PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 241
1. We learn from the Bk. of Joshua, that after the destruction of Jericho and Ai by the Israelites the inhabitants of G. devised a scheme by which they hoped to avoid the fate that had befallen ' According to 2 S 21' the Gibeoaites were 'of the remnant of the Amorites ' their neighbours. They accordingly despatched a…
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5. It was, however, as the site of a bitiiuih, or ' high place,' that G. was especially famous. At this sanctuary, because it was ' the great high place' (n^iis.i n-p:n), Solomon inaugurated his reign by olli'i lug a thousand burnt-olierings, and received the divine blessing in a dream by night (1 K 3"). It is true tha…
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• Mt. Tabor is rather remote from the tO|>oin-aphy of the narrative. Tabor by Bethel (1 S 10^) is nearer Sliechem. Moore Bujfk'ests ni2D (cf. ^), altered to lun to suit 0^: Budde j';n (DM). ) In v.i8« omit ni.T, so Budde. V.iTb prob. editorial addition, anticipating v.-if-. W^^ is perhaps secondarj' ; the narrative do…
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• It is interesting to note that the powerful tribe of Betiawin, the Beni 'Adwan, who ran^e over the S.E. side of Jordan, still call their chief by the hereditarj- title of Dhiab = Zeeb = wolf. t Apparently intended to mean Victim and Protection with- held. But the latter name is prob. compounded with ch^, Salm, name …
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i. n-r. This always (even in I K 15'», 2 K IG' practically) means a ' bribe.' The taking of bribes by those appointed to dispense justice is forbidden in E\ 23' (repeated in Dt Iti"), and is frequently aUuded to in OT, e.g. Dt 10" 27-^, Is l-^ 5^ 33", Mic 3", Ezk 22'-', Ps 15», Pr 17^. ' It blindeth them that have sigh…
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In the East friends frequently send presents to one another, but no pretence is ever made tliat a quid pro quo is not expected. David was as little disinterested when he sent a 'present' to the elders of Judah (1 S 30^*) as Ephron the Hittite was sincere in his offer to give the cave of Macli- pelah gratis to Abraham (…
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Gilboa is mentioned in OT only in connexion with the camp of the Philistines and the death of Saul (1 S 28^ 31'- «, 2 S V-'^ 21i2, l Ch 10'- «). Saul and the Israelites went from Gilboa to the foun- tain which is in Jezreel. Near it they were de- feated by the Philistines, and on its slopes they fell do'vvn wounded, a…
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The entire country was called Aniorite, with the exception of the district about Habbath of the chiluren of Amnion {Amman), the Upper Jabbok, which was not then conquered. Sihon was crushed at Jaliaz, south of Heshbon (Nu 2r-^), but the Jazer region, north of He.sbbon, held out, and re- quired a special e.xpedition to …
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Another jdiase of interest attaching to G. was that it was a refuge for royalty. It was here that Saul's son Ish-bosheth was made king bv Abner (2S2'-''). Thither Absalom fled when he feared the anger of his father, and there he remained tlirce years (2 S 13**). David, in turn, found an asylum among its friendly inhabi…
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Arab. ^«i means also to leap in runniTig, to bound or run y quickly ; hence Siegfried - Stade, to spriTig away. It is, no doubt, possible that the root may have been in use in Heb. in this sense. AV depart early (denom. from the Aram. N*ir^ morning) is quite out of the question. tribe of Manasseh is first meant, and …
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The birket measures 100 ft. by 84, outside mea-surenieiit, with walls 32 in. thick, constructed of roughly-hewn small stones, apparently without cement. North of the pool may be traced lines of similar masonry, covering, acconliiig to the present writer's observations, a space 300 yards long, and apparently representin…
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GINATH (nj'j, ViavB AB, TwviiB Luc.).— Father of Tibni, who unsuccessfully laid claim against Omri to the throne of Israel (1 K 16"- ^'). GINNETHOI, AV Ginnetho (•mj?).— A priest among the returned exiles (Neh 12*). The name appears in Neh 12" 10° as Ginnethon (I'w}:). See Genealogy. GINNETHON See Ginnethoi. GIRDLE.…
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GITTITES.— See Gath. GITTITH.— See Psalms. GIVE. — 1. The verb [jis] dzan, which is formed from jiN the ear, is used in the Hiphil, meaning ' to listen,' 41 times, and 32 times it is tr'' in AV ' give ear,' the other renderings being ' hearken ' Gn 4=3, Nu23'«, JobO'^.-iS' 34" 37", 'hear' Ps 1.35'' 140° (RV ' give ea…
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' Uow fares the king and 's followers t Contln'd together In the same fashion as you gave in eharve. Just as you left them ; all itriAoncrs, sir. GIVE 17» things also command'); 6" 'I give thee charge {napayy^Ww aoi, RV 'I charge thee'). 14. Give judgment, 2K25« 'and they gave judgment upon him '^ (c?;o iBx iTjTi, A…
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' Sliall I to iiim malie tinown Ab yet my change, and give him to partake Full happiness with me, or rather not, But keep the odds of knowledge in my power Without copartner ? ' There is a further e.xtension of this sense in Job 242s < Though it be given him to be in safety,' i.e. though he be not merely permitted but…
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The sands at the mouth of the Belus, the scene of Pliny's legend, were famous for their glass -making excellence, and were largely exported for this purpose to Sidon and elsewhere (Strabo, Geog. xvi. ii. 25; Jos. M'arg, it, x. 12). Pliny refers to f>idon as a famous seat of glass manufacture, and Strabo also mentions t…
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T. Adams in like manner speaks of seeing through a gla-ss (Prneticnl Worlds, ii. 27), 'He tliat hath seen heaven with the eye of faith, through the class of the Scripture, slips oil' his coat with Joseph, and springs awav.' Hut ho also uses ' in a gla-ss' (ii. 2), 'Tlio world is a glass, wherein we may contemplate the …
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The occurrences of 'glister' in AV 1611 are: (1) Job 20^ ' tlie glistering sword cometli out of his gall ' (p"i5 bdrdk, a word used either lit. of ' lightning,' and then mostly in the plur. ' lightning flashes,' or fig. of the lightning-Hash of a weapon. This fig. use is always applied to a weapon. AV then tr. by ' gli…
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(5) Lk 9-'^ 'And as he prayed, the fashion of his countenance was altered, and his raiment was white and glistering' (6 i/mTiff/iis out-oD Xevxis 4^aiTTpiirToiv ; RV 'became white and dazzling'). This is the only occurrence in NT of the Gr. compound {^auTpawTeiv. It is found in LXX, Ezk 1'' of the flashing of flames of…
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Full details as to the various Heb. words must be sought in the Heb. lexicon or in conmientaries on the various passages. Generally speaking, the English term is sufficiently clear from the context in spite of the number of the Heb. words which it renders. But we have to consider here some characteristic or peculiar us…
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1. The glorii of J" as a term for the self-revealed character and being of God. — Since Ex 33"'^ be- longs, in all probabilit}', to a secondary (7th cent.) stratum of J (see below, § 3), the earliest occur- rence of the phrase is in Isaiah, who uses it (6') quite unambiguously to denote the divine nature as revealed in…
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* In the theophany of Hab 33 the word used for ' hia glory ' in V.3 is different in the Hebrew i^-^.Ti). So also in Ps 14Si*'. t ContrrL'^t the early narrative in Samuel of the loss of the ark to the I'hilistines (1 S 4'-' ~), The ark syml)oIized J"'8 presence with it J" is felt to be leaving Israel; but the 'glory' ^…
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In the light of the preceding survey of the exegetical and critical data, the most probable conclusion appears to be that ' the glory of J" ' wa-s originally used to express the manifestjitions of J'"s power and mif'ht, or more generally of His nature ; through Isaiah the phrase became en- riched and ilce])ened in mean…
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These senses in NT are common and undisputed, as is also the closely related sense of majesty or magnificence of king or ruler, e.g. of God, in dox- cloizies, 1 P 4" ; of Christ, Ja 2', 2 Th V (' the gloiy of his might'), cf. He P ; and of man as ruling for God, 1 Co 11' (the woman making conspicuous the authority of t…
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I'rudiMice may well, therefore, lead us to pause before we go further than this, — that the ' bright- ness' accompanying Theophany, Christ ophany. Angelophany, in OT or NT times, and the double meaning brirjhtness and manifested perfertion, con- tained in 565o, led St. I'aul to avail himself of it as the most significa…
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4. ' Still more directly and indubitably do the Pastoral Epistles carry us to the period of the Gnostic heresy,' writes Baur, while here again his position is almost universally modified or set a.side. The false teachers of the.se Epistles (.see P.\STiil!.\L El'P., Timothy, Titi'S'), to dwell only on leading features, …
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There are other points of view from which the developed Gnosticism of the 2nd cent, affected the Bible, mainly the history of the Canon, of Inter- pretation, and of the Text. The idea of a C.i.Nox (wh. see) as a collection of several books was not created by Gnosticism, but opposition to that movement made the definiti…
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II. I'm: (;.\N<iN'. — A special interest attaches to ('. in relation to certain books of N'T. Caius (Inc. rit.) makes the following statement concerning him : K-ZipiyBoi 6 5*' diroKa\v^f(Dv wi vTd dwo<TT6\ov liCfdXov ytypaiiu^ywy, TfpoToXoviat TiiuHtUS Si' dyy^\oie avTtfi Scitiy/iirat, \f'tvS6)jut>ot eireifdyei. ' C, t…
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2. ' Go ' is sometimes superfluous or nearly so, as in Jos 9^ 'They diil work wilily, and went and made as if they had been ambassadors ' ('"i.'a'j'l '3^'i.) ; Is 37" ' So Sennacherib king of Assyria dei)arted, and went and returned, and dwelt at Nineveh' l^v'.'l ^^:!). Somewhat similar is the very frequent use of 'go'…
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' Courage and comfort ! all shall yet po well. What can go well, when we have run so ill ? ' (2) Go ill. Job 20-« 'it shall go ill with him that is left in his tabernacle,' so RVm, but RV ' it shall consume that which is left in his tent,' Dav. 'it shall devour him that is left in his tent ' (Heb. j'T iSnx? !-!;;■) ; …
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'The weird sisters, hand in hand. Posters of tlie sea and land, Thus do go about, about.' But the third meaning is the most archaic now. It occurs only once in OT, Dt 31'-' 'I know their imagination whicli they go about' (.li'v, A'Vm 'do,' Driver, ' worketh ' [the ' people ' being singular], lit. ' maketh '). In Apocr…
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192 GO Article IX [XXXIX Articles, 1571), 'man is very farre gone from original 1 righteousnes.' 7. (Jo astray : both literally and figuratively, but always the tr° of a simple verb, mostly n;Ti •to err' (Ex 23*. Ps 58' 119"«, Pr 7-^, Is 53", Jer 5U» [Hiph. 'cause to go astray'], Ezk 14" 44"""'- " 48'""); also m} (D…
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11. Go back: Besides the literal sense, notice (1) to 'depart from an eng.agement or course of action,' Jg ll** ' I have opened my mouth unto the Lord, and I cannot go back' (zr^) hT-x uSi) ; Ezk 24''' ' I will not go back, neither will I spare, neither will I repent' (yicx-x^). (2) To ' decline to a worse way,' Jos 23…
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18. Go on: (1 ) Continue a course begun, proceed, as in Shaks. Othello, III. iii. 413 — ' I do not like the office ; But, Hith I am entered in this cause so far. Prick 'tl to 't by foolish honesty and love, 1 will go on.' Generally of a journey, Gn 29' 'Then Jacob went on his journey' (i'?;T »?')< 'it- 'lifted up his…
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(2) To spread abroad : 1 Ch 14" ' And the fame of David went out into all lands ' ; Est 9* ' For Mordocai was great in the king's house, and his fame went out throughout all the provinces' (ni'i.i, KV ' went forth '). (3) In reference to war, the plira.se assumes a highly technical sense, so much so that ' to go out ' …
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This is clearly seen in 2 K 5' ' And the king of Syria said. Go to, go, and I will send a letter unto the king of Israel.' Its occurrences are Gn ll'-''-'(n}n voluntative, fr. 3n; to grant), 38"* ' go to, I pray thee ' (nJ"''tC ; f'e only remaining example of .ijn. Ex 1'°, was tr'' by Tindale 'Come on,' and this was re…
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GOAH (il?3). — An unknown locality near Jeru- salem (Jer 31"). LXX gives, instead of a proper name, (^ ixXticTuv \i0oiv. GOAT. — Of the six Heb. words used for tlie tame goat, one si^ifies the ij. generically, and, wlierc tlie context indicates it, the she goat. One is used in the masc. and fem. forms to indicate the …
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The goats of Bible lands, Capra mambrica, L., have long pendent ears. These are alluded to by Am 3" ' as the shepherd taketh out of the moutii of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear.' Some Sj-rian goats are white or mottled, but most of them are black. They are destructive to j'oung trees, and are the principal imp…
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to prove it. The belief was one natural to th« human mind and common to all men. Scripture does indeed speak of those who say in their heart there is no God (Ps M' 53') ; but these are the fools, that is, the practically ungodly, and their denial is not a theoretical or speculative one, but merely what may be held to b…
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The OT as little thinks of arguing or proving that (Jod may be known as it thinks of arguing that lie exists. Its position is here again, so to sneak, far in front of such an argument. How should men think of argumg that God could be known when they were persuaded they knew Ilini, when they felt they were in fellowship…
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ii. Anthropomorphisms. — From the earliest period when God is spoken of. He is regarded as a Person. The word ,1" is a personal name. Prom the Exodus downward He is so spoken of in con- temporary literature : ' Sing unto the I.OKi), for he hath triumphed gloriously' (Ex l.T-') ; He is one whom men may 'love' (Jg 5"); H…
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that I have builded' (1 K 8='). But while God was thus present on earth, the tempest or the thunderstorm was at the same time a theophany in the heavens. Two beliefs cliaracterizo the Hebrew mind from the beginning: first, the strong belief in causation — every change on the face of nature, or in the life of men or nat…
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fods' for Deity, like Lat. Dii (the Assyr. 'the 8litars' = ' goddesses,' is like Heb. 'the Orions' = 'constellations,' Is 13'"); and the suggestion that the plur. was first used of the deities of some particular locality II is not without its dilliculties, as usually e,-u;h locality had only one deity. The idea that El…
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• 80 W. R. Smith. f Nftldoke. I Knl. l)Llitz.»:h, Pn>lfgomma,»i; ilommol, AlIT WO. \ Lv 1:411 • liliu'pticiiml the name' is alrv*dy in L.\X 'named the nnnie ' Hut lul to Jewijih lQt<'rprctAtioti, cf. l>alauui, i>#r UotU*naint Adttnai, 44 (T. I Uii UiQ wonl aee l)river, 'Tlie Tetra^rramnrntou ' Lb Studia BMiea, Oxf. …
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Certain usages are supposed to point to ancestor worship anion" the Hebrews. The teraphim, a term completely obscure, have usually been con- sidered household gods ; though liouseliold gods need not necessarily be images of ancestors. In one passage the teraphim appear in a house (1 S jgi3. 16) . j„ others they are rep…
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• Airuinst the construction put by Schwftlly on Jer KT, •«• 0l0Ml>riilit, Jerrm., and l>riv»r, Dnil. an;. national history, were much more conspicuous and easily read than they would have been if p-jrformed in the life of individuals. His delivejance of the nation from Egypt revealed Hisiiowerand redemp- tive goodness…
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(2) The Exodus to the revolution of Jehu. — From the Exodus onward J" was the God of Israel. People and prophets were at one in this. Israel never had any other native God but J" ; if por- tions of the people declined to the service of the local Baals, J" was always the national God, and a conscience ■vvithin the peopl…
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sponded to the cry against it (18"'), and Ha rained fire on the cities of the iihiiu from J" ' out of heaven' (19"). To Mo8es lie said He had come down to save His people (Kx 3'). But, thougli heaven was His throne, He manifested Himself over all the earth, — to Abraham in Ur and Canaan ; to Jacob in Mesopotamia, to wh…
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The earlier part of the period from the Exodus to the fall of the house of Omri was a time oi warfare with external enemies till J" gave His people rest under David ; and it has been thought that the name '■/" of Busts,' or fully, 'J", God "J Hosts ' (mxjs ■nS.x '•), may have arisen durins; this time of conllict^th^ ' …
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* This may be inferred from the fact that names compounded with Baal occur not only in Saul's but in David's family. Cf »liO !Ios 21«. See, DOW, W"llh. In u. Jiid. Geschichte, 110. of J"; from being the L'nii|ue One J" became llu Only One. Possibly their iiiimls nmved along several lines. The prophets of the Slh cent…
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The OT can scarcely be used as authoritj' for the existence of distinctions within the (iodhcad. The use of ' us ' by the divine speaker (Gn !•* 3'-"^ 11') is strange, but is perhaps due to His conscious- ness of being surrounded by other beings of a loftier order than men (IsC). Some other things are suggestive, if no…
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A Christian cannot afford to misjudge or under- value the better elements in Judaism, even in that branch of Judaism which rejected Christianity. At the same time he cannot help seeing certain weak points in it — points in which it demanded improvement, and which it has been one of the great results of the coming of Ch…
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(b) Removal of Anthropomorphisms. — The older forms of Judaism are well represented in the Targums. In these the growing conception of the transcendence of God is clearly marked. The simple anthropomorphisms which are so common in OT are paraphrased away. The ground is cut from under them at the outset, as the creation…
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Targurns, is not found in the Talmud. But w« cannot doubt that it existed, thou'di perhaps on a more limited scale, in the period of the NT. The place of tlie Memra is taken in the later Talmudic literature by the Slieckinah. In the Targurns the two conceptions stand side by side, the iShcchinah representing the manif…
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Srepared by the general tenor of the surroundintjs). ut this hick of insight caused the Jew to fall a too ready victim to the warping eli'ect of interested motive. His love of the Law as the gift of God became pride in himself as the exponent of the Law, pride in his race as the recipients of the Law, security in the c…
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(i. ) Fatherhood. — ^Perhaps there has been a ten- dency to minimize too much the part which the conception of God as Father plays in OT (Holtz- mann, Neutestl. Theol. i. 48 ft.). Not only is the relation of God both to Israel as a whole and to the individual Israelite compared to that of a father (Dt 1" 8», Ps 103"), …
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All the three planes of Fatherhood and Sonsliip reappear in the teaching of the apostles. The (irst is, as with our Lord Himself, the least prominent. Still it is not absent (Ac IT'*), and it must always be remembered that if the Fatherhood of God is in the first instance and in the fullest sense for Cliris- tian« (Uo …
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(«) It may be doubted whether there are any passages in NT where Six. 8. is used precisely in this wide sense (unless we regard the case dis- cussed below as in eti'ect an application of it). But StK. is frequently used of men in the sense of general uprightness or virtue ; and this is brought into relation to God almo…
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In the Pseudepigrapha, speaking generally, the 'righteousness of God ' is, as a rule. His judicial righteousness, as seen in tlie rewarding of the righteous and the punishment of the wicked. But we do also occasionally find its merciful side put forward, as in 4 Ezra (ed. Bensly-James) 8^ : In hoc eniin adnuntiabilur i…
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It may be worth while to note how the previous f)ha.ses of which we have been speaking enter into lis conception. They would do so in some such order as this — (a) The broad fundamental meaning of iSixoio- avvT) is conformity to right. As applied to Goo it is the sum of all moral excellence, of which He is the stand…
930 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.