PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 1081
Jg 119. JO. 10-16 ; After Judah receives the hill^xmntry for &a inheritance, Caleb in obedience to a command by Moses receives Hebron, and takes it, slaying its Anakite lords ; * On Jg 1 f. consult Wellhausen, Crnnp. d. Hex. 213-21B ; E. Meyer, ZATWi. p. 135ff.; but especially Budde, both in HATW vii. p. 94 ft., and R…
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* In v.l»b the omiMion of the words is very plain ; the Inflnlt. »»Ti.i^ cannot be construed without them. VOL. II. — 50 Joshua to allow us to a.ssign to its author the ims.iages in question. We have therefore iic aJternative but to regard tln.ni as the work of J, or at least of the series of writers desi'oiated by th…
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ix. The Per.son of Joshua.— We are now able to consider the person of Joshua himself. The attempt has been made to relegate, not only the deeds, but the personality of this great leader to the domain of legend and myth. Stade [GVI i. p. 135) and others t have fastened on the undoubted fact that in each successive strat…
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JOSHUA JOSHUA 787 by Israel of the midlands of W. Palestine by the fords near Tell Adarai and up the Wady tera'a. Such a conclusion, too, would fill the great gap which yawns in all the other records : the absence of all account of the conquest of Ephraini and Manasseh. But, attractive as this conclusion appears, t…
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xi. The Religious Teaching of tiik Bk. of JO.SIIUA. — As was to be expected, the religious teaching of the book is niainlj' found in its later stratjv — the Deuteronomic and the Priestly. We have seen how they fulfil the scheme of the destiny of Israel on the lines lai<l down in the Pentateuch, and how the Deuteronomis…
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who carried his fanatical attachment to lower forms of religion to the point of persecuting th« pure faith. The refonners could only work for the future, and wait till their opportunity came. It is not unlikely that the Scj'thian invasion gav« it them. Hordes of Scythians burst into Western Asia about B.C. 630. The pro…
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2. A son of Zephaniiih (Zee 6'") living at Jerus. in the time of Zechariah. The text of tnis passage appears to have been tampered with and to need radical correction. See Wellh., Now., and G. A. Smith, ad loc. A. S. Peake. JOSIAS (B 'Iu<re/ai, B''A -<r(o5).— JosiAH king of Jndah. 1 Es !'•'• "• »•=»• »>• «• »• «-", Ba…
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3. A Calc^)ile (1 Ch 2*'). G. A. COOKK. JOURNEY.— See Sabbath Day's Journey. JOURNEYINGS OF ISRAELITES See ExoDUl AND JoUIlSKV TO CANAAN. 790 JOY JUBILEE JOY.— The following are the prineiiial Ileb. and Gr. words of which ' joy ' is the tr" in A V : — *?*j, n^*3 (vb. S*^ or "ju, vorj' common), the primary meftni…
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In most places of its occurrence, Tindale translated mmv XiieuM4. to Itoast. bv the verb to rejoice, and he was followed by AV in Ro 6-, Ph 33, Ja 1» 4i«. Once (Ko S") he rendered it * joy,' and waa again followed by AV a3 well as by Cran. and the Bishops, though the Vulg. is gtorior (Wye., Khem., and RVm ' glory,' th…
1,010 wordsSECTION 1090Section 1090
The author wa-s not a Ilerodian, not a Sadducce (for he believes in the resurrection), not a Pharisee (for he lays no stress on the written tradition), not an E.ssene (for he does not condemn the sacrifices), not a Hellenist (for he attacks the laxity of Hellenism). He was a Jew who, in a time of laxity and of falling …
1,118 wordsSECTION 1091Section 1091
On the division of the country after the death of Herod the Great, Juda;a was given to Archelaus with the title of ethnarch. A few years later, on the deposition of Archelaus, it was added to the province of Svria, and administered by a pro- curator subortiinate to the governor of Syria. The procurator resided at Ctesa…
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Originally, Judah seems to have been a smaller tribe than Reuben, Simeon, and Levi. But Reuben began to dwindle at an early period, and Simeon and Levi were broken up in consequence of a treacherous attack upon the Canaauites, with whom they had made an alliance (see SiMEON). Partly as a result of this, partly through …
1,190 wordsSECTION 1093Section 1093
The Kingdom of Judah seems to have consisted simply of the tribe of Judah with very little of Benjamin (see BENJAMIN), and not of ijudah ami Benjamin. Only a brief outline of its historj- is here necessary ; for fuller details the articles on the individual kin^s may be consulted. After the disruption cau.sed by the se…
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As compared with the Northern kingdom, Judah was through most of its history of little account. When it held Edom in subjection its power was Btrengthened, yet even then the scornful fable, in which Joash set Judah against Israel as a thistle against a cedar, was not without justification. In other things than size an…
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JUDAISM.— See Religion. JUDAS ('loMas, Judas), the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew name .ly-T JuDAH. 1. The third son of Mattathias, called Macca- boBus (1 Mac 2*, Jos. Ant. XII. vi. 1). See Maccabees. 2. The son of Chalphi, one of two captains (ipXOfTes Tr)S (rrpanas) who stood by Jonathan when the main part of his …
1,055 wordsSECTION 1096Section 1096
Descendants of Judas were also conspicuous for their fanatical Wolcnce. Two of his sons, .lames and Simon, were crucified by Til>erius .-Mex- ander (A.D. 40?-18). Another son, Meiiahem, a leader of the 'Sicarii' in Jerus. shortly K'fore th« war with Rome, sc<juired for a time much power but was finally slain by the hig…
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But it ia in connexion with their election thai the chief difficulty respecting Judas is found. Why was such a man chosen to be an apostle t Unless we are prepared to throw aside the express statements of St. John, we cannot here have re- course to the limitation of Christ's knowledge. He tells us, not only that Jesus …
1,198 wordsSECTION 1098Section 1098
The enormitv of the sin of Judas onnsisled in its being against all bomls of discipleshiii and frieud- ship ; against light, against mercies, affection, trust, and warnings ; against his own promises and preaching. And it wjis committed deliberately, not under sudden strain, like Peter's deniahi, but with skilful and …
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The narrative in the Acta (1""*) is strangely difl'erent. Nothing is said about the priests or tlie restoration of the money. On the contrary, Judas himself is said to have ' procured a field with the reward of his iniiiuitv.' There he fell headlong in such a way that 'his bowels gushed out' ; and hence the lichl was c…
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But as early as Origen quite another ^^ew was taken of the suicide of Judas. He was hurrying to do in the other world what he failed to do in this. Knowing that Jesus would soon be in Hades, and that He was the source of s;ilvation, he determined to be there before Him, and with b.tred son! to meet Him and implore His …
988 wordsSECTION 1101Section 1101
• Tlmt Jude was married may be Inferred from 1 Go ftf, x>ie Domes of his Krandi-hlldren are said to hmv« b«OD ZoKer and ittnm (Hegesip. ap. Vhil. Sedek, TU r. 10«l JUDE, EPISTLE OF.— 1. Transmission of the Text. 2. Reception in llie Church. 3. Vocabulary, Style, Literary Indebtedneffi. 4. Relation to 2 Peter. 6. …
713 wordsSECTION 1102Section 1102
Slrpm. iii. 2 (p. 515) ; he cites words from it (v.™-) a.-* a ' commandment' in Strom, vi. 8 (p. 773) ; his Jli/pitijponeg contained 'short explanations' of this as of other Catholic Kpistles (Ens. HE vi. 14. 1, Photius, Biblioth. 109; see at end of this art.). The witness of Clement is carried on by Origen. If in one …
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To sum up : considering the brevity of the Ep. and its special character, it had received, by the be- ginning of the 3rd cent., a remarkably wide accept- ance in the Church. This early acceptance, repre- senting the voice of tradition, supports its authen- ticity. From the beginning of the 3rd cent., when tradition was…
991 wordsSECTION 1104Section 1104
• In apocalyptic literature this la a rdfiilar tomiula. often In- troducing an anlwiT to the ■cvr'a queittion ; see e.g. Zee li*-, Rev 71< 11* 14«, Ktwcli \lfi. SferrU <i,l Kiuvh 7> 1S> IIP, Apoe. Petfr \. .^. It is proliablr that Jude Ir.-xnicd the use of the plinue frora such writinpi, for which he clearly hati a spe…
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yivr.o-tToit iXtoc. 27** i* rix,7f ^ttipcttf rijf Mpia-ta/t atCraiii li/XvyriffOuffif kr IXtU, t»( IfAtpiffiw a-iroif. . ir 6L,yeiX}jxru. iw* dci/TW. 27^ Tipi Trf So|rff etirou trxX^pot 63^ * Would that we had rest ... to confess our faith hefure His glorv.' 1023 • AH the angels . . . will seek to hide themselves …
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• Spitta (Zur Geschichte u. Litteratur des Urchrigtetituins, ii. pp. 409-.411 (1896)) h.%s lately reaffirmed his positioo as to tlie relation of Jude and '2 P, and supported it by a fresli argument. He holds that the Shepherd of Hennas is a Christian recension of an older Jewish work. Of that Jewish work Jude and 2 P c…
924 wordsSECTION 1107Section 1107
•The authorities are: (1) »«/>4 Kb^> kBO K, L, P, cumP" oat Thphl Oec ; (2) wpik Kup'W cum^ m tot syr-harcl cum* arP"ini' ; (3)om. A 13 40 137 cur»i pi boh (-me) vg-lat syrrbodl- barcl (text) aelh ar"'P. 8pitta (u. 106) among the authorities for (2) gives ' svrP •yro'.' He has mistaken Tischciidorrs 'syrPc." and has e…
1,137 wordsSECTION 1108Section 1108
The armiments therefore for assigning the Ep. to the 2na cent, break down on examination. Other critics place the Ep. in the latter half of the 1st cent. 'To this cla.s3 belong most English scholars (Plumptre, Lumby, Salmon, Plumnier), and among recent German writers Spitta (who g laces Jude shortly after St. Peter's…
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As to its destination, the salutation is quite general. From this fact some critics have deduced the conclusion that the Ep. is a circular letter (so Ewald), others that the letter-form is purely arti- ficial (so Jiilicher, Deissmann, Bibelstudien, p. 244). But although the destination is not named in the salutation, t…
1,141 wordsSECTION 1110Section 1110
LiTEaxTCBE.— <1) On the reception of the Ep. in the Ohurch, Bee Charloris. CanonicU];, p. 331 ff. (based on the next named); Kirchhoft-r, iJifUfiuaimnlxtnij, § xxxii. ; Iteuss, Ge^ch. d. hnt. Hc/irijten .V/', §233; Wcatcott, Uinlorj/ of tlie Canon of the S T ; Z;iliii, fjtmchu:ht< lies yi' Kanoiu, e^ipeciully i. 1, p. …
934 wordsSECTION 1111Section 1111
The beginnings of the history of Israel as a people were dominated by the stron" personality of Moses. During the nomad period, family dis- putes were still settled by the head of the family ; but Moses himself was the supreme judge to whom appeals were brought (Ex W), and he is repre- sented as himself bringing the ma…
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* Dillmann thinks that Judges who gave judgment In > sanctuary were called D'n7K in the older Hebrew ; cf. his not* on this pas&i^'e in the Ktirzaefasstea exegetischf^ Uandtntch zum AT, but Marti refers the word to the household goda (Geachichte der wraelitischen Religion, pp. 29, 4S). t Of the D'l^!:' little is known…
1,153 wordsSECTION 1113Section 1113
Had the Canaanites possessed any real cohesion anion" themselves, the Israelites must have been chased out of the country as the Midianites were chased out by liideon ; out the Canaanites were hopelessly divided. They were, in fact, a mixed population, wluther we reckon them as exactly seven nations or not. v. Hi.<5T0…
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dictum .6.): 'Samson wavers between myth saga, and liLstory, belonging altogether to no one ("BooroV'r p"8lT' '" '""''■ '^^' '"''»«^" ''^''"^ yii. REiiGiON._In speaking of the religion of InJ.^^^t n " °«.<='*^«a'7 to regard only the state- ments of the ancient part of the boolc, avoiding the so-called 'margin.' Inquir…
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2. Thk Co.vdition of the Text.— The history of the Text of a literary product needs above all to be considered, in order that a basis may thus be laid for all further investigation. In the case of the Book of .ludges this rule is all the more to be obser\'ed Iwcause of the very complicated history of its text. [(•) Th…
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810 JUDGES, BOOK OF JUDGES, BOOK OF tion of thj districts in Palestine which at the death of Joshua had not yet been conquered, and with the description of the operations undertaken by several of the tribes of Israel, in part unsuccess- fully, for the complete subjection of their territory (1'"^). — iP) This partial…
1,299 wordsSECTION 1117Section 1117
Referring again to the arrangement of the Bk. of Jg, it is interesting to note the ancient division of tlie Massoretic sections (Baer, Josua et Jud. p. 125). These are fourteen, and they begin with the following verses of the book : 1' 2' (nnv'i) 3" • 'The days of the judpes ' are mentioned in Ru 11, but parsed over i…
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{d) a used as the relative is read only in 5' 6" 7" 8-", and in the last tliree passages cannot be regarded as interpolated (Giesebrecht, ZATIV, Bd. i. 280 ; see all the instances of this t> in KiJnig's Lehrgebaude, ii. 322). (c) The same author would not have written both the introductions to the narrative of the inv…
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the view that the passages in question in the Bk. of Jos are borrowed from Jg 1 (Bertheau, Coin- mentnr', pp. 3, 37 f., 42) is, in the tirst place, unnecessary. For the circumstance that those passages in Jos have an ' inorganic ' position in their context is explained as well by the view contended for above, that a co…
1,027 wordsSECTION 1120Section 1120
(d) To an RP, i.e. a redactor having afUnitiea with the priestly stratum of the Pent., Budde (p. xxii) assigns the following passages in Jg : Jla. i217 'y2-8a. 15. !«•. -|- K glOa;3b. 21bJ. jyajb (30-321 gl6b-19a/91 lQl-6 111b. J 127b/?). »-lt IgSlb OQ'" (?)• ^ (?)"''• '*'*• ""^ t By an asterisk Budde means to indica…
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Nor can this judgment be shattered by the arguments which are brought forward by L. Seinecke (Gesch. d. Volke,s Israel, i. 243-245). Neither (a) are the political presuppositions of the Song wanting in historical reality, nor do (/3) its form or (7) its contents render a high antiquity impos,sil)le for it. For (a) even…
1,122 wordsSECTION 1122Section 1122
H. Winckler (Gesch. Israels, Bd. i. (1895), p. 34) admits first that the Song ( Jg 5) goes back to the pre - Davidic era, because ' it knows nothing of Judah.' But he adds that 'the form in which the Song has come down to us is a product of a much later age, which transfonned it for its own ends, and made of it somethi…
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(c) Now a similar dry enumeration of particulars is found also in the passages concerning Shamgar (33>), Tola (10"-), Jair (vv.s-»), Ibzan (12«-"'), Elon JUDGES, BOOK OF JUDGES, BOOK OF 815 (v.'"-). and 'Abdon (vv. •»•'»). Tlie modem view of these passaj;es is that they were lirst introduced into the Bk. of Jg at i…
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(d) But tnere are in the Bk. of Jg also such life- like and vivid narratives as cannot be set down to the ideas or tendencies of a later age. (o) The history of Abimelech (Jg 9) even M. Vemes (Hist, jutve, p. 218) calls 'un r^cit d'une precision, d'un relief 6tonnant.' But it is not the only one of this class in Jg, a…
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Lm ^l^mentA de son biatoire nous semblent, en consequence, apparteuir & una ^poque relativement peu ancienne.' But this is nearly the opposite of the real course of things. It is pre- cisely in olden times that heroes signalize themselves in single combat. Recall, for instance, the giant figures of the Greek world of l…
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(/) There are only a few passages in Jg which possess sufficiently clear marks of s late origin. (a) We do not venture to reckon among these elements those passages where the intervention of a supernatural power is described, as in the expression ' an (see Konig's Syntax, § 304 e) angel of the LOKD' (2' IS^"-), or 'th…
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• lluilde (p. XI): 'die beidcn Zahlcn IS, die 23 und dia M •UlUn li'iilUc AbwrichullKin von 20 dar' ; bul iven he (p. ivUl) di'rivte ■ die von dcr lUijol eo welt abweicheode Z»hl fl tdr Ji'plilliah (127) «u« finer Vorla^.' \ The round character ot the number 40 baa been cont«<t«a by J. O. A. Keaaler (Chronotcojia iudi…
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minor judges ? As the text (S"''"- '* etc., see above) shows, he has neither rejected the one nor sub- stituted the other, for the sum of the years of the foreign domination (71) and the sura of the years of the so-called minor Judges (70) are different (5) As little ground is there for the as.sumptior that the Bk. of …
1,255 wordsSECTION 1129Section 1129
(e) Only legind, and nut mythology, has played a rOle in the lilling out of the history of Samson. Traces of the so-calltx! ' Vr/.k-lore ' are iirobably to be found, e.g., in the ti»i7ty men (14'"), the 300 jackals (15*), and the lUOO men ,v.'") whom he slew with the jawbone ..f an ass. Nay, it is not im)>roliabIe that…
1,052 wordsSECTION 1130Section 1130
Sreuve qn'on assigna d'avance, par le sort, aux ilKrentes tribus, le territoire que chacune devait conqu6rir ' ; cf. the words of Budde on Jg 18' ' es ist Dan wohl ein Gebiet zugefallen, aber es hat sich nichtdarin behaupten konnen, und dass dieses nicht blosse Theorie ist, beweisen die danitischen Keste in den siidlic…
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LiTERATCEB.— (A) DUsdAki hafl'amtm, edd. Baer et Btrack, 1879 ; Marx-Dalman, Traditio rabbinorum vetemjna de tihrorum Vet. Teat, ordine et oryjine, 1884. — (B) Felix Perles, Analekten zur Textkritik des A T, 1895 ; Adam ilez, Die Bibel des Josephut untersucid fur Buch v.-vii. der Arcfiaoloiiie, 1B96.— <C) On the liter…
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3. In accordance with the spiritual nature of the kingdom of (!od, and with the fact that it is even now begun on earth, we find, esi>ecially in the Joliannire writings, that the judgment in om-a-spcrt or stage af it is a present act. l''or judgment Christ is come into this world (Jn D"). There is au actual separation…
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2. Texts and Versions. — The LXX text exists in three recensions, (1) B A X, etc., the ruling text; (2) cod. 58, to which Old Lat. and Syriac are closely related ; (3) cod. 19, 108, similar to (2). A Hebrew original is commonly accepted, not only on the ground of Hebraisms in language and ideas, but also because of er…
905 wordsSECTION 1134Section 1134
• Vule. and Midrash agree, i.e.. in omissions (LXX 717-19. w g>l-23.Mb 91 109. lOf. 17». 18. 22 114.14 1213b 153.4.6.11b) and in additions (Yulg. 618-18 76. 10. 11. 19-22 go-'a ()«« 1016.I8. 20 1112. 14. it 126 136. 16. 23 14^. 8-14), as well »8 in a multitude of lesser details JUDITH, BOOK OF JUDITH, BOOK OF 823 …
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Schiirer now (Herzog*, 1896) attaches importance to an early view, not mentioned in his HJP. ' The presupposed historical background answers more to the time of Artaxerxes Ochus. In one of his expeditions against Phoenicia and Egypt, about B.C. 350, he took also some Jewish prisoners, and among his most conspicuous gen…
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For history of Jth in the Canon, see APOCRYPHA. LiTKRATURB. — Commentaries by Fritzsche (1853), Volkmar (1860), Worn (1861, defends historical character), Ball (Speaker'i Com. 1888). Scholz (2nd ed. 1896, Roman Catholic) ; Lohr in Kautzsch's Apocrtjphen und PsntdepUjraphen, 1898. On Hebrew versions, see above. Further…
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But what is tne meaning of the (rireipa Sc/SoffT?;? The co/wrtes of the Roman legion haa no special designation, and therefore in this case we must have a cohort of auxiliary troops ; and many such were named Augusta. But then we should have an auxiliary used for services for which, as far as we know, they were not emp…
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The Juiiiter of Ac 14"- " though called Zeus, was not tiie Greek god, but the native god of the Lycaonian population, whose Lj-caonian name was represented in Greek as Zeus. The reading of Codex Beza" in v." is roO 8>tos AiAs irp4 iriXfus, and is to bo translated ' of Zeus, who is called Zeus PropoleOs," i.e. 'Jupiter …
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Neither the Heb. pis {Pi, and Hiph.) nor the Gr. diKciiouy mean to ma/;e righteous, but simply to put in a right relation. It is a question primarily of relationship, not of character or conduct ; though the relationship is conceived as conditioning l>oth character and conduct. The fundamental meanlti^ of h*xioai is *…
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3. Men are sometimes set right or justified by others ; that, too, in both senses, namely, the vin<li- cation of innocence or rectitude, and atoni^ment for wrong. The former is referred to in Dt 25' ' If there be a controversy between men, and tl>e judges judge them; then they shall justify the righteous and condemn th…
957 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.