PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 121
Galatia Proper, as it was in the 1st or 2nd cent., was a rough oval in shape, extending about 200 miles in length (east to west), and 100 miles in breadth at the most. It is probably the most monotonous and least picturesque country of Asia Minor, so far as it is knowTi ; but its north-eastern and eastern and southern …
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II. Galatia Provincia is a complicated subject, and the mass of details is unintelligible, unless we observe the force which guided all the changes, viz. the Roman frontier policy, which sought to educate barbarous tribes up to the Roman standard by a L'radual process, first placing them under a dependent and allied ki…
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Tracheiotis in addition, including Isaura (Strab. p. 569), and he was permitted freely to enlarge Lia kingdom out of non- Roman territory'. Part of Lycaonia, including Derbe and Laranua, had been seized by Antipater, once a friend of Cicero {ad Finn. xiii. 73) ; this was conquered by Amyntaa (Strab. p. 569), but he soo…
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(a) Ptolemy devotes the successive chapters of his Book V. to the Roman provinces of Asia Minor : ch. 1. UdfTov Kal Bitfw/as (the ofhcial name was strictly double, and so was the constitution in some respects) ; 2. riji ISlas 'Aala! (as distinguished from Asia the continent) ; 3. Amias ; 4. VaXariat (containing Paphlag…
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The number of Roman foundations made in G. Provincia between B.C. 20 and A.D. 50 is an index of the vigour with which the imperial policy was urged on in that region. Augustus founded seven colonies — Germa in North Galatia, and Antioch, Lystra, Parlais, Cremna, Coniama, Olb.asa in South Galatia, besides a system of ro…
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• Bartholomew, the apostle of the Lycaonians, is probabl.? to he connected with the Inner Lycaones of the province Asil {Cities and Bishoprics, i. 709). GALATIA GALATIA, REGION OF 89 early tradition ; but Derbe is as little prominent in tr.nlition aa in the narrative of Ac, and the earliest known bishop seems to be…
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GALATIA, REGION OF, more strictly rendered Galatie Region (7; raXarixT) xi^P^i Ac 18-'; ^ 't'piryla Kal raXaTi/ri) X'^P"-' Ac 16*), is a phrase diftieult to explain, because it takes us into the popular topo- graphical terminology of a district and a period that are utterly obscure. I. According to the North-Galatian …
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III. Gitlbrd {Expositor, July 1894, p. 12) accepts Lightfoot's construction, but interprets ' the border- lands of Phrygia and Galatia.' Then Ac 18^ men- tions ' the Galatic Province (Region) and Phrygia.' This view has much to recommend it. It gives in ICa route leading direct from Iconium by Dorylaion • So sometimes…
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\ The author of Ac 1821 speaks from the point of view of I person in the country, placing himself alongside of St. Paul. GALATIANS galatia:jjs 91 "tpiryJa with x"pi understood, for in the inscrip- tions of Antioch the noun is often used to desig- nate Galatic Phrygia [C'lL iii. Supiil. 6818, 681'J], and St. Luke ma…
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II. It is maintained by other scholars, that, corresponding to the term Galatia Provincia, there was a Roman term Galatce, indicating the body of provincials. It was necessary in official and legal usage to have a term designating the entire population of a province ; and the term was always the etluiic derived from th…
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documqu^ auxilia (Ann. xv. 6); and S3mceUu8, depending on an older authority, after mentioning the province Galatia, saye that Augustus imposed taxes on the G., obviously meaning the whole people of the province. * From this point of view, the composition of Gal should be pla*^ after the trial before Gallio, rather th…
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GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE.— i. Author- ship.— The Pauline origin of this Epistle has never been called in question by a critic of lirst-rate importance, and until recently has never been questioned at all. In the early part of the 2nd cent, it formed a part of Marcion's Apostolicon. A little later it was included in th…
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ii. The Persons addre.ssed.— These are desig- nated (P) 'the churchesof Galatia.' Alone among the Epp. of St. Paul this is addressed, not to an in- dividual or to any single church, but to a group of churches. Wliere are we to look for these churches? For the name 'Galatia' has a wider and a narrower application (see G…
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This theory, however, implies a rendering and a construc- tion of Ac 106 to which exception has been taken. This verse, •18 it stands in modern editions, reads thus: iivkOov Zl t>;v tpvyictv Kot't raXccTixriV ^oipccv, xaikvOivTn vto toZ' Ayou nK!/,tweTOf >aX«rai to* Xoyov iv tt 'Ar/ot. Prof. Ramsay contends that ^pvy…
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But whatever the weakness was, and however incurred, the fact remains that it afforded him an opportunity of preaching in a district where he had no intention of preaching: a district therefore, which lay on the road to some more attractive field of operation. Now, it will scarcely do to say that G. projier lay on the …
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Gentile converts were not to keep the law, how were they to escape from the unmoralities in which they had been brought up? And who was this Paul who taught them to neglect the law ? What claim had he to be considered an apostle? He did not keep company with Christ wliile on earth, as the others had done ; he was not c…
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Lightfoot and Salmon bring the Ep. down a few months later, and date it from Corinth early in the year A.D. 58. The resemblances between Gal and 2 Co and Eo are obvious. The ideas suggested in Gal 3 and 4 regarding the Spirit as the promise of the Father, and as the true emancipator and sign of sonship, are elaborated …
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GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE And thus it served tlie purpose of a schoolmaster, or of the guardian wlio took charge of boys under ege. But when the fulness of time is come the guardian is no more needed, the full-grown son having received the spirit of his father (3"-4'). Lastly, out of the law itself St. Paul brings pro…
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that school. Pfleiderer, e.g., says (Eibbert Led. p. 103, cf. p. Ill), 'the agreement as to the chief points is in any case greater than the discrepancies in the details, and these dis- crepancies can be for the most part explained simply by the ditference of the standpoint of the relaters." It is further objected tha…
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Marits Dods. GALBANUM (^^T'l /lelhc.nah. xa^/^'"'"). </«»«- mim). — A guin resin, Ferula (lalhanifliia, Boiss, et Bulise ; and F. rubricmdi.i, Boiss. It is known in Arab, by the name kinnah, and in Persian as birred. It occurs in the form of tears and lumps. The tears are round, yellow to brownish- yellow, translucent,…
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Thus far we have gained little except to learn that the Bible gives us no account of the origin of the word Galilee, of how large an area it embraced at first, or of how it came to be applied to all the northern part of Palestine. Palestine west of the Jordan was, in the time of our Lord, divided into three provinces.…
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How frequently in the Gospels are the ' cities and villages' of Galilee mentioned, leading us to suppose that its surface was thickly covered with flourishing centres of life. While Josephus praises the fertility and populousness of the entire pro- vince, he rises to enthusiasm when he describes the Plain of Gennesaret…
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Although there had been a large deportation of its inhabitants by Tiglath-pileser, and no doubt much destruction of life in other wars, Galilee seems to have entirely recovered from these calamities, for there is abundant evidence that in our Lord's time the country was densely popu- lated. The conditions of life there…
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Among the productions of Galilee, the olive was perhaps the most prominent. In the Blessing of Moses it is said of Asher, ' let him dip his foot in oil ' (Dt :3:524). The Kabbis said, ' In Asher oil flows like a river,' and 'It is easier to raise a legion of olive trees in Galilee than to raise one child in Judiea.' Bo…
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Among the famous personages of Galilee may be mentioned Barak, one of Israel's heroes ; De- borah, the author of a triumph song; the judges Ibzan, Klon, and Tola, who judgetl Israel forty years ; the prophets Hosea (?), Jonah the son of Amittai, and Elisha the successor of F.lijah. This was not Elijah's birthplace, sti…
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To this brief survey of biblical names for this lake we may add that Gennesar (t6 vSup toO Tei'pria-dp, RV ' the water of Gennesareth ') is given in 1 Mac ll"". .Tosephus had occasion to refer to this hake many times, and he always uses the name Gennesar (e.(i. Ant. XIII. v. 7). The change from the Heb. Kinnereth to Ge…
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The hot springs near Tiberias have been famous from the earliest liistory of the country, and the inhabitants still prize them for their medicinal uses. The volume of water is large, and, could they be jjroijerly cared for and managed by other than their present degraded owners, there is no 'cason why these springs slK…
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Of the cities about the Sea of Galilee attention should be directed to Capernaum. There was some special reason why our Lord chose this as His residence. Its importance was not wholly com- mercial ; more than any other city of the north, one might say with truth of Palestine, with the single exception of Jerusalem, it …
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GALLANT GALLIO 105 fixion? It is well known that a cup of wine with frankincense in it was given to criminals, just before their execution, to alleviate their pain. Myrrh would have properties similar to those of frankincense. It is possible that the gall of Mt was the same as the myrrh of Mk, the word myrrh being o…
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The life of galley slaves in mediieval times Avas miserable in the extreme. They were generally chained to their benches or oars, and compelled to work by boatswains, who occupied a bridge running along the centre of the boat, and were armed with long whips, which tliey applied merci- lessly to the bare backs of the oa…
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I.iTERATUHE. — Lechler, Apost. and Pogt-Apost. Times, L 76, n. 1; F^rrdkr, L\fe atid IVork o/ SL /*aH^i., Excursus v. 'Gamaliel and the School of Tubinseu'; Schiirer, HJP ii. i. 183, 323, 3l>3f. For the Je\\'igh references to G., Ginsburg, in the art. above cited, refers specially to Frankel, Hodegetica in Misch nam, L…
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Of children's games there are but few traces. It is given by the prophet Zechariah as a token of the peace and prosperity that should one day bless Jerusalem, that the ' streets of the city .sliall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof ' (Zee 8°). What their games might be the prophet does not say. O…
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Story-telling and riddles were a common diversion of the ancient Hebrews, as thev are of the Arabs to this day (Jg 14'2, Ezk 17-, 1 fC 10'). Feasts and wedding-parties were enlivened by such amuse- ments. Samson's riddle (Jg 14'=), with his wager that the guests will not be able to answ er it willdn a week, is a specim…
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In other passages there are allusions to the onlookers (1 Co 4*), to the umpire or judge (Col 3"> /Spa/Sei'^Tw ; cf. Kara^pa^eviToi of Col 2'° and notes of Lightfoot and Abbott ; 2 Ti 4' o Siraios Kpir?;!), to the joy of victory (Ac 20^). To the gladiatorial spec- tacles of the ampl itheatre, St. Paul makes what we ma…
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Ahasuenis is said to have entertained all the notables of his empire with many and varied splendours, for seven days, in the garden attached to liis palace (Est 1''"). For the pleasure of his queen, the king of Babj'lon constructed tlie re- nowned ' lianging gardens,' the KpeiKurrbi irapiSaaos of Berosus (quoted by Jos…
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The secluded recesses among clustering trees and bushes made the gardens a popular resort for purposes of devotion. They were often the haunts of idolatrous worship (Is 1^ 65' G6"). Baruch (0™) compares the idols, 'gods of wood,' set up in the gardens, with tlie 'scarecrow,' Trpo^acmaiiiov, in a garden,' which 'keepet…
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City gateways among the Greeks and Romans in later days appear to have been principally used for making secure the city, but in early times among the Greeks and at all times in Syria they have been used for many public purposes, and were important positions m the economy of the state. Jerome says that as the Hebrews we…
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At the siege of Rabbah (c. B.C. 1000) the garrison made a sortie, and the army of Israel was 'upon them even unto the entering of the gate ' (2 S 1 1-^"). In the attack on the strong tower within the city of Tliebez (c. B.C. 1170), Abimelech went hard unto the door of the tower to bum it with fire (Jg 9"). Nehemiah (B.…
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Besides the open space or fonam at the entrance of the city gate, there was evidently an open place of assembly near the entrance to the temple and before the gate of the royal palace. At Jerusalem there was the broad place Before the water gate, which appears to have been on the south side of the outer court of the te…
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The gate of a city is necessarily the place for the collector of local customs to sit to receive the moneys due for commodities entering the city (Mt 9»). These gateways are often very higlily orna- mented, sentences from the Kordn bein" inscribed on the doorways and on the doors (cf . Dt 6*, Is 54'-, Rev 2P'). Maund…
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Gath was a fenced city of considerable import- ance, and was constantly the scene of struggles between the Philistines and Israelites, and «;is taken and retaken by either side (IS 7'* 17''"-, 2 S 21™, 2 K 12", 1 Ch 7=' 8" 18' 20«, 2 Ch 11* 2i)''), The journey of the ark of God from Ashdud to Gath (1 S 5), and thence …
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Tell es'safi (BEP^ ii. pp. 29-32) is an isolated oblong hUl or ridge stretching from north to south between the Shephelah to the east and the plains of PhUistia to tlie west, Wady es-Sunt (the valley of Elah) passing by on the north. It stands out conspicuously towards the north, south, and west, about 30U ft. above th…
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GAULS GAZELLE lis Wars, III. iii. 5, IV. i. 1). The province could not have heen of great extent ; it was free from hills, having some portions rocky and others exceedingly fertile. It is a part of the great east-Jordan ]ilateau, and rises some ^(JOO ft. above the sea-level. Judging from existing ruins, tliis region…
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Henceforth G. almost disajipears from the page of history, till in A.D. 634 it was captured by the generals of the first calif, Abu Bekr. During the crusades it was garrisoned by the Knights Templars, but finally fell into the hands of Saladin after the disastrous battle of Hattin (A.D. 1170). Since then it has remaine…
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sions. Shaks. uses 'gaze' for 'gazing-stock' in Macbeth, V. viii. 24 — •Then yield thee, coward, And live to he the show and paze o' the time ; We'll hiive thee, aa our rarer luonstera are, Painted upon a pole, and underwrit, "Here may you eee the tyrant." ' J. HASTisoa GAZITES ([D]'n)j;ii).— The inhabitants of Gaza…
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GEBER (Tv; 'man' or 'mighty man,' Ta^ip A, om. B Luc. 1 K 4"). — One of Solomon's twelve commissariat officers, whose district lay to the E. of Jordan, and perhaps S. of tliat of the officer mentioned v.'^ At the end of v.'* comes a sen- tence referred by AV and KV to this Geber, and rendered 'and he was the only offic…
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2. 1 Ch 25^- ° eldest ' son ' of Jeduthun, leader of the second cour.se of temple musicians. 3. Ezr 10'* (1 Es 9" Joadanus), a priest 'of the sons of Jeshua,' who ' had married a strange woman.' i. Jer 38' son of Pashhur (Jer 20'-"), a prince in the reign of Zedukiah. 8. Zeph 1' grandfather of the prophet Zephaniah. N.…
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2. In the story of Naaman G. appears as a finished example of covetousness (2 K 5^"'"). His baseness is in startling contrast to the high- mindedness of his master. In vain does Naaman press his treasure on the acceptance of Elisha ; lie has to depart with it intact (5'*). To the sordid mind of G. this situation of aff…
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This term is used in a variety of meanings in the course of Israelitish and Jewish history. These we shall consider separately according as they appear in OT, Apocalyptic literature, the NT, or in later J udaisin. I. It.s use in the OT falls under three heads. {a) It is used in a merely topographical sense. Thus it fo…
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Et dicet tunc Altissiraus ad excitatas gentes " Videte contra et in contra ; hie jocunditas et requies, et ibi ignis et tormenta.'" III. Its Meaning in the NT.— In the NT Gehenna is always the final place of punishment into which the wicked are cast after the last judg- ment. It is a place of torment both for body an…
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GENEALOGY GENEALOGY 121 The Gr. verb yivtaai, like the Enj. verb * gender, refers to the father, but is used of tlie mother in Lk l'^- 57"23^, Jn 16*^i, and in this passaj^'e. The meaning of the passage is well brought out b}' Lightfoot, ' for these women are (represent) two covenants; one of them, which was given f…
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3. Figurative and artificial genealogies. — These appear frequently in OT. In Gn 5 an anbrokcn line of descent of ten generations — from Adam to Noah inclusive — furnishes a chronologj' for the ante- diluvian period; in Gn H'"-^ a similar line from Shem to Terah inclusive furnishes the chronology of the period from the…
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These artificial pedigrees abound in Arabic gene- alogies (see Sprenger), and also occur in Jewish ■writings — for example, the Seder Olam sutta. (Zunz, Gottesdicnstliche Vortrdge, Berlin, 1892, pp. 142 S. ; Asher, Itiner. of Benj. of Tudela, vol. ii. pp. 6ff.). B. The Genealogical Lists of the Twelve Tribes. — These …
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We. (Prol. pp. 212 f.) doubts the historicity of the Chronicler's notices of the continued existence of the tribes of Reuben and Simeon during the Heb. monarchy ; Stade also, that of Simeon {Gesch. L p. 165). On the other hand, Graf thought that th« • Nemuel, Nu 26H, 1 Ch 4". t Wanting 1 Ch 4", Nu 26ia-». t Jarib, 1…
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(2) Jehoiada (2 K U», 2 Ch 22", etc.), and Urijah (2 K 16iiff), are not mentioned, and the order of the priests appears incor- rect. Amariah was chief priest in the reign ol Jehoshaphat (2 Ch 11)11). The next priests mentioned in the historical books are Azariah in the reign of Uzziah (2 Ch 202*'), und Hilkiah in the r…
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18. Moses (10): Gershom (19), Eliezer (20), Ex 18«-, 1 Ch 23". 19. Gershom (18) : Shebud* Jehdeiah, 1 Ch 23", 24*'. 20. Eliezer (18): Rehnbiah, Isshiah,\ Joram, Zichri, Slielomoth, 1 Ch 23" 24" 26". Of these descendants of Moses, who, ace. to the Chronicler, represented Levitea of the time of David, Shebuel (19) and…
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24. Ebiasaph (22^^) : Kore, Shallum, Meshele- niiaht (2.3), 1 Ch 9>« 26^. 25. Meshelemiah:!: (24) : Zechariah, Jediael, Zebadiati, Jathniel, Elam, Jehohanan, Eliehoenai, 1 Ch 26-'K In (24) (25) we have families of porters or door-keepers as- signed by the Chronicler to the time of David. It is possible that Shailum a…
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89. Hosah: Sliimri, Hilkiah, Tebaliah, Zechariah. 1 Oil 2U""-. Hosah of the ss. Merari (closer descent Is not given), with his sons and brethren, all of whom numbered 13, is recorded among the door-keepers of tlie house of the Lord of the time of l)avi<l. To him and Sluippim (DT;') was given the charge of the gate 'S…
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4. Perez (1): Hezron (5), Hamul, Gn 46^^ Nu 26^1, 1 Ch 2\ 5. Hezron (4): Jerahmeel (6), Kam (i6), Chelu- bai (Caleb) (29) (35), 1 Ch 2^. Ram as a second son of Hezron is suspicious : (1) Because OT knows of u^ Jiidaian clan Raiu co-ordinate with Caleb and Jerahmeel. (J) The descendants are given, not in families and …
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Jerimoth, f. Mahalath wife of king Rehoboam is mentioned as a 8. David (2 Ch 1118) (le note) (18 note). Since he dues not appear elsewhere, he is thought to have been s. a concubine, unless Jerimoth (niDI') is a corruption of Ithream (D'j^n'). Besides the line of Solomon (18), descendants of I>a\id are given in the li…
965 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.