PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 301
(i.) The Revelation through Christ. — The new disclosure of truths about God ditlered from all previous disclosures, inasmuch as it was no longer conhned to a divine prompting of the minds of men, hut was made through the incarnate presence of the Son of God Himself. After having in time past .spoken to the fathers 'in…
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GOD GOD 213 ond'ir His other name, the Holy Spirit. Here as in the Fourtli Gosj)el we have a historical retro- spect of facts and impressions recalled after a considerable lapse of time, but in the Epp. of St. Paul we are in tlie midst of the events, and we are allowed to see into the inner mind of one of the leadin…
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The peculiarity of the belief consists in the re- markable way in which a group of spiritual bless- ings, such as man is accustomed to look for di- rectly from God, is not referred to the Godhead conceived singly as a Mon.ad, but distributivuly as Three, and yet Three so bracketed together as to be at the same time One…
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Nor is this alternation confined to the Pauline Epistles. It is seen again in 1 P p-'-" 4'^-'* by the side of I"-2^ 2» .3i»-i8.2o-a gtc. ; and it is as con- spicuous in 1 Jn 5*'^ compared with the general :enor of the Ep., which is constantly setting ' the Father' and 'the (His) Son' over-against each other. We may als…
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GOD GOD, CHILDRE2\ OF 21i divine influence of which they were conscious in preacliing and teaching; ; the sjiecial and reiuarkahle ' gifts ' (xa/jiff^aTo) whicli distinguished in an emi- nent degree the (irst generations of Cliristians ; and, generally speaking, the felt communion of the human spirit \\itli tlie div…
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Ehilosopliy of the time, but its substance cannot e any otlier than that which has been so deliber- ately adopted and ratified. LiTBRATl'RB. — No considerable monogrraph on the doctrine of God as Triune haa appeared sini-e Ilaur"s OU rhrigthchf L^hre von der Dreieiniijkeil u. Sleiuc/ttivrdujuj Gutter, 3 vols., Tiibinj…
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This whole passage also shows how the figure of God's marriage to Israel served an important pur- pose, in elevating the notion of the relationship trom a merely physical to a moral and spirituaJ one. The heathen peoples, csp. in the Semitic race, conceived themselves as children of the deity in a grossly physical sen…
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Thus the OT affords a rich variety of statements about sonsliip to God as ascribed to men, which seem to exhibit successive stages in a development and elevation of the idea. (1) From the lirst it ap- pears to be raised above the gross physical notion by the conception of it as origin from the jieople that is married t…
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The blessings of being sons of God ace. to Jcsu.s' teaching are forgiveness and gracious recejition when we come to God as penitents ; the assurance that God will hear our ]irayers, and give us good things when we ask him (.Mt 7") ; that he cares for our welfare, and that we can trust hira to provide for all our earthl…
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washing from sins by real union to the Saviour. Most coininentators, however, cunsidei that there is no rciusonable doubt that by baptism into Christ he means the sacrament. But it this bo so, the apostle certainly assumes that it was received in faith and sealed a real union to Christ, which is the ground of our sonsh…
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There is one utterance of St. Paul, in h'« tipeech at Athens (Ac l"^^^), where he sayr :i all men aa such that they are the otl'spring (-yfvos) of God, because he has made us with tlie purpose that we shall know him ; he is not far from any one of us, since in him we live and move and have our being. Tliis relation is …
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220 lOD, CHILDREN OF GOD, CHILDREN OF canse bom or begotten of him, that in 2 P 1* they are said to become partakers of the divine nature. Also we may observe that in 1 F God is distinct- ively called the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ (!'), and the notion of our being in Christ and dying with him to sin is…
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The world outside of Christ is described as lying in the evil one (1 Jn 5''), of the evil one, children of the devil (3'°) ; but Christ is the propitiation for the whole world (2-) ; and as the love of God is manifested in sending his Son to be a propitiation for our sins (4'°), it is implied that God's fatherly love h…
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gives 'Gotte.sgute.' RV has ' divinity,' retaining ' Godhead ' for tfeirijs. Each word occurs once only in NT. Nor is tiirv found ii LXX, and Uuirrt only once. Wis 189 («^t«. riit 8i/iTr»« >e"<p ii <nM,o.« ii;tii>T*, AV 'and with one consent made a huly law,* AVm 'or a covenant of (jmI or league,' RV 'and witli one co…
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GODLY is used both as an adj. and as an ad- verb. The adj. occurs only four times in OT : (1) thrice as tr" of "i"cn, which is properly 'kind,' but from the prominence of this quality in God, and in them that are like Him, comes to mean ' pious,' ' godly ' ; so Ps 4^ 32*, and as subst. ' the godly man ' Ps 12' ; and (2…
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• For examples of the way in which RV haa endeavoured to express this idiom (originallv Hebrew) in English, see Westcott Lessons o/ R V of NT. p. 32 ff . GOEL Snj is 'to make a claim,' vindicare, in the sense of claiming something tliat has been lost or for- feited, ' to resume a claim or right which has lapsed ' (Dr…
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Among the Hebrews, then, in primitive times, the murdered num's next of kin, i.e. his qoel, wa> bound by tribal custom to avenge bis bIoo<l bj conipa.ssing the death, not merely of the murderer himself, but of all his family ; for the family wa.- in these early times the unit of society, and so the murderer's guilt was…
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• On the composite character of this chapter see the Com- mentaries of Dillmann and Oettli : and for the difficulties in ^larmonizing the different provisions with regard to the Cities or BxFuas see that article. /eltahin see Baldensperger's notes in PBFSt, 1807, p. 128 fl On blood. revenge among the Hebrews see the a…
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The present writer has searched the region pretty thoroughly for the site of this ancient city, but has been unable to decide the question bej-ond dispute. NnwA has been suggested ; and tlie ob- jection raised to it, that ' it is much too far to the east,' has no weight, since it is about the same distance to the E. as…
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226 GOLGOTHA GOLGOTHA boards and bars is about 1860 square cubits, that of the furniture only 54 cubits. This imjilies tliat the gold-plating was only jAnth of an in. thick. Such would be nuite imiiossibly tender for a skin on heavy weights, such as the boards (which weighed at lea.st 4 cwt. each), unless it were …
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The traditions which relate to Golgotha are very numerous, but there are none recorded earlier than the 4th cent. There can be no doubt that the present traditional site of Golgotha is that which was recovered by Constantine, but beyond this there can be no certainty. Eusebius alone of the writers of the 4th cent, desc…
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The story of David and Goliath is a favourite theme in the Rabbinical and the Arabian iitcralure, where it is illuniinatid with no end of grotesque and extravagant additions. The Goliatli of 2 S 21" is a different person ; but see David, vol. i. p. 562^ Elhanan, Lah.mi. W. J. Reecher. GOMER (i;5, Tdiup, r6iup).—i. G…
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2. Of good qualitri {as compared mth others of its kind), highly esteemed: Gn 1* 'And God saw the light that it was good ' ; 2'- ' And the gold of that land is good ' ; 43" ' Take of the best fruits in the land ' (RV ' choice ') ; 1 K 2^ 'Wlio fell upon two men more righteous and better than he, and slew them with the …
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8. Of quantity, considerable : 'A good way oil',' Gn 21", Mt 8** ; ' a good way from,' Jg 18*- ; ' for a good space,' 2 Mac 7° ; 'a good while,' Gn 46^, Ac 18". But ' good measure ' (Lk 6^) is ' abundant measure'; and to 'give good ear' (Wis 8'^) is to be very attentive. In 2 Es 16-' occurs the phrase ' good cheap,' ' …
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2. Material and moral blessing, benefit: Ps 119'^ ' Be surety for thy ser^-ant fur good ' ; Ec 5" ' What good is there to the owners thereof ? ' Ad. Est 15" ' Who saved our life and continually procured our good ' ; Wis 5' ' WTiat good hath nclies with our vaunting brought us?' Sir 2» 'Ye that fear the Lord, hope for g…
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The word goods had formerly a wider applica- tion than it has now. Thus Dt 28" ' And the Loud shall make thee plenteous in {joods ' ; 2 Ch 21" ' Behold with a great jilafpie will the Lord smite thy people, and thy children, and thy wives, and all thy goods.' RV changes 'goods of AV into some other word in the foil, pla…
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It is implied in Scripture that material pos- sessions and intellectual advancement are goodj and are legitimate objects of desire and pursuit. It is even an imperative duty to seek them, the obligation of the Christian being to do the most good he can, and therefore to call into requisi- tion the best means attainable…
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* Ma dame, y-wis, the ^oodlieste mayde Of greet estat in al the toun of Troye.' The subst. goodliness occurs but once, in a beautiful passage where it is a most appropriate tran^slation. Is 40" ' All fle.sh is gras.s, and all the foodliness thereof is as the flower of the field.' he meaning of the Eng. word (which c…
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* tiring now one word, 'goodman' should be accented, ■« Harle rt'niarks (PhUoltx}}/, p. (UC), on the first syllable, like f-hapnmn, and ao distinguished from the two separate worda * goo^l man.' In AVot ItUl. however, it is given as 'goodmao everywhere except Pr 7" and Lk 22" where It Is ' good-man.' 232 GOODNESS GO…
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GOSHEN. — 1. Named in connexion with the con quests of Joshua in the south of Judah (Jos 10" II'", both 1)-). Its exact situation has not been dis- covered. It was a district (""is), not a city. 2. .4 toum in the hill-country of .ludah (Jos 15", P). Its site is unknown. 3. See next article. GOSHEN (R'J city ?, Gn 46=…
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It is, of course, [lossible that G. is an entirely foreign name, unknown to the ancient Egyptians, anil lliat the I-XX translators were only making conjectures as to ils idcntiliiation. Of two things we may be certain, that it lay on the E. Viorder of the Delta, and furDisheU excellent pasture ; ami if it dill not pro…
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The later sense of eioT-yAioi-, a gospel in writing, and then one of the Four Gospels, does not appear in NT, though the way may be prepared for it by the usage in Mk 1' (see above). A second stage may be noted in the Didach(, c. xv. : ' Reprove one another, not in anger, but in peace, as ye have it in the gospel.' Her…
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GOSPELS GOSPELS 238 Further than this the external evidence by itself will not take us ; nevertholcHs, it furnishes an im- portant element for the sohition of the problem. There are two or three more circumstantial traditions in regard to the composition of the Gospels which need to be mentioned, because they have,…
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So far we have spoken in general terms of the re- semblances between the first three (iospels. But, in theclosorstudy of thefact, resemlihinces between pairs of them have also to be taken into account. The two most important groups of iihenonicna are in fact (a) the resemblances of Mk with Mt and Lk, either together or…
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and later form. At first (A.D. 1704) he nttnbuterf the dill'erences between the S\noptic (i is])els tc the translati(m of the ]niraitive Gospel by dilferent jiersons (the evangelists themselves ami others), and the verbal similarities to the use in part of the same translations by the evangelists, along with dilferent …
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The disposition of this school was to proceed to broad generalizations which had neither been reached nor verified by a careful and impartial examination of all the facts. In spite of the great ability of the chief men among them, and the permanent mark which they have left upon the study of early Christian history, th…
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The decision of most of the questions included in the subject before us must depend on the patient examination of a mass of particulars which cannot be set forth here. But it may be well to indicate in general terras the nature and bearing of the evidence on some of the chief points at issue. We pass on, therefore, to …
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GOSPELS GOSPELS 239 conditions nnder which this group at least was doinj; its work, and the intluence which a few of the stronger cliaracters woald exert, to;,'ether with the simplicity of mind and want of general educa- tion of the early disciples, would tend to establish and contirm a habit of telling the story in…
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Advocates of the oral theory allege the reten- tiveness of Eastern memories, and the habit of preserving orally the Rabbinic traditions, or the instances, common among Mohammedans, of being able to repeat the whole or large portions of the Koran. But it should be remcmbereil that what has to be explained in the i)re.se…
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In connexion with the question before us, the greater or less clearness and naturalness of the contexts in which the same sayings occur in Mt and Lk respectively must also be taken into account. But this is a subject on which there is ■wide diversity of view. To the present writer it seems that the connexions are far m…
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reproduced in the first and third Gospels, to a great extent unnecessary, as he has explained in his Einleitung, pp. 363, 364. It is only suggested, how- ever, that the third evangelist was mliuenced by ' reminiscences ' of Mt, which is in itself a con- fession that the evidences of dependence are some- what vague and …
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Advocates of the oral theory have asserted that St. Luke treats the written accounts to which he refers as no longer possessing import- ance. They find this meaning in the aorist iire- X(lfn)aav. But the force of the aorist will be fully recognized if we regard it as emphasizing the diffi- culty of the task and the ten…
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(.•nee more, however, it is difficult to conceive in a simple manner how the Greek Mt could have been translated from a Hebrew original, even in those parts where it is not parallel with Mk ; for its observed relations with Lk have also to Ije taken into account. How does there come to be in these two Gospels that sing…
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When the two plans of narration are compared, it is found possible to lit them together, without forcing, to an extent which is remarkable, con- sidering the difference between their plans, and the ab.sence of any indication on the part of the fourth evangelist as to how the contents of his Gospel are to be combined wi…
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Jesus Himself saw that some of those who iiro- fessed to be di.sciples were of this unreiiahle character, before either they themselves or others knew it (2^'-^). That there should have been this class is in every way proliable, under the con- ditions of the case, and in view of facts like the wide popularity for a tim…
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(h) The cleansing of the temple (Jn 2"-=^ cf. with Mt 21"- '»•»= Nik 1 !'»-"• ^ = Lkl9«"« 20=). It is a well-known diHerence between the Synoptic Gospels and Jn, tliat while he records a cleansing of tiie temple at the very beginning of the jiublic work of Jesus, tliey place tlieir corresponding narrative among the eve…
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246 GOSPELS GOSPELS proceeds with the examination of the prisoner ; yy_»8-*> Pilate again parleys with the Jews. 19'"° Jesos is mocked and led out to thuni ; vv.""" they succeed by their clamour in securing His con- demnation. In Mt27""-'" = AIlc IS'"" the positions and the parts of the several actors are not nearly…
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(b) Christ's attitude to the Mosaic Law. It is certain that we derive in part a dil!irent im- pression on this subject from the Synojitic Gospels and Jn. There is nothing in the former corre- sponding to the phrases 'your law' (Jn 8" 10^) and 'their law' (15^). Tn their record of our Lord's condemnation of the legalism…
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It has further to be remarked that Christ's own oflice is the theme of the figures in Jn. The parables related in the Synoptists are concerned most frequently with other subjects, especiall}' the kingdom of God and its laws. Yet tliis one also is not absent from His thoughts there (cf. the phvMcian, Mti)'-=Mk 2"=Lk 5" …
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The lower limit for the composition of the Third Goxpel is li.xed by a consideration similar to that in the last case. Its author was a companion of St. Paul for some years, and there is in point of fact no reason to doubt the tradition which identi- fies him with Luke, named in St. Paul's E[)istles. This Gospel conseq…
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GOSPELS GOTHUNIEL 24£ wmid more easily have become prepared to write the Fourth (jospel. [Th< trustworthiness of the traditions as to tlie old a^'e of John the son of Zebedee has been called in question, more especially of late by Uarnaok in his Chrtm. d, AUchrist. Lit. i. pp. 320 It. and (jjtj 11. Vox a discussion…
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For works which discuss the external evidence relating to the Gospels, see New Testament Canon. Special Aius kok stcdvino the Facto.— Rushbrooke, Synop- ticun, IbSO ; A. Wright, A Si/nopsis nf the Gutpelt in Greek, 1896. Representatives OF TUE Ti uisoen School — It will suffice to refer to F. C. Baur, Kritische Uixte…
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Cucumis prophetarum, L. , which grows in tlie deserts around the Dead Sea, and southward to Sinai, has been suggested. But the small size of its ovoid fruit, only an inch lon^, does not corre- spond to the colocynthides of the Vulgate. The authority of the LXX and the Vulg. is in favour of the colocynth, Citrullus Col…
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GOVERN ME2sT GOVERNMENT 251 duty of hospitality was laid upon him, but other- wise he lived liKe any other head of a family. Tliere is no mention of any revenue being assigned to him as an otlioial. 2. The second period extends from the entrance into Palestine to the institution of the mouarchy. and includes the hi…
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(6) The pmcer of the king and constitution of hii household. — The rule of Saul was characterized by its simplicity. ' The son of Kish ruled in peace at Gibea in the house of his father, leading the very simple life of the last of the judges. On leaving the h.arem in the morning he .seated him- self before the gate of …
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4. A remarkable feature in Jewish iife is the persistence of the religious and semi-political self- government of their communities in the dilt'erent empires in which they were dispersed. Every- where we find them submitting tlieir disputes to the judgment of their own olUcials rather than to those of the state in whic…
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of questions touching the revenues. In the pro- vinces of the third class he was the general admini- strator and the supreme judge, with sole power of life and death (Uion Cass. liii. 15), an appeal to CiE.sar being allowed in the case of Roman citizena (see CJiSAR). Although it was not necessary that the Proc«ra<or sh…
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The special use, however, of xt^P" in NT is in reference to the mind of God as manifested towards sinners, His redemptive mere}', whereby He grants pariion to ollences, and bids those who have gone astray return and accept His gift of salvation and everlasting life. It is x<ip'S ^°" 6eov, Ko .5", 1 Co lu'", 2 Co 6' 8',…
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GRACE GRACE 26Q not by necessity or force, but by the freeness of His love, Ito 5*- "'. Tliia is the reason why grace is not only one of the ijerfcctions of (lod, but one of the distinctive features of the Christian revelation. Revelation is marked by progress. The God who is at tir.st hidden from men, so that they …
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ii. Ni;\v Testament.— The new 'covenant' is the fullilment of the old ; the iilan of grace which lay at the root of the former dispensation conies into full expression in the life and work of Christ (Ti 2" 3'), and in the declarations of the apostles — Ilo 3-''- "* KV, ' Heing justilicil freely by his grace through the…
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Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.