PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 721
2. A chieftain of the clan of tlie Kechabites, whose fidelity to the commands of his ancestor Jonadab was tested by the prophet Jeremiah as an example to the people of Judah (Jer ,35*). 3. Son of Shaphan, who appeared in Ezekiel's vision as ringleader of seventy of the elders of Israel in the practice of secret idolat…
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iS'o doubt the name Jabesh is preserved in the modem Yabis, and when on the line of this stream in the Gilead bills one is near the site of tliij ancient city, liobhison (Bill'- iii. Sl'Jf. ) suggeste« a [ilace, ctl-Dcir, lying south of Wady Yabis ; but this has no ancient ruins, and, besides, it is some distance oil …
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The Cnisaders found the ruins called Hjclin (A.D. 1 144, William of Tyre), where they built the fortress Ibulin (corrupted from Jabneel), mistaking it for Gath, and it gave its name to the French familj' of d'Ibelin, one of whom, Jean, count of Jalla and Ashkelon, restored (c. 1255) the famous code of the 'Assises of J…
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The modem hyacinth includes the bright-red varieties of zircon ; a silicate of zirconia with a little oxide of iron. It crj'stallizes in the form of a square prism or octahedron, and is found at Assouan on the Nile, Auvergne, Bohemia, and other volcanic countries. Large crystals have been obtained from Siberia and Ceyl…
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Eart, in the 15th cent. B.c.1 Uliat connexion, if any, exists etween these names and those of the patriarchs, may never perhaps be ascertained ; but their existence at such a date in Palestine is remarkable. These facts, however, make it not improbable that (as had indeed been supposed even before their discovery^) nam…
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■» Behold, (away) from the fatnc» of the earth ahall be thy dwellinj;. And (away) from the dew of heoven above . JACOB 527 M And by thy swonl sbalt thou live, and thou sbolt Ber\'e thy brother ; And It shall come to pass, aa thou roamest about at largi. - That thou shalt break hii) yoke from oS thy ne^lc The contra…
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29'"'* Jacob proceeds on his journey, reaches ^aran, and quickly meets with his relations. In his uncle, Laban, Jacob finds, at least for a time, his match Ln the art of overreaching ; and the narrative recounts first the engagement concluded by him with Laban, and then the ruse by which the latter succeeded in marryin…
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t The physiological principle involved is well established. According to an authority quoted by Delitzsch, cattle-breedert now, in order to secure white lambs, surround the drinking troughs with white objects. I This seems to be the meaning of v.*> as it stands. But many modem scholars think that the words ' and set .…
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the ancestors of the Israelites and the Syrians are here conceived as fixing the border between the territories occupied afterwards by their respective descendants, wliich was often, especially during the period of the Syrian wars, matter of bloody dispute between them. The ' long game of well-matched wits ' is thus e…
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The dreaded meeting with Esau passes off happily (33''"). Jacob prepares for the worst (vv.'"') ; but Esau shows a generous and magnani- mous spirit: he receives his brother with all friendliness, and inquires with interest after his children (vv.*''). lie at first refuses Jacob's present: but Jacob by pressure induces…
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t Comp. Moore, he, p. 218 (who mentions another proposed site, at Deir'Alla, N. of the Zerka; cf. G. A. Smith, f.c. p. 68.''). I A piece of money (or metal) of uncertain value. It is mentioned besides only in Jos 24^2, Job 42". § As Dinah, who (31*1 comp. with 3021) must have been quite an infant when Jacob left Hara…
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being at Beersheba*) dies ; and (according to tho same source, P) Jacob and Esau meet once more for the purpose of burying him (v.''* ; cf. 25'). The active period of Jacob's life is now over : the rest of his days is passed in quietude ; and Joseph becomes the moving spirit in the patriarchal family. Joseph was his f…
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49-'-'' contains the more elaborate poetical Ulesa- iug, which Jacob is said to have addressed to all his sons before his death. Throughout this liless- ing what the poet really has in view are the tribes ; as so often elsewhere in Genesis, the tribe is con- ceived as impersonated in its ancestor, and the ancestor fore…
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Allusinns to Jacob in sub.icqiicnt piirts of Scrip- ture.— The most importjint are in Hosea, who already aiijilies his history didactically : — (1) fios lO--" l«-'i :— • In the womb he supplanted his brother ; And in his strei.gth he persintfd with (Jod : 4 Yea, he persiMed ["l^"!] with the angel, and preva\led\ He…
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• At Ifoat acoonling to J (30»>-«>). Acconiiiiif to E(31«^ll »n»), Laban artiilnrily and unfairly chan^-cN Jacob's waifra ; but Jaroti'fl ^^li(ls arc not due to his own artiMc4>H, but to Ibe dis- pK-Jitions of Providence (31*18). As tlie two narrativen are thus derived from dlHeront iiourcea, It follows that 31»i>- ' »…
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Admitting, however, that these principles are true, how far may they be adopted in explanation of tlie patriarchal narratives ? Are .Tacob and his twelve sons, Esau, and Laban simply the personi- fications of corresponding peoples, Israel and the 12 tribes, Edom, and Syria (like Hellen, with his sons, Dorus and .lEolus…
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• Ewald, nut. 1. 310 ST., 838, 341-344, 346, 348-350, 303, 371-374 376 S. Ct. Slade, Gtsch. i. 124-128 (who, however, does not allow that anything; pre-ilosaic is reflected in the patriarchal narratives). t Dilhnann'sview is substantially that of Ewald : recollections of tribal movements are preser\'ed in the family h…
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But, however that may be, it is impossible not to be impressed by the remarkable manner in which Jacob, both in the brijjhter and in the darker as|iects of his character, is the prototj'pe of his descendants. His doubtful qualities e.xactly recall that remarkable faculty of acquiring wealtii and inlluence which the Jew…
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The well is described as being close by Sychar, ' near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph ' (Gn 48^). If, as seems certain, this v/as the plot spoken of in Gn 33'^ it lay before, i.e. to the east of, the city of Shechem, where, in the plain, the patriarch had chosen his residence. It became, acco…
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JACUBUS JAEL 537 sionary in NaUus, PEFSt, 1897, p. 67 ; cf. also pp. lli), 196).* If the same were true in our Lord's tune, apart altogetlier from the sacreU associations which would lend it special attractions, it would be eufficient to account for the presence of the woman there, even if her home were on the lip o…
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The prose narrative, then, is not necessarily in contradiction with the Ode as to the manner of Sisera's death, though undoubtedly, if we had only the Ode to guide us, we should not be able to reproduce the scene described in 4^. The prose narrator seems to have hod independent informa- tion, oral or otherwise. There …
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But whether her motive was patriotic or selfish, the ' moral difficulty ' of the narrative is serious only to those who do not recognize the gradual education of mankind. Jael's act was not moral according even to her own standard, and thus to compare Tier with Judith or with Charlotte Corday Is not quite apt. The appr…
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* When yahw forms the first element of a proper name, It becomes — through an intermediate y^aw (cf. 133 from "12;)- yehd, y/S (as Jehoram, Joram) ; see Gray, p. 2S1 ff-,'who enunier ates 29 names of this type ; cf- p- 300 (El-yeAo-'enai, * Unto Yah are my eyes '). t For Rabb. theories oj the orthography In pome of th…
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A. T. Chapman. JAHAZIEL (Sx-in:, 'El sees').— 1. A Benjamite who joined David at Zikla", I Ch 12*. 2. One of the two priests who, according to 1 Ch 16", blew trumpets before the ark when it was brought by David to Jerusalem. 3. A Kohathite Levite, 1 Ch 23" 24-''. 4. An Asaphite Levite who is said to have encouraged Jeh…
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JAIRTIS (RV Jaims, 'Uetpat, probably a tran- scription of OT name tn;), a ruler of the synagogue, who dwelt at or near Capernaum. After Jesus had returned from Gergesa (Gadara) he was ap- proached by Jairus, a suppliant on behalf of his daughter, aged twelve, who was lying at home at • 'So LXX, Pesh. (Jerome ' Alius s…
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St. Mark tells us (3") that Jesus sumamed the two brothers Boanerges (Sons of Thun<ler), alludin", perhaps, to the vehemence shown in their duinand that their Master should call down tire from heaven to consume the Samaritans, who refused to receive him because he was going up to Jerusalem (Lk D'") ; and again in their…
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2. James the sox of Alph^us.— In the four li.sts of the apostles we find James, son of Alplm-us, standing at the head of the 3rd group, of which the other members are Thadda;us (.Nik 3"), also called Lebbteus (Mt lO* cod. D and AV) or 'loiJai 'laKuliov (Lk G'", Ac 1"); Simon Zelotes (1-k 6", Ac 1"), also called S. Kaya…
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The Gospel according to the Hebrews, which LlRhttoot epeaks of aa one of the earliest and most respectable of the apocrvphal narratives (Gai. p. 274), is (|uoted by Jerome (de I'ir. Ul' 2) to the following effect : 'Tiie Lord after his resurrection appeared to James, who had sworn that he would not eat bread from th« …
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JAMES, EPISTLE OF JAMES. EPISTLE OF 5« for the murder of James ; but this does not occur in his extant writings. Clement of Alexandria (up. Euseb. HE ii. 1) says that Peter and James and John, who were most honoured by the Lord, clio.se James the Just to be bi.shop of Jerus. after the Ascension, and that the Lord i…
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They are as follows : (1) the epistolary salutation z^'fit*' (•^a 11, Ac 16'^) found in only one other prussajre of tlie NT, the letter of Lysios to Felix (.-Vc 2o'*») ; (2) the curious phrase, Iwrroweii from the LXX, which occurs in NT only in Ac 15^' ijj •Cr ixiKiKXyTBtt TO itouM [xau iw' flturcuf, and Ja 2^ r* JucAt…
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Another marked feature of our Epistle is the clcso connexion between it and the Sermon on the Mount, in which our Lord laid down the principlea of the kingdom whicli he came to establish upon eartli. It must sulfice to refer here to the general harmony between the two as to the spiritual view of the law (Ja 1" 2''- '^…
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Origen (d. 253) is apparently the first who cites the Epistle as Scripture, ami as written by St. James ; see Comm. in Juh. xi.\. 6 ; in Jiom. iv. 1, 8, ix. 24 ; Horn. in. Ex. iii. 3, viii. 4 ; in Lv. ii. 4, xiii. 3; Sel. in Ps. 31. 5, 37. 24, 118. 153; Comtn. in Prov. (Mai, Noi'. Bibl. vii. 51) ; but Clement of Alexan…
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• Tlio Banip view l» tAk«'n by I.. &laMM*)iicau In ui ut1c1« cntitlinl ' I.'r.pitrc dti Juimhh-h, cst-pllc I'.i'iivn* tl'un t'lir^tirn T' U'liicii appeared in the JUtnu dt rhUtoire tUt rv/itfioTU, l*aria, 18W. B46 JAMES, EPISTLE OF JAMES, EPISTLE OF Epistles, addressed lo distant Churches, and deal- ing so much wit…
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We have seen, then, (1) that the resemblance between the two Epistles is such that it can only be explained by supposing one of them to have been written with a knowledge of the other ; (2) that a close comparison shows t liat, where there is a resemblance, the statement in St. James is in general more elementary, less…
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(5) The Epistle contains many phrases which bear a recognized Christian stamp, even though it may be pos.sible to find some approach to them in pre- Christian documents. Such tLTe i5t\(poi ;u>v iya-ritTol (!"•'» 2"), ii -rapovala toO Kvplov (5'- "), Toi>f irpia^v- Hpovs TTJ! /it>c\7j<r(oj (5"), rpo<reiiiaOu<rai> ir' a\…
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vl. TrM aiul falte ITurfom (S'*").— (a) The wlailom which oomea from G«xf is aiiiipli< and strnightforw-anl, full of kinil- ne«i and all good tniiu (3»- " '"). (^) If therr is a wiwlnm which iloea not oondui-e to lieoce, but ia aoconiiwnied by bitter- ness and Jealousy, It la not from abovo, but la earthly, comol, devi…
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J. B. Mayor. JAMIN (p;). — 1. A son of Simeon, On 46"", Ex 6>», Nu 20", 1 Ch 4". The gentUic name Jaminites (')'5:'^) occurs in Nu 26". See Gene- alogy, II. 1. 2. A Judahite, 1 Ch2". See Gene- alogy, IV. 7. 3. A priest (?, or Levite) who took part in the promulgating of the law, Neh 8'. JAMLECH (11^2:).— A Simeonite c…
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LrrBRATCRH.— Schiirer, IIJ P 11. iii. 149fT. ; Zockler, Apokr. d. AT, i-Zi ; F«briciu», Cudex piendepigr. IT, i. 813-S-25. J. T. Makshall. JANOAH.— 1. (n'l];). A town in the northern mountains of Najihtali, near Kedesh, 2 K 15''-'. It is the modern i'anilh. See Sif'P vol. i. sheet ii. 2. ("lij^J.". AV Januhah). A pla…
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JAPHIA (rc;; B 'U-pSd, A, Luc 'la4>alt ; • The molem Anncnlan poet Pakratunl {Uaig, i. p. 17)r»lhol tnKC»i'""<Lv thinki of ' i-arthlv ' »n<l ' hc.ivrnly ' ntinirs. The ArnH'nitui'f<>rm of the tmino In M^wo* if JB{M>tOflthi^, whori^oo I'ictelC >rw/i'M Itxdo-Europitnrus, t. a:£7) bajed •omu infercooia, HcapleU by Leaoim…
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The site is upon the present Jebel Yarrauk, a hill, the slopes of which still show the marks of old retaining walls, and are covered with the ruins of buildings. The summit is crowned by the founda- tions of a wall, the early acropolis of tlie place. Guciin (Judfe, ii. 371 11'.) states that the ruins lie ' three good h…
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LiTSEaTUKi. — Art. Jashar In Smith's Dfft ; IToIzlnfrer, Bin- Iritung in den llrzateuch, '22S tl : Kylo, Canon of OT, 19 0. ; llriver, LOT'. 108. 121, 1»2 ; Wildelxwr, ill. if, AT, ^3 B. ; KautMchs AT, Bellago, I3B t. ; W. R. MiniUi. OTJC 4X1 H. W. H. Bknnett. JA8HEN (!!»;, "Acrdr, Jasen).—The sons i.f .lashen (IP; -…
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H. A. White. JASON ('Idffuy).— During St. Paul's visit to Thessalonica, he was the guest of one Jason. When the Jews caused a disturbance, they attacked Jason's house, and, failing to find the apostle, they took Jason and the brethren before the politarclis. The magistrates received security (ri Uaybv) from Jason and …
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The majority of modern critics regard the consonants as corrupt (btade, Uriggs, ("ornill ; cf. Oxf. Heb. Lex. s. p)) ; and in CumiU's edition pnKi is substituted for the consonants of the text, on the authority of a wine-list of Nebuchadnezzar (Delitzsch, Assijrische Lesestiicke, 1875, p. 63), in which a country of tha…
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On the otlier hand, the term is used to denote jiassionate concern in man for GimI's honour, ns in the ca.se of I'hineha.s (Nu 2."i""). Elijah (I K IQ"), Jehu (2 K 1(1"; cf. I's 119""). So Jn 2i' ' The zeal (f^Xoj) of thine house' (I's 69°); 'a zral for tJod ' (Uo 10^); 'I am jealous . . . with a godly jealousy' (2 Co …
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The only Jebusite mentioned expressly by name 13 Araunah, the o«-ner of the threshing-floor on the top of ' Zion,' which was bought bv David for the purpose of building an altar to J"(2S 24'*- '"• ^ ■ cf 1 Ch 21'»- '«• =8. ^ 22? 2 Ch 3') ; but it is reason-' able to suppose that Adoni-zedek (Jos 10' etc.), if not Adoni…
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The two names are often assumed to be alternative designations of one and the same singer. It may be so, but there are circumstances which render this explanation less satisfactorj- than it appears at first sight. Keasonable doubts have even been expre-i.sed whether J. was originally a proper name at all. The word occu…
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2. King of Judah (Joachaz or Jeconias, I Es 1"; Zarakes, 1 Es I^, see QPB). The name Shallum, found in Jer 22", 1 Ch 3'°, may possibly be signifi- cant, ' to whom it is requited (Keil), or may con- tain an allusion to the unfortunate king of Israel, 2 K 15" (Berlheau), but more probably it was his original name, exchan…
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JEHOHAA'Als JEHOIACHIN 55) great diseases,' that they ' slew him on his bed,' that he was not buried iii the royal sepulchres, and that the mothers of the assassins were of the two accursed nations of Moab and Amnion (see Dt23'). Jerome {Qu. Ueb., adloc.) notes that 'this is said to emphasize the wickedness of the I…
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With the fall of Jerusalem, B.C. 597, the Cap- tivitj' began. Captives had been taken from the country before this, Jer 13'", and possibly still earlier (Dn 1', Berosus in Jos. c. Apiun, i. 19), but this marks an epoch, and from it Kzekiel dates his prophecies ('our captivity,' Ezk 40'). The flower of the nation and th…
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JEHOIAKIM (0'p;'i.-i;, t3'p;V, o-p^' ' J" raiseth np ' ; Joakim, 1 Es i". as. ss ggg gpg gjj^ j,, _ King of Judah, second son of Josiah ( 1 Ch 3"). The circumstances under which this prince succeeded to the throne were the first and most significant indication of the long period of igno- minious subjection ushered in…
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(b) The death of Jehoiakim is veiled in obscurity. According to the prophecy (Jer 22'*- '" 36*'), his dead body lay un buried outside the walls of Jerusalem ; and this is confirmed by 2 K 24', which is silent as to liis burial. Jos. [Ant. X. vi. 3) says that Nebuchadnezzar, when admitted without resistance into Jerusal…
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1, King of l^■rllel. He «as second son of Ahab, and succcedeil his brother Ahaziah, 2 K 3' (on the inter|«>lated date in 2 K 1" see AhaziaH, No. 1). The compiler of Kings evidently inti'nde<l to refer to him all the notices of the king of Israel whicl* occur in the Actji of Kli^lia ; but a.« Eli-<lia mir- vivcil .1. 43…
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the history of Elijah. This seems more plau.'sible than the suggestion of Kimchi, adopted by Keil, that the Lord had revealed to Elijah, before his translation, J.'s wickedness, and that then Elijah wrote this letter, which was to be sent to the king at the proper time ; just as Elijah himself anointed JEHOSIIAliEATH…
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JEHOSHAPHAT, VALLEY OF (crrVT PTV, /t«\a» 'luacLtpdr, I'nl/U Jusnpliat). — This valley (anek)' is mentioned muUr the name of 'Jehoshaphat ' only by the prophet .(oel (3 [Heb. 4] ^ ■'). The circum- stances related by the prophet concerning the 'day of the Loiii)' are matters of theological contro- versy which it would b…
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The Mo.slem names for the valley between the IJaram, esh-Shcrtf and Mount Olivet are Wddy Jahannum, IK. Sitti Maryam (from 'the tomb of the Virgin '), W. Jushafat or Shafat (Seetzen), W. JehishAfat (Robinson), \V. cl-Jos. In addition to this valley parting Jerusalem from Olivet being called Jeho.sliaphat, the name als…
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With changes of the punctuation, other render- ings become possible, though the general sense rciiiaina the same: as 'In (he mountain (in;) J" a[ipcareth ' § (cf. LXX, iv rip Pp« Ki/mos uipffri') ; ' In the mountain J" seeth or will see {^V): '' ic; : so Pesh. and Vulg. , as.similating the verb to that in clause a). Th…
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ALOGY. H. A. White. JEHD (for form and meaning of the name see next article). — 1. A prophet of the Northern Kingdom who predicted tlie downfall and destruc- tion of the dynasty of Baasha (1 K IC'"'- "). The Chronicler introduces him as denouncing Jehosha- phat for his alliance with Ahab {'2 Ch 19- ; cf. the way in w…
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• Tlte familiar ancient association of prophecy and madness it indicated in the Heb. J'JC'D (cf. Jer 2928), but it would be an error to regard it as a scornful epithet on the basis of Hos 9" (Ot. 1 S 211-*'r). In cLissieal Arabic the verb is eraplo.ved of speech or writing in the .special form of prophetic rh.vthmic pr…
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It is not quite clear what was the religious signilicance ot this destruction of the Baal temple in Samaria and of its devotees. Doubtless Wellliausen is right in saying (/«r. «. Jiid. Gesch.'- p. 77) tliat Jehu was essentially a soldier, and his aims were political rather than religious. Yet he posed as a religious ze…
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While the humiliations inflicted by Assyria upon the Aramajan kingdom continued, the policy of vassalage to Nineveh pursued by Jehu brought him security, and Israel was safe from aggression from his powerful northern foe, Syria. But the tide was soon to turn. After 839 B.C. we read of no more attacks upon the Syrian ki…
900 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.