to the number, for it bears witness in its opening se…
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The Jewish writers take Kiriath-arba to mean the city of fmir, which they refer to four saints, — Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Adam, — in which Jerome also concurs. Sir John Mauudeville (in A.D. 1322) states that at the time of his visit the Saracens called Hebron Karicarba, while the Jews called it Arbothe ; and he also…
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Hebron (el-Khnlil, ' the friend ') is one of the four sacred cities of the Moslems, and the shrines of the patriarchs are very jealously guarded by them, flie town is buUt without walls, and contains about 18,000 Moslems and 1200 to 1500 Jews. It is situated in a shallow valley surrounded by rocky hills, from which spr…
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W. J. Beecher. HEED. — Heed is either ' carefulness,' as Is 21' ' And he hearkened diligently with much heed ' (3;;S7"3T Dyg a'e'p.ii ; LXX ditpoao-ai aKpbaaiv iroW-l^v ; Vulg. 'etcontemplatusestdiligentermulto intuitu,' whence AV through Gen. ' And he hearkened and toke diligent hede ' ; Orelli, ' And has listened wi…
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ii. Inheritance. The fact that the terms for heir, etc., for the most part meant originally, and continued to mean, possess, etc., indicates a certain lack of emplKisis on the dili'erence between inherit- ance and other ways of acquiring and holding property. Land, the most important kind of property, belonged to the f…
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V. Who INHERITED WHEN THERE \VEI!E NO SoNS. In Nu '27''"'(1'), in connexion with the daughters of Zelophchad, the tollowing provision is made for this and similar cases : ' If a man die and have no son, j-e shall cause his inheritance to p.ass unto his dauj;hter. If he have no daughter, ye shall give his inheritance u…
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LiTEKATtmE. — Benzinffer, Ueb. Arch. p. 364 ff.; Nowack. Lehrbuch der lleb. Arch. p. 348ff. ; Jacobs, Studiejt in liil'liral Arcliaotoijy, p. 48iY. See alao Sandav-Hcadlain on Ro 8'2 17 . ncysclilBii, ST Theot. i. 3SS t., ii. 340 ; Weiss, Dibl. Throt. of -NT, Index; Westcott, Hebrews, 167-169. W. H. BENNETT. HELAH (nx…
909 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.