PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 541
information supplied by Josephus from the Tyrian historians, Menander and Dius(.'ln<. vill. ii. 6-9, V. .") ; c. Apion. i. 17, 18). According to the latter, Hiram was the son of Abibaal, and died at the age of 53 after a glorious reign of 34 years. Now, we have already seen that the building of David's palace followed …
1,047 wordsSECTION 542Section 542
A hireling is a hired servant (for which .see V.VMILY, vol. i. p. 84!)°), and properly carries no suggestion of unfaithfidness. Thus Tindale, ]\'(irl,x. i. 140, 'Hereby niaye.st thou not under- stand that we obtain the favour of God, and the inheritance of life, through the merits of good works, as hirelings do their w…
992 wordsSECTION 543Section 543
"HITTITES C'-i" Hitti, pi. HUtimJ XerraToi).— In .Jos l-* the country between the Lebanon and the Euphrates is described as ' the land of the 0 V(. l.k 4M 'Simon's wife's mother." ■t- The proper name rn Hetli llJn 10*'' 2.3^) maybe an assimt iation to tlie Bab. name Kliatti which we find in contract-tablets of tile a…
967 wordsSECTION 544Section 544
In n.c. 880 Assur-nazir-pal, the Assyr. king, received tribute from Sangara of Carcheniish, and forced his way over the fords of the Eu])hrates to the west. His successor. Shalmaneser II. (n.c. 854), defeated a league of Hittites and Aram;eans from Kummukh and the adjoining countries, of which Sangara was the head. The…
931 wordsSECTION 545Section 545
Ilittite sculptures and inscriptions can be tr.aoed as far south in Syria as Ilamah (llamath), and as far westward in Asia Minor as Lydia. In the pass of Kara-bel, near the site of Sardis, are the figures of two Hittite warriors, one of them accomp.inied by Ilittite hieroglyphs, and supposed by Herodotus (II. 100) to b…
951 wordsSECTION 546Section 546
fassed from Zidon, through 'all the cities of the livites' to Beersheba, in the S. of Judah, is evi- dently quite consistent with the same locality. The expression, 'all the cities of the Hivites,' in this piussage is, however, peculiar, and would .seem to point to a somewhat considerable group of cities, still inhabit…
1,074 wordsSECTION 547Section 547
Whoever Hobab was, he was the human a-'ent by whom God led His people through the wilder- ness. This service to Israel was long kept in grateful remembrance (I S 15°). N. J. D. White. HOBAH (.^vn).— The place to which, ncc. to Gn 14", Abraliam pursued the defenteil army of Chedorlaomer. It is descril>cd as 'on the" l…
784 wordsSECTION 548Section 548
tented ' Sir 29'. 2. To grip. Job 41" ' The sword of him that layeth at him [leviathan] cannot hold ' (KV 'avail'; Davidson, 'Tlie sword does not hold or bite, but glances oil his adamantine armour ') ; or restrain, keep under restraint, Lk 24'" ' But tlieir eyes were holden that they should not know him ' {cKpaToOi'To…
1,025 wordsSECTION 549Section 549
It is obvious from what has been said, that holiness, as a religious term, did not originate within the sphere of the revealed religion of Israel. It is (<He of those primitive concepts which have been taken uj) and jjurilied by revelation, but which may retain some traces of their origin in a lowtr stage of belief. It…
1,077 wordsSECTION 550Section 550
An im|)ortant corollarj- from this principle is that there is no such thing as natural or inherent holinessinany class of created objects (] laud. p. 45). • On the analof^es ttetwcen talioo and the Ileb. laws of uneleaniieKH ami hi'lim^s. see J. O. Knuer, Knrjj,: /fri/.t* art* 'TalHH)' ; and W. K. Sjmilb. lirl. Sftn '…
1,352 wordsSECTION 551Section 551
It is plausiole, though possibly misleading, to connect this most general sense of holiness with the assumed root-idea of the word, and to say that the aspect of divinity denoted by holiness is the • Davidson, Ezekiel (Camb. Bible), p. x.xxix. t The facts adduced in this para^'raph are adverse t^ the \-iew held by so…
900 wordsSECTION 552Section 552
t W. B, Smith. Rti. Snn.t p. UL 'glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders.' In the Psalms He is addressed as 'terrible out of his holy places ' (G8") ; His name is ' holy and terrible '(111"); ' -J" is great in Zion, and exalted above all the peoples,' therefore they are exiiorted to praise His 'great a…
1,181 wordsSECTION 553Section 553
There are some other applications of the word which fall to be mentioned here, although they can scarcely be said to throw any additional light on its meaning. (1) The expression Holy Spirit (wh. see), so frequent in NT, occurs in OT only 3 times (Ps 51", Is eS'"- "). In such a connexion ' holy ' may mean much or littl…
922 wordsSECTION 554Section 554
HOLINESS HOLINESS 399 introduced in the application of tlie term to God, and thence transferred to tlie holiness He re- quires in His worshippers. In OT the develop- ment is arrested at a certain stage, because of the material associations with which tlie use of the word was invested. One step remained to be taken i…
901 wordsSECTION 555Section 555
group of words designates ideas and relatinus which are more distinctively characteristic of UT than of NT, ttpic m this sense having been taken over from the LXX, where it abounds in 1 1> and tiie Books of Maccabees. The word inct means piout, godly. It is the nearest Or. equivalent of the Lat. tanctut and of the Heb…
975 wordsSECTION 556Section 556
The words iyja* and kyii^M occur very fre<|uently in NT. The three nouns {ifytv^u.ot, etyiirttt, aiymrCtn), winch are kindred to them, are not of frequent occurrence. The most common amon^ the.-te three nouns, »yietirui<. is found ten times (1 Th 4S. 4. 7, 2 Th 2'3, Kg 616 2a. 1 Co I'M, 1 Ti 2l5, He ISU, 1 P l'^). In l…
941 wordsSECTION 557Section 557
In a secondary sense impersonal objects are spoken of as holy. The ways and means whereby God reveals and accomplishes His will are holy, because they are associated with Him who is pre- eminently holy and are instrumental in the sancti- fication of men. Thus the gracious call which God in the gospel addresses to men —…
991 wordsSECTION 558Section 558
vou It.— 36 Bj- some theologians holiness and love are identi- fied. More commonly they are sharply distin- guished— holiness being regarded as the .self-pre- servative or retributive attribute of God, and love as His beneficent, self-imparting attribute. To discuss this subject here would carry us too far. It seems c…
901 wordsSECTION 559Section 559
LiTKiLATURB. — Scholz, D(W Biuh Judith, Wiirzburff, 189C. G. A. CooKE. HOLON d'lSh).— 1. A city of Judah in the Hebron hills, given to the Levites, Jos 15" 21". In the parallel passage 1 Ch 6" [lleb."] it is called Hilen. It is noticed with Debir, and jirobably lay W. or S.W. of Hebron. The ruin Beit Aula, in the low…
1,080 wordsSECTION 560Section 560
ii. These aspects of the working of the Divine Spirit must be sejiarately examined. («) Creative and cvnservatinc Operations in Nature. — In the cosmogony of Gn 1 the Spirit of God broods — nrnna — over the formle.ss cosmic matter, before the cosmos begins to emerge out of chaos. The Greek versions render the verb by …
1,119 wordsSECTION 561Section 561
[c] Moral and religions Elevation. — The ethi- cal side of the S|iirit's work conies into view in the teaching of the psalmists and proidiets. In I's 51" the Spirit is described as ^j-jiTir", LXX tA rKi!/«l <rov t6 37101-, i.e. the energizing jirinciple of the divine holiness (Cheyne, Origin of the Psalter, p. 3'22 ; o…
961 wordsSECTION 562Section 562
Ii. The Apocrypha of OT and other Jewish Literature. — i. In the non-canonical literature of Palestine, references to the Divine Spirit are rare, and when they occur are little else than echoes — sometimes broken and imperfect echoes — of the canonical teaching. The religious man is filled with the sjiirit of understan…
1,029 wordsSECTION 563Section 563
C. The New Testament.— i. The NT adopts the phrases used in reference to the Divine Simit by the Greek translators of the OT. Thus we find in the NT as in the OT the terms t4 Tveviia rb Hyiov {Tvfiipji ^7101'), ri trvivpia, rov 6eoO, or iri^eri/xa OcoO, ttv, Kvpiov, or sinijily t6 TrKvp-a., or in certain contexts the a…
932 wordsSECTION 564Section 564
406 HOLY SPIRIT HOLY SPIRIT wXiipovntvof aoipl^f Kal X'^P'S Ofou ^v i-r* airrS ; cf. v."^). But ia or about Ilia tliirtieth year {^y . . uxrtl iTO>v T^iditovTa) a stage was readied when a new illapse of the Spirit on tlie Second Adam became necessary. The first had sanctilied His liuinanitVi the second was to consec…
1,161 wordsSECTION 565Section 565
(c) 'I'he Spirit descended on the Second Adam to abide (Jn P-** ; contrast Gn & LXX). The illapse was not a momentary act, but a new departure in human life, the beginning of a permanent in- dwelling of the Spirit in man. The 'Gospel of the Hebrews ' has rightly seized upon this point : ' descendit fons omnis spiritus …
904 wordsSECTION 566Section 566
(>) The coming of the Spirit, like the coming of the Son, manifested itself at first by supernatural signs. To regard the gifts of tongues as unl is- torical (Zellor, Weizsiieker), is permissible only to tho.se who deny the possibility of the niiraculoiig. That the fact is recorded by so careful a historian as i,uke, …
1,037 wordsSECTION 567Section 567
{$) The Fourth Gospel, however, relates a series of conversations running through the course of our Lord's ministry, which reveal entirely new views of the Spirit's relation to the individual life, to the Church, and to God. The conversation with Nicodemus (Jn 3°"") a.sserts the principle of the new birth, tracing the …
985 wordsSECTION 568Section 568
• WTien lieyschla? (-VT* Theolnpy, Eng. tr. ii. p. 279) writes, 'The notion of the Holy Spirit as a third Divine pereon- ftlity ... is one of the most disastrous importations into tile Holy Scriptures,' he assumes that this idea has been imported, and that his own construction of the Lord's words (■ just a pictorial pe…
1,269 wordsSECTION 569Section 569
But by far the larger number of St. Paul's references to the Spirit in these Epistles are con- cerned with His operations on the spirit of man. Living in an age of physical manifestations, the apostle docs not ignore the miraculous gifts (Ro 12" 15'"-'", 1 Co 12. 14, Gal 3'), and in one place (1 Co I.e.) he treats of t…
995 wordsSECTION 570Section 570
irvev/mTiKdi /crTin), and its righteous jadgmeiits find an echo in the life of the .spiritual man (Uo 8^) j but, considered as a mere edict, it stands in direct opposition to the Spirit (Gal 5'*), whose sphere is in the heart of tlie inner man ; and he who ia guided by the Spirit is emancipated from the external contro…
1,233 wordsSECTION 571Section 571
LiTRRATiTiB. — The folloftinff works, amonfrBt othere, may be con»viltc<l on the iliblical Theolopj' of the Holy Spirit. rATKisTio AND MEDIEVAL. — TcrtuUian, adv. J'rax, ; Origen, de principiui, i. 3 ; Alhana-.iu8, Epp. ad ^trap, ; Cyril of Jeni8alcm, Catfeh. xvi. xvii. ; Didymus, de Sp. ^anet. ; Ruiil, de Up. Sanct. …
971 wordsSECTION 572Section 572
The adv. honestly is the tr° in Sir 22»of ^i* iyaBi (' If children live honestly,' in 070(^3 fug) ; in 2 Slac 12"and He 13'" (Anier. liV honourably ') of KoXis ; and in IJo 13", 1 Th 4'^ of ewxiMii'''"'!. 'decorously (Anicr. KV ' becomingly '). The subst. honesty occurs only in 1 Ti 2* ' that we may lead a quiet and p…
1,087 wordsSECTION 573Section 573
In NT the noun is U*it and the vb. iXr-T*. alwavs of favour- able expectation (contrast 'O.Tit Trerrfxt of LXX. Is '28'^). In He 1021 ' the profession of our faith' should be 'the confession of our hope' (t>,» iLt*X.eyia* TTf iXriiot). The second in St. Paul's triumvirate of graces (1 Co 13") has attracted less attent…
943 wordsSECTION 574Section 574
• I'oaaitjly. tlio wcoiint here i:\vvn in iiiooinplcto. Wflllmiififri (liiii-h. Sam. :i&) i)oiiitM 'tut Ihut tho sniia of Kli are niftitixrird Defort' he hiniHrlf hivn been in rotinced. Thoniim ftiid Kloslcr- mAtiii inuert ' Kli ami ' with tin- I.XX ; more prolialdy we Hliould rfad simply * and Kli, priest unto tbe LOR…
975 wordsSECTION 575Section 575
The event of the reign, of which we hear roost from Herodotus, is a campaign, undertaken later than those in SjTia, in response to an appeal by the Libyans for help against the encroaching Greeks of Cyrene. The expedition was unsuccess- ful, and the consequent national resentment led to the deposition of Apries in favo…
1,035 wordsSECTION 576Section 576
2. Another mountain called by the same name (Nu 34'- ') was to be the northern limit of the in- heritance of the tribes of Israel, which was to extend from the shore of the Great Sea (Mediter- ranean) eastward along the border of Mount Hor • As determined by the aneroid ob^er^-ations of Mr. Reginald Laurence, Monday, …
1,029 wordsSECTION 577Section 577
Hormah is mentioned, Jos 12", along with Arad as one of tlie 31 royal cities taken by Josliua, in 15'" as 'one of the uttermost cities . . . tow.ard the border of Edom in the South,' and in 1!)', 1 Ch 4*' as part of the inheritance of Simeon. In 1 S SO*' it occurs after the cities of the Kenites (cf. the same connexion…
1,051 wordsSECTION 578Section 578
paralleled victories of the Israelites (Gn 35', Dt 32«, Jos 2", Ps 44»- •). G. E. Post. HORONAIM(c:j\-ih, D'j'^h, perh. 'the two hollows'). — A city of Moab, whose site has not been recovered with certainty. It is mentioned in Is 15°, Jer 48* (in both ' the way to H.,' 'n Ti'^) 48° ('the descent of H.,' 'n -i-ite) 48"…
1,399 wordsSECTION 579Section 579
3. C'3 sti^. This word is often nsed for chariot horses (lix 14" etc., Jos 11«, 1 K 4«, .Icr StF, Ezk 27"). It is uae<l even more frcq. for riding horses, VOL. II. — 27 e.sp. war horses (Gn 49", Est 6'- ■», Job 39'»-» Jer ga gi8_ Yisxh 1", Zee P etc.). In not a few cases it seems jcHcra/ for horses (I)t 17'", 1 K 18'…
1,069 wordsSECTION 580Section 580
HORSELITTER.— Only 2 Mac 9* ((pipiov [ = 0o- puov], which is tr'' 'litter' in 3-''), RV 'litter' (which see). The word is used in Malory's Morte Varthur (Caxton's text) several times. Thus i. 3, ' So it wa.s done as Merlin had devised, and they carried the kingforth in a horse-litter with a great host towards his enemi…
947 wordsSECTION 581Section 581
HOSANNA HOSEA 410 David, Oh save' ; or, by arbitrarily chanfriiig vlf to vU, 'U Son of David, save.' Otiiers, resorting to the secondary sense of Husnniia, have taken the sliout to mean ' Triuuiplial palms to the Son of David' (of. Syr. I'hilox.). Tlie phrase 'in the highest' also has been made to signify '() thou t…
986 wordsSECTION 582Section 582
LiTEKATCRE. — The dlAciissions of tho term are niiinerous. mid widely scattered In commentaries and cxecetical works. Specl- nu'ns of the older may be seen in Ibe Critici SitcH ; in Poole's .^i/Nop'*i«; in Lam[ie ou Jn I'i'*; .1. C. Wolf. Ctirtr, etc.. on ^it '21", where nmnerous reff. are plven. Worth coiisnilinff. al…
1,129 wordsSECTION 583Section 583
f)athelic in tliem : Ephraim's decadence among tlie nations is ike grey hairs coming up on the head of one old before his time (7*) ; in his inability to grasp the crisis now come upon him. and use It as the entrance upon a larger life, he is like the child that dies on tlie threshold of birth (I.S»). In His guidance o…
905 wordsSECTION 584Section 584
IIOSEA hardly any trace in his bonk of the earlier pro- phet's iiitiuence. Such parallels a.s have been cited are entirely inconchisive, e.y. the following (the passages from Amos are jilauecl second) : 4', 8'; 5'', »' ; 5', 1* ; !l^. "'^ ; 10', U'2 ; 11)8, 7U ; y,*^ »o . ynnl.^ 2'"''-. Ch. 4"" is certainly an echo of…
985 wordsSECTION 585Section 585
The .Vai-riage o/Z/ooi-n.— Various opinions have hcen held on this suiiject. 1. It has been supposed that Hosea allied himself with a wotiian already linowii as a sinner, with the view of re- ctailnint; her. It is 'very ditlieult to believe either that the iiniphet should do such "a thin^'. or that he should represent …
1,327 wordsSECTION 586Section 586
It is not of miii'h consequence for the interpreta- tion of tliK prophft's book whether we suppose his man'ia'.je real or parabolical. In any case his con- ception of tlie relation of J" to I.srael is clear. If the story is a paral)le, it evidently helped Hosoa's mind in conceivin;; the divine relation to iniaoine a hu…
995 wordsSECTION 587Section 587
HUSEA ROSEA 423 in three things: (1) The cultus, wliicli, though ostensibly service of J", is in trutli worship of a being altogether different from llini; ("J) the internal political disorders, the changes of dynasty, all of which have been effected with no thought of J" in the iM'ople'snunds ; and (.'!) the foreig…
1,059 wordsSECTION 588Section 588
(2) The Internal Mhntle. — Whether Hose.i directly calls the internal political condition ' whoredom ' is not quite certain. lie does so name the external politics: making alliances abroad is 'hiring loves' (S"). And there was no reason why he should not have given the .same name to the internal politics, for • whoredo…
946 wordsSECTION 589Section 589
(3) External Politics. — Keliance on foreign help IS also ' unfaithfulness ' to J" (8»). The love of J" elevates the subject of it into a personality. C(UTe- sponding to His mind there must be another mind, with a sense of benefit and capacity for affection. .\nd when Israel leans on foreign powers, this re- veals not …
1,071 wordsSECTION 590Section 590
(,'omparisons of one propliet with another are usually unjust to one of the two compared. Amos' minil is lilled with ^reat general ethical i)rinciples, valid eleriially and enforcing themselves univers- ally whetlier in he.aven or on earth ; Hosea start-s from areligious relation of .I"and people, hislnrically formcil,…
945 wordsSECTION 591Section 591
H. A. WlliTK. HOSHAMA ("T"?'^. abbrcv" or textual error lor j-sr n- i_jii ],^^\^ heard'). — A descendant of David, 1 Ch :;'*. See GKNICALOGY. HOSHEA ("!?'■' ' (leUreraHce ' represented by .4hsi on the Assyrian monumeius, LX.X '(Iftie, Syr. '^^-^=^) was the son of Elah. The accession of this king of Israel took plac…
1,005 wordsSECTION 592Section 592
343 f. 346). Ilencftforth Egypt sought to con- front Assyria bj' supporting the Palestinian and Hittite states. Hoshca of Israel and Hanno of Gaza were sustained in this policy of resistance to the Ninevite power by promises of aid by the Egj'ptian monarch. After the death of Tiglath, the Egyptian party and policy, whi…
921 wordsSECTION 593Section 593
Erom 2 K 17" we learn that the inhabitants wen^ ileported to Eastern localities in or near li.ibylonia (see Schrader, COT ii. p. 2G7 tl. ), while Babylonian inhabitants were settled in the dis- tricts of Canaan vacated by the e.xilcd Israelites (v.^). Illustrative passages conlirniing these facts may be found in the an…
926 wordsSECTION 594Section 594
Haiti baitn/:, ' niv house is yours,' is part of the hospitable salutation with which the guest U welcomed. The phrase survives in the town'* and cities most inlluenced by Western civilization ; only, however, as an expression of courtesy. In remote villages, and in the de.sert camps, it is a simple statement of fiu't.…
1,045 wordsSECTION 595Section 595
The protection of the stranger may anticipate his arrival at the tent of his ho.st. It is not un- common for one in danger to shelter himself under the name of some powerful chief, whose ilalchil lie claims to be. It is then the duty of all to assist him in reaching his protector's dwelling: any injury done to him is r…
936 wordsSECTION 596Section 596
In the NT the customs of hospitality are recog- nized as binding (Lk 7""*'). It is commended and enjoined as a Christian virtue (Ro 12"- ", 1 Ti 3-', Tit 1», He I3-, 1 P 4") ; and, allording a curious parallel to the passage quoted above from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, the exercise of hospitality is taken as afford…
932 wordsSECTION 597Section 597
The expression (2) denotes the stars aa witness- ing, in virtue of their itpparently cmmtless numbers, and the order and regularity of their appearance, to J'"s creative and administrative power. So Jer 33-'^ (as innumerable). Is 34* (as dependent for their existence u[pun J'"s will, and so as nioulderin" away in the d…
1,196 wordsSECTION 598Section 598
HOSTS, LORD OF.— See Lord of Hosts. HOTHAM (co'in 'seal').—!. An Asherite, 1 Ch 7'^. 2. Father of two of David's heroes, 1 Cli 11". In this latter instance AV has incorrectly Hotban. See Genealogy. HOTHIR (T.i^i).— A son of Heman, 1 Ch 25^ See Genealogy, III. 23 n. HOUGH — The ' hough ' (mod. speUing hock) of a • '…
1,105 wordsSECTION 599Section 599
The houses of the poor in early days must always have been of a very primitive character. Verj' often they were built of clay (mud or sunburnt brick), ' whose foundation is in the dust' ; ' which are ready to become heaps' ; ' by slothfulness the roof sinketh in, and through idleness of the hands the house leaketh ' (J…
951 wordsSECTION 600Section 600
In the villages there is usually a court attached to the house, m which the cattle, sheep, and goats are penned ; and in towns they are all brought within the walls and penned in courts and cellars belonging to the houses. The monuments of Assyria and Egypt represent the houses much as they appear at present (Layard, …
983 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.