PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 901
H. T//K J'Hi!S(iy or C'linisT. — It is necessai-y that this article should be brought to a close, and the clo.se may .seem rather abrupt. And yet the design which the writer .set before himself is very nearly accomplished. It will be his duty at a later dale to return to his subject on a somewhat larger scale ; and for…
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It was started in the first instnnco by the ari;iiinent from our Lunl's use of the »)T lu its bearing upon the t|ue!itlon of OT eritleisni. This leil to a closer exanilnnlion of the text. Mk IS" ||r(f/-./c(*. That.iu^ain.exjiaiided Into udincussion of ttie technical tSoetrine of the AVuojtMtsee the art. if.r.\, an epis…
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When we reflect further who it was that was thus exhibiting in His own Person the working out of this law to the utmost extremity, we become aware that Christians have it indeed 'placarded' before their eyes (Gal :!') in a sense in which no moral law ever Wiis set forth before. Add that Christ had Himself predicted an…
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in his earlier Fpp. he seems to think of Chri.stianf a-s forming a single bodv with differentiation ol function (Uo 12*-», 1 Co 12*-*'), and in his later Kpp. (Eph, Col, Past. Epp.) the unity nf the Church with its regular forms o£ ministry is brought out still more empliatically. We also find that the Day of Pentecos…
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J. O. F. MUKKAV. JETHER (in; 'abundance/'Ii^flfp).— 1. Father-in- law of Moses (RVm of E.\ 4" E), prob. a mistake for .Jetiiro, nv. 2. Eldest son of Gideon, Jg S'-". When called upon by his father to avenge his uncle's death by executing the two Midianite chiefs, Zebah and Zalmunna, the lad shrank from the deed ' beca…
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W. R. Smith {Kinship and Marriage, 218, RS'', 42 a. 4) proposes to identify Jeush with the Arabian lion-god Jaghflth, of whose name he declares that it is ' the exact phonetic equivalent.' This is favoured by Wellhausen (Reste', 22) and Nnldeke [ZDMG, 1886, p. 168); but Lagarde (Mittlicd. ii. 77, Bildung der Nomina, 13…
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JEWEL is EV tr" of 1. ■^n Ca 7' 'The joints of thy thighs (RVm 'thy rounded thighs') are like I'ewels.' The word comes from a root n^ri 'adorn.' t» only other occurrence is in \'t 2,>", where it is coupled with o;j 'nose-ring,' and where AV, RV tr. ' ornament.' From the same root comes 2. The Sir. Xfy- ■■^r" ("gain co…
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J. H^VSTINGS. JEZANIAH (in Jer 40 [Gr. 47] « ";}>•, LXX "UfoWas; in 42 [Gr. 49]' n;;.r, BA 'Afopiat, ti"" 'Ifs'oi-faj). — A Judahite military oflicer who joined ( iedaliah at Mizpah (Jer 40*). After the murder of Gedaliah, Jezaniah was one of those who went to the prophet Jeremiah for counsel as to their future action…
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• AV 'Had Zimri peace who slew his master?' is an improb- ahle rendering, and even RV (text) ' Is it peace, thou Zimn, thy master's muitlerer?' seems hardly to suit the occasion. Our rendering is supported by Kautzsch's A T, ' Geht es Sirari wohl ? ' and by Keuss, * Wie geht's du Sirari?' which is paraphrased by the la…
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The place contains little of interest and no antiquities. There are numerous broken cisterns among the houses ; and Guferin found a white marble sarcophagus \V. of the town (Samarie, i. 311 ; PEF Mem. ii. 131). The one conspicuous building is a large square tower, of no great age, now commonly used as a meddfeh or plac…
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The Crusaders knew Jezreel na Pat^um Gerinum, and close by occurred in 1183 a skirmish with Saladin, after which the Saracen leader retired • It is possible that the prediction in 1 K 21'9 (which is from a dllTerent hand from 2J) contemplates the deed o( Jehu in 2 K 025, and njt the death of Ahab himself (cf. 1 K 21-*…
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• In 2 3 20« the MT and I,XX Imvp AInxhai, Imt S.vr. h.Ts Joa6, and thf latter rendinp is tido|>tcd Uy Tlifiiius, Welih., Driver, Ktttfl, L.ohr. On ttie ntlii-r hand, IliHicIc. in hiH notes to ttie Itks. of Sum. in Haupt's Sacrfd IJkn. of OT (p. O;',), considers Mmt MT is correct, and that the narrative is perfectly in…
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J. T. Marshall. JOANAN Cluiawip WH, 'Iwavva TR, AV Joanna). — An ancestor of Jesus, Lk 3". JOANNA Claiva WH, 'luina TR), the w-ife of Chuza, the steward of Herod Antipas. She was one of ' certain women which had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities' (Lk 8'-'). Thus bound to Jesus by the tie of gratitude, J. mi…
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Outside this book. Job is mentioned in Scripture only in Ezk 14'^-" 'These three men, J*oah, Daniel, and Job'; and in Ja 5" 'Ye have heard of the patience of Job.' Both of these passages apparently imply a belief in the actual existence of the proverbially upright and patient man of that name, but not necessarily tue e…
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Such is a general outline of the three colloquies, but it must not bo understood that the progress thus sketched is uniform and unbroken. Neither Job nor his friends speak ' by the card.' Their utterances contain reasoning of a kind, but they are for the most part the outpourings of deep and earnest feeling, which cann…
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Closely akin to this is the question whether the author of 'Job' intended to represent his hero, not as an individual, but as a type of the righteous in atUiction. Does imaginative treatment extend so far that the name of an historical personage is merely used to embody teaching concerning national calamities and the w…
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• Proverbs ' or the comparatively brief I^Tics of the Psalms. But the poetical character of Job does not depend upon the balance of syllables or the answering beat of lines and clauses. The constructive imagination of the writer is conspicuous throughout. It reveals itself as remarkably in the bold con- ceptions, the …
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The chief point for consideration at this stage is the LXX version. This probably d.itt'S from the early or middle portion of the 2nd ceuu B.C. The character of the translation is too free and loose to be of much service in the detailed criticism of the text, but it has been long known to scholars that the ori^-inal t…
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(3) The third chief line of argument is drawn from a view cf the scope and design of ' Job ' which is by no means proved. It assumes that the book in its first conception was a poem of revolt, the utterance of a genuine 'sceptic of the Old Testa- ment,' who rebelled against the current doctrine of reward and punishment…
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upon subjective considerations. Two classes of the.se may be mentioned. (1) What measure of difficulty in a passage warrants conjectural emenda- tion, and how far is a 19th cent, critic competent to reconstruct an ancient poem, without being guilty of the vice of trj'ing it by his own preconceived ideas and standards ?…
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Ch. 28, again, is of the nature of an episode, beautiful and impressive in itself, worthy of a poetic genius and a devout spirit, but exceedingly difficult to understand in the place which it occupies in the poem. The general drift of the chapter is that Wisdom — in the sense of the principles of true and righteous gov…
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vi. Scope and De.sign. — The mode of treat- ment adopted in this section will be to discuss the whole book as it now stands, showing how each part is related to the whole, and inquiring what teaching it may be supposed to convey in its present form. It has been shown in the last section that in all probability certain …
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But it does not follow that Job has succeeded in settling the great point at issue. The friends are wrong, but he may not be wholly right. What is Job's position, if we consider only chs. 3-:?l '; Omitting for the moment the doulitful sections 27'-28, and rememberinf' in any case that Job's state of mind is set fortli,…
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The Almighty, however, does speak. It is an old complaint with students of the Bk. of Job, that He says so little, according to men's concep- tions, of what ought to be said. But much more ii said than appears upon the surface. The addresses of Jehovah out of the whirlwind are a powerful plea for the probability that …
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Leaving the details, and taking the book as a whole, wiiat may be said of Job as to its place in the history of revelation? It can only be rightly understood if it is viewed as a stage in the history of religious thought, an advance upon all that pre- ceded it, a step forward taken at tlie cost of severe sullering and …
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It is iniposnible, however, to believe that the book dates from a very early or even a moderately early period in the history of Israel. Davidson asserts that the features of a much later time may be perceived ' beneath this patriarchal disguise ' ; that ' the autlior is a true Israelite, and betrays himself to be so a…
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The argument as to date drawn from parallel passages is one that the hest critics do not press, as it is encumbercci with doubt rnd dilficulty, and is apt to resolve itself into a matter of subjective impressions. But a comparison of some pas.sa(;e8 in Job with otlier books in tlic OT is instructive, to whatever conclu…
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On the whole, the use of parallel passages in this instance seuiiis to mark out the fjcneral posi- tion of .lob in relation to other OT literature, rathor than to li.\ delinitel.y its date in relation to i)articnlar hooks. All the signs point to a period -subsequent to the 7th cent. D.C, though now much later, remains …
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JOCHEBED (n:rV M" is glory,' cf. the Phu.n. mp^Di^D 'Melkart is glory' (?) CIS I. i. 3U4).— Known to us by name only from P, who stata) that J. was a sister of Kohath, who was married to Amram her nephew, and who bare to him Aaron and Moses (I'"x C'-") and Miriam (Xu •2(5''). An earlier writer, K, in narrating the birt…
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In the second discourse (2*-i'0 the language is highly poetical and rhetorical. The fi(fure before the prophet's mmd is that of an army which marches with unbroken ranks and irresistible force to the accomplishment of its mission. This army is J"'i host, at the head of which Ue marches (2"). The army, as we have seen, …
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fitly find a place in a vision of the last things, with wliieh the Hk. of Joel closes (cf. the locusts in NT Apocalypse). 3. The third and, in recent times, the most jrenerally accepted opinion is that the locusts are reiU. The prophet describes an actual loc'ust invasion, and makes it the occasion of hia nropliecy. Ac…
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ently had been a tU-|ieiuleney of Jiuliih since the time of DiiviJ, the Chionicler reports that, in the days of Jehoram, it niailo an etl'ort to secure its independence, — ' Kdoni revolteil from under the hand of Judah an<l made a kinj: over themselves' (2 Ch 21», of. 2 K 8-», wliere tlie statement of Ch is conlirmed).…
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other points of less importance have found a place in the discussion a3 to the date. No king is mentioned. The prophet app<*als to the priests as if tlie direction of affairs was jn tlieir hands. This is held to point to the condition of Judah after the return of the exiles from Babylon, when there was no king, and the…
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JOEL 675 if used as in the case of other books of prophecy, seems to the present writer more favourable to a pre-exilic than to a post-exilic date. v. Doctrine. — Joel contains a comprehensive summary of prophetic teaching. The calamities of life are the fruit of sin. 'fhe punishment of sin cannot be escaped without…
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JOELAH (ni'Ki'i', text doubtful, see Kittel in SBOT. While L.XX A has luyXd, B has EXid).— A warrior who joined David at Ziklag, 1 Ch 12'. JOEZER {iyj\' 'J" is help,' B 'lu^ipa, A 'Iwfdop). —One of Davi'd's followers at Ziklag, 1 Ch 12». JOGBEHAH (mj:; ; LXX in Nu icai C^wcrai' aiVds, in Jg 'leycfiiX, B). — A town of…
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Eosition of liigh priest, whicli had been made ereditary in the family of Simon B.C. 135 (1 Mac le"-", cf. 14«). See Maccabees. H. A. White. JOHN (Ac 4'). — A meeting of the Sanhedrin ia mentioned, at which there are said to have been gathered together ' the rulers, the elders, and the scribes, with Annas the high pri…
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With these few details we have to pass over a period of about thirty years which preceded his di-ttSfiJis (cf. Lk 10', Ac I-''), and can only speculate on the question (which is of some interest in reference to Jn 1") whether our Lord was person- ally known to him (as their relationship would seem to necessitate) or no…
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The scene of John's ministry will be placed Eartly in the desert of Judsea (Mt 3'), in which it egan, and partly in the Jordan Valley, and more definitely near tne fords (Bethabara [which see] = ' place of crossing over'), either those in the neigh- bourhood of Bethshean or those in the neighbour- hood of Jericho. Two…
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JOHN THE BAPTIST 671 (dxearaX/t^rof) and Mt 11" (iy/r/efrraL). It ia then as ' the last of the prophets ' and as snch closing the dispensation of 'the law and the prophets' (Mt 11", Lk 16'") that we speciaUy think of John the Baptist. (2) When we pass to the lan^age in which his teacliing was conveyed, we find that …
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iv. John's Relation to Chkist. — From the narrative of St. Luke (chs. 1 and 2), and from Mt 3", we should infer that John knew our Lord, and realized the nature of His Person ; but the words of Jn 1"-^ 'I knew him not,' imply that at any rate till the sign was given at our Lord's baptism John did not recognize Him as t…
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LmtRATTRK. — Besides the books Juat mentioned, and the Miiimeiitaries on the Gospel narratives, the following; will be Jound useful :—Hort, Juaai^tic ChrUtianity, p. 22 ff.; Light- foot, Colossiam, p. 400ff. ; Sahatier, article in Lichtenberger's Eixcyclopadie ; Kenan, Vir dt J^iwi (index). There are a number o( monogr…
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When we turn to the Fourth Gospel, we find that the name of John, son of Zehedce, is never once named. Hut there are in llie account of the Piussion and llesurrection certain references to an unnamed apostle wliom universal tradition has identified with St. Jolin. At tlie Last Supper we read of a disciple whom Jesus lo…
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882 JOHN, APOSTLE JOHN, APOSTLE quia et revenL Don a levibos hominibus id audi- vimus ' *). These are the fraCTnentary materials out of which is built the idea of the beloved ai)ostle prevalent throughout the Church. They form a consistent picture, of a character that is vehement and tenacious, but has been moulded…
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* Though Lightfoot, Ign. and Polyc.^ vol. I. p. 432, quotes passajj'es showing the extreme looseness with which such words as vebif were used. jx Totiitit fjLa.iir,ffut rvto-C^evrcu rii ^^Ln'^ ivoZtrau a.i/rji aim f*t iivetffSat k'tiT, x«ii Tit rim sf Z xeidt^c/Altai 3jfXc>-ire i f*a»afii§i llokCxttfitret, Kxt ritf xp…
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II. The Theoloov of St. John. A. The Gospel and Epistles.— In the writ- ings ascribed to St. John there is more of a com- plete and reasoned theology than is to be found in any of the other NT writers. It is therefore a comparatively simple task to indicate the lines of the author's theological thought. It must, how- …
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•The phrase used, hk ri «•>«► yj»^^«u* warrxc, does not nccess.irily imply iupematural knowledge ; but it records the •trouij impression which the Master's way of dealing with men hftd made upon His disciples. (4**). A feeling of reserve and reverence is grow- ing up, which completely prevents all curiona questions. T…
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In the part of the Gospel which we have now briefly considered, the author exjdains the series of events through which his convictions developed. We have therefore before us the idea of one « ho fulfilled the national expectation of a Messiah, but who, at the same time, identified Himself with the typology of the OT, s…
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Creation (wdtna St* airrou ("^ivrro^ not ^ir* oiVor). The gift of life, expressed in a liviiij,' worlil, was tlie object, or, if we niuy so say, the ruling iirinciple of the action of Uod tlirough the Word, an<l life was to have been a sign or suggestion to man of the presence of the Wor<l — to liave been tlie light of…
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('U It is in regard to this subject that the theology of St. John is most systematic. We must now pass on to the consideration of some other points less fully systematized, but no less decisive in their character. And lir.st we must call attention to the Tkcologij of the Father and tlie i!o7i. It is contained, for the …
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The impulse to restore the world comes from the Father, and is based on love : ' God so loved the world that he sent his only-begotten Son ' to save it (Jn 3'«-"; cf. 1 Jn 4">-"). The effect of the mission of Christ is variously described ; He comes that the world may be saved through His means (Jn 8" ; cf. 4*", 1 Jn 4…
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" Thf precise reference of this iihroM is, no doubt, ob0cur«* but ttiiTec.in U* no doubt thftt tlie asitociiition with tilr Iaip> wiu one of aacriHo*. 688 JOHN, APOSTLE JOHN, APOSTLE here meets us. The world can do nothing for itself. He, therefore, that will see and enter the kin^idom of God must be horn iiqain : …
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(6) It remains to consider the doctrine of the Holy Spirit and the Church as we have it in these books. The provisions made by the Lord for the future are to be found chiefly in the Last Discourses. These were uttered after the Last Supper and before the arrest. The prominent note in them is, of course, one of farewell…
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* We usume the ominion of the Ute Wettem gloM oonoeming khe Three HeATenljr wltnr VOU II. — 44 Father and the Son (Jn 15'- ">), and flie inity ^f the Father and the Son (17")> including in this those wlio shall believe through the preaching of the apostles (17""- "•"). In this true correspondence between God and man, …
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In the third we pass beyond both the two previous phrases. The doctrme that God is Love, ■isserts, in the strongest possible form. His Person- iility, and the possiljility of personal intercourse between God and Man. This is indeed the drift of the two contexts in which it occurs. The man who is witliout love does not …
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• The question ot the internal structure of this lection d»t nc t come before UB. JOHN, APOSILE JOIIX, APOSTLE 691 inTlad^aav.' The cry of the souls slain for the wojil of God and the witness wliich they held, contains another title still, b SccTrlrrris i ayiot Kal dXijOii'us (G'"). This word occurs but rarely in N…
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In the first three chapters we find Christ dealing with the Church in the world ; with the fourth we pass into the region of visions and .symbolism ; and the words Father and Son, as already noticed, are of rare occurrence. But the theologj- is the same, in spite of ditlerenee of language. Sovereign over all things is …
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Churches, I"). In two other places tlie Spirit is represented as speaking, ' I heard a voice front heaven saying, A\ rite. Blessed are the dead that die in the Lord from henceforth : Vfi, saith the Spirit, that they shall re.st from their lalwurs ' (14"). And again at the end (22"), ' the Si)irit and the Bride sa^', Co…
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The evil which has thus entered upon the world affects mankind, apparently as a wliole ; at least there is no sij_'n in the book that any can avoid its taint. And it therefore requires to be abolished : men need salvation. In this book there is but one means to this end : the blood of tlie Lamb. The first allusion to t…
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LiTBRATtnii.— .A. JOBy THE APCSTT.I: r. Trencli, St. John the Kiangelul (IHSCi)', Neandcr, J'latiting qf Christianiip (Eiig. It. 18«4), 1. a)>4~-113; Krepkel, AjHuIrl Johanntt (11>7I); OoUet, Studies on the .V7'(En^■. tr. 1871), 277-293; Stanlcv. tleiayt on Apoit. .^<;<>(1S74), 231-281 ; Macdonald. Life aiul irrtin.;» …
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If we read between the lines of the most authentic Epp. of St. Paul, St. Peter, or the Ep. of St. James, we see that the message of the apostles had already inaugurated a new philosophy of heaven and eartli, of time and eternity, now conceptions of history and ethics, and new standards of life. The leaven had spread fr…
1,001 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.