PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 61
In NT times the usual attitude was reclining and resting on the loft elbow ; as at the supper described in Jn l.'i-', John reclined in front of our Lord, and so when he leant back to speak to Him John's head was on Jesus' breaiit. It has been sup- posed from these expressions that the patriarchal custom changed, and th…
1,194 wordsSECTION 62Section 62
Any such feast was called nnj'p mishtch, the primary meaning of which is a banquet of \vine, such as that given by queen Esther (Est 5" 7"). Abraham's feast at Isaac's weaning is called a mishteh gCidul, or great drinking. Job feared lest his sons should be led into excess at their periodic feasts (P) Such drinking fea…
924 wordsSECTION 63Section 63
LlTERATTTRK. — For fooil-stuffs Bee Bochart, Uifrozoicon, Frankf. 1075 ; Tristram, Nat. Hist, of PaUahie; Post, Flora of Pah'stine ; Erman, L\fp in A iicient K<nfpf. IS'*-! ; Celsius, Ilierobo- taniron, Amst. 1748; Hiller, Uierophyton, I'libingen, 1723; Uosen- miiUer, Uolamj of the Ditile, Edinburgh, 1840. For customs,…
1,137 wordsSECTION 64Section 64
Folly, in the most advanced sense of a systema- tically conceived and applied theory of life opposed to thatof wisdom, isequivalentto practical atheism. The fool {i^i) is he who has said in his heart, ' There is no God ' ; by which, not a theoretical denial of the divine existence, but a practical negation of God's mor…
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The feet were put in stocks (Job 13^), fastened with fetters (Ps 105'*; see Chain). They wer» also adorned with anklets (Is 3'"). When the word of God is called a lamp to the feet (Ps 119"*), the reference is to village or town life, with ditches, refuse, and dogs in the pathway. A lantern was carried in the hand, or …
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' I have heard of cunning footmen that have worn Shoes made of lead, some tea days 'fore a race. To give them nimble and more active feet.' J. Hastings. FOOTSTOOL.— Although this word occurs re- peatedly In the Bible, it is remarkable that only t\vice at most is it used in its literal sense. In Ol" it appears in 2 Ch…
1,043 wordsSECTION 67Section 67
' And, for tlioii waj?t a spirit too delicate To act her eartliy atid al)lu)rred commands, Refusing her grand hests, she did conilue thee. Into a cloven pine.' 6. The foil, phrases are archaic or obsolete : (1) For all, Ps 78»- ' For all tliis they sinned still' (n^)^'>;J) ; Jn 21" 'for all there were so many, yet w…
1,092 wordsSECTION 68Section 68
Forbear is used once in AV (and retained in RV) FOKBEAKANCE FORBID 47 rellexively, a construction -which is very rare : 2 Ch 35-' 'forbear thee from meddling with God, who J3 witli me, that he destroy thee not' (^^'''iq D'.iSxc, Oxf. Lex. ' leave off provoking God '). Here forbear means restrain tliyself, refrain :…
1,050 wordsSECTION 69Section 69
FORBID. — To forbid is to order one not to do a thing, and the proper construction is a pensonal object and an inlin., as 1 Th 2'* ' Forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles that they might be saved.' But custom allows the omission of the person, as Lk 23^ ' We found this fellow perverting the nation, and forbidding to g…
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• God forbid ' occurs also in Apocr., 1 Mac 221 ' God forbid that we should forsake the law and the ordinances' ("lAtuf *i^» sdcTaXii'suv, RV 'Heaven forbid,' RVm 'Gr. Mav he be pro- pitious. Cf. 2 S 23I' Sept. 'J ; 910 ' Then Judas said, Ood forbid that I should do this thnig i^lr, /mj yivoirt «otr,(rtti, RV * Let it …
1,014 wordsSECTION 71Section 71
FOREGO FOREIGNER 49 1 S 14» ; (4) Ml head, 2 Ch 20" ; and TplxruTov face, 1 Mac 4". RV changes Lv 8^ ' upon the mitre, even upon his forefront,' into ' upon the mitre, in front' ; and 1 S 14' ' The forefront of the one was situate nortliward ' into ' The one crag rose up on the north.' RV also adds Jos 22" 'in the f…
939 wordsSECTION 72Section 72
Strangers is the favourite rendering in AV, not only of Ijj or i?:-]? and \i (see below), but also of "13 and afJiB. The latter circum&tance is specially unfortunate, because it obscures to the Eng. reader the distinction between the foreigner and the ger, which in Heb. is marked clearly enough, and on which not a litt…
1,031 wordsSECTION 73Section 73
The general attitude to foreigners was one of hostility, where some special agreement or safe- guard was not present. Driven out from Ins old settlement, Cain protests, ' Whosoever findeth me shall slay me' (Gn 4'^). The Song of Deborah (Jg 5), the story of Samuel and Agag (1 S IS'^'-), the cruelties of DaWd to his pri…
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(6) The Period of the Deuteronomic Legislation. — To protest against religious syncretism had always been a chief part of the prophet's work. The worship of the Tyrian Baal, and the corrupting iulluences of foreign civilization, werespecially dis- FOREIGNER FOREKNOWLEDGE 5] tastefal to Elijah, whose feelin{;s were …
1,044 wordsSECTION 75Section 75
Literature.— Eertholet's monograph, Die Stellung d Igr. u. d. Jud. zu d. Frcinden (to wliicli the above article has special obligations); Driver, Deut. xxxjf., 98, 239; W. R. Smith, OTJC^ 279, 364f.; ChejTie, Jeremiah, 67; Schurer, UJP II. i. 61-56; Benzinger, Heb. Arch. 339f., 360, 479; Thayer, NT Lex.t and Cremer, Bi…
1,041 wordsSECTION 76Section 76
which the other cannot admit. It is the difficulty which has divided schools of earnest men and powerful thinkers, like the Augustinian and the Pelagian, the Cahinist and the Arniinian, which in various forms and degrees enters into and moulds men's whole conception of the religious life. Into its later phases we canno…
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But now, turning to the other question, has the rpoiyvu of Ro 8^ 1 1'' any special qualitative import ? God knows, foreknows. His people — what consti- tutes them His people, is there anything in them or about them whicli accounts for foreknowledge becoming foreordination, which explains the ground of election ? Here o…
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54 FORERUNXEE FORETELL house with somethin<» of variety and singular excellency, to entertain him withal as he passed in the streets,' where the ' fore-part' is explained by the editor as ' the space lying between a house and tlie public street or highway, the plot of ground forming a garden or fore-court.' J. Hast…
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(6) The forests where Jotham 'built castles and towers ' (2 Ch 27^) were in the mountains of Jutlah. (7) If horesh (1 S 23" etc.) refers to a wood, then there was a forest at the edge of the Jud:ean desert, near Ziph. The LXX seems to regard it as a place, Kahri. Conder located it at Khurbct- Khureisa. Tristram, howev…
1,075 wordsSECTION 80Section 80
UV introduces ' forfeit' into Dt 22' ' Thou slialt not sow thy vineyard with two kinds of seed ; lest the wliole Iruit be forfeited ' (u'-pn, AV ' defiled,' KVm ' consecrated ' ; Uriver, ' lit. become holtj or .inrrrd, i.e. be forfeited In the sanctuary'); Mt 10-", .Mk 8^ 'forfeit his life' {{nuiuSii T^)l' i'vxv" auTou…
1,218 wordsSECTION 81Section 81
It has been said that ' no permanent state of reconciliation ' was established under tlie old cove- nant ; that there was only such forgiveness for the past as might enable men to begin again to seek justification through the works of the law. It has also been maintained that the old covenant furnished only a ' passing…
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FORGIVENESS FORGIYENESS 57 there is added 'of sins,' in one 'of trespasses,' in one the same words are in tlie immediate context, and in the two remaining instances the word stands absolutely. (AV renders nine times 'remission,' six times 'forgiveness.') The verb with the same meaning occurs about forty times in the…
1,005 wordsSECTION 83Section 83
Similarly, a readiness to forgive others is laid down as a condition for a man's own forgiveness (cf. Mt 6", Mk 112»- !», Mt 5'). The Parable of the great Debtor shows that the absence of a for- giving spirit in men prevents their being themselves forgiven. (2) The instances of Christ's teaching which have been cited …
1,085 wordsSECTION 84Section 84
LiTBRATUHS.— Oehler, Theol. of OT; Sohmid, Bi6. Theol. of NT ; Martensen, ChriitUin Ethics ; Seeley, Ecre Homo ; Dorner, S]/etem of Christian Doctrine. See alao 'Literature under arts. AiomuNT, Propitiahos. J. F. BetHUNE-BaKER. FORM. — Numerous as are the Heb. and Gr. words tr^ 'form,' the meanings of the word in AV a…
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J. Hastings. FORMER. — This comparative adj. was at one time freely used to express the more advanced of two positions. Thus Wyclif (138S), after saying that Jacob 'departide (1382 'dyuydide') the puple that was with hym ... in to twei cumpenyes,' adds (Gn 32"), ' And he comaundide to the formere (1382 'forther'), and …
1,027 wordsSECTION 86Section 86
It is in tliis last sense only — 'forward from a given point ' — that ' forth ' is used with expressions of time. These are: (1) 'from this time forth' (nny- Pa 113- 115'» 121»); (2) 'from that time forth' (nv.-r;.; mn.T Neh 4'" ; tt-nn ny.T-p 13-' ; awl, rire, Mt 16-' (RV omits ' forth ']) ; and (3) ' from that day fo…
1,072 wordsSECTION 87Section 87
When used figuratively with certain verbs ' for- ward ' has the meaning of ' advance the interests of, help the progress of an undertaking.' The verba in AV are (1) set, 1 Ch 23^ ' to set forward the work of the house of the Lord' (nsj^, RV as AVra ' to oversee ' : so in Ezr 3*- ' RV changes AV ' set forward ' into ' h…
936 wordsSECTION 88Section 88
.' But, like the owner of a foul disease. To keep it from di^^^lging, let it feed Even on the pith of hfe ' ; and Lear, I. i. 167 — ' Kin thy physician, and the fee bestow Upon thy fouJ disease." 2. From this to moral uncleanness the step was easily and early made. In AV it is so applied only to unclean spirits, and…
1,024 wordsSECTION 89Section 89
In Jer 50''\ where AV has 'foundations,' th« b2 FOUNTAI^' FOUNTAIN meaning of nV;;'!< is prob. 'bulwarks' (RV) or ' buttresses' (see Oxf. lleb. Lex.). In Is IG' ' raisin- cakes' seems to be the meaning, not ' foumlations ' (see Flagon). The ' gate of the foundation ' (li?' i\o;n) in 2 Ch 23' ia obscure. Perhaps we …
1,230 wordsSECTION 90Section 90
along the line of the great ' fault,' by which the valley is tra- versed. (See Arabad.) • Jos. Ant. xvni. ii. 3. t Lynch, Off. Rep. p. 202. t Robinson, Phr/s. Geog. Holy Land, 24. § Tristram, Land of Moab, xiii. 247 ; Conder, Heth and Moab, 14.1, 149. jj Jos. Ant. ivu. VI. 5. This spring is also supposed to be that…
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* A flock of ravenous fowl.* In Wis 19" 'a new generation of fowls' {vtai y(i>e<nv 6pviuiv) is changed into 'a new race of birds.' In NT the Gr. (always jilu.) is either (pveov (Rev 19"- 2') or jrtrti.'cit. (Mt (!-« 13', Mk 4'- »-, l,k 8» 12-^ 13", Ac 10'- 11»), and, except in the two places in Ac, RV changes into ' bi…
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* Aa wild geese that the creeping fowler eye.' For Fowling see under Hunting. FOX (Si'i^ shU'dl, aXwirrj^, vulpes). — There can be 110 doubt that shu'Al meant both jackal and fox. It is used in the sing, only once m OT (Neh 4'), where the intention is doubtless to refer to a small animal, and fox is more likely to be…
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J. Hastings. FRAME.— To ' frame ' (from Old Eng. framian, to profit, succeed) is primarily to make good pro- gress, to prosper, as Melville, Diary, p. 272, ' The Bischope haid lurked a yeir or twa fyk a tod in his holl, as his custom was when things framed nocht with him.' Then it is used in a neutral sense, to get on…
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F. is the fragrant resin of an Indian tre?, Boswel- lia serrata, Stackli., procured by slitting the bark. It is imported through Arabia (Is 60", Jer 6-°). It is known in Arabia by a name kindred to the Heb., i.e. luhAn. It was one of the gifts offered by the Magi (Mt 2"). The 'incense' of both AV and RV (Rev 8^) should…
950 wordsSECTION 95Section 95
FREE, FREEDOM, FREELY. — The adj. free ' has been a chief heirloom from Saxon times, and has made a figure in all stages of the national story. Perhaps no other Saxon adj. is comparable for length and variety of career. Originally mean- ing lordly, noble, gentle, it has with each change of the national aim so changed i…
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In AV, Nu 5">- 28- =» KV . and the verb Ro 6' ' For he that is dead is freed from sin ' {SeStKatwrai, RV ' is justihed '), i.e. is acquitted from the guilt of sin. 5. Voluntary, gratuitous. Ex SI"* 'then shall she go out free ^vithout money' (ojn, RV 'for nothing'). So the phrase 'free gift,' 1 Es 2" (er^xait, i.e. vo…
1,017 wordsSECTION 97Section 97
2 Co II', Rev 21« 22", where the prominent thought is the grace (gratis) of the giver, as Mt lu» ' freely ye received, freely give.' And this ia no doubt the meaning in Ro 8^- and 1 Co 2" where xa/'ToM'" ia tr'' ' freely give.' Illustrations are Ex 21" Wye. ' sche schal go out freli without money ' (AV ' free,' RV ' fo…
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2. Figuratively, in two senses. (1) To vex. Tindale says {Sxpos., Parker Soc. p. 31), 'And the nature of salt is to bite, fret, and make smart' ; whence Adams passes to the fig. sense (// Peter, p. 47 on V) ' Do we cut, and fret, and trouble you : remember we are salt, the sharper the better.' So in AV, Ezk 16" 'Becaus…
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There are nine Heb. words or phrases rendered friend in the AV. Those of most frequent occur- rence are connected with the roots 3n^(, expressing affection, and nyi sociability, the most common being y^, rendered 41 times friend, 104 times neighbour, and sometimes companion and fellow. The most usual equivalents in LXX…
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f CM 8 1627 24*- 6. II where the L.XX renders •",;; by the exact temia ti wTiovyia* jyti iiirXo't ioe, for which eee Jevons and Gardner, ilanital qf Gr. Antiq. 62. J That one and the same garment is intended in Dt and Nu is oonllrmed by theTar^um of Uukelos, which in boLli potisages has g The practice of wearing.' to…
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maPi. A. K. S. Kennedy. FROCK. — ' A linen frock ' is named in Sir 40^ as the dress of the poor in contrast to the ' purple ' of the rich [u/idXivoii, lit. 'raw linen'; KV 'a hempen frock'; the word occurs only here in bilil. Greek). The 'frock' was once the cover- all of the English labourer, and still remains as 'sm…
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Frowardness is used only in Pr 2" G" 10'-, rfDEnn, a word which is found only in the plu. and means lit. ' turnings about,' i.e. ' lines of action, or modes of speech, adopted for the sake of escaping un- pleasant realities, or evading the truth, perversions of truth or right ' — Driver on Dt 32-" ; see his note. 'I'li…
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J. Hastings. FRUSTRATE.— 2 Es 10^ ' For.sake me not, lest I die frustrate of my hope ' (ut non fruit ra nioriar), and Jth 11" 'That my lord be not defeated and frustr.ate of his purpose' {airpaKTO!). So Hooker, Ercl. I'ulitij, I. xi. 4, ' It is an axiom of nature that natural desire cannot utterly V)e fruslratu'; and …
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It is uncertain to what extent the Hebrews were familiar with the use of animal dung as fuel. This form of fuel, as is well known, is very exten- sively used in the East, both by the nomads and the fellahin. Tlie dung of the camel is the favourite fuel of tlie Bedawin, while the Syrian peasant carefully collects the dr…
1,197 wordsSECTION 105Section 105
W. EWINO. FULNESS.— See Pleroma. FUNERAL.— See Burial. FURLONG.— See Weights and Measures. FURNACE In OT five words are tr" furaaja FURXITURE FURY 73 in EV. 1. iv'r?, a kiln for burning limestone into lime, or for smelting ore, chieHy iron. The former was constiucted of lime-stones arranged in con- centric laye…
1,151 wordsSECTION 106Section 106
J. A. Selbie. FURTHER.— To 'further' in the sense of ' help forward ' is used of persons in Ezr 8" ' they furthered tlie people, and the house of God ' (iKf j). So Chaucer, houjs 0/ Fame, 2023— • And paf expres commaundement, To whiche I am obedient, To furlhre thee with al my might.' Furtherance occurs in Ph 1'"- '"…
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gave the bridegroom when he met him (9"). Instead of this, B (so EV) says, ' Tobias blessed his wife,' and Heb. Fag. ' Tobias was blessed still more, with Sarah his wife.' Heb. Fag. uses the form '7S'3y, except in ch. 10, where we have Sn3j, as always in Munster's Heb. Itala preserves the form most accurately, ' Gabah…
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Eb. Nestle. GABBE (A Vd^^-n, B Ko/S^t; ; AV Gabdes), 1 Es a**.— In Ezr 2« Geba. GABRIAS (B Ta^plas, m Ta^pd, indecl. Greek forms of '1?; [Aram. I3p], shortened form of Sx-i:? ' man of God ' ; omitting, as was customary, the name of the deity. Syr. and Heb. Fagii [ireserve the complete form). — Ace. to To 1'* Gabrias w…
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GAD GAD about as goaded. Cf. Dryden, Virgil's Georgics, iii. — ' their stinps draw blood And drive the cattle gadding throui^li tlie wood,' Bacon expresses the usual meaninj; of the word clearly in Essays 'Of Envy' (Cold. Treas. ed. p. 30, I. 21) — 'For Envy is a Gadding Passion, and walketh the Streets, and doth n…
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T. G. Pinches. GAD (13, rd5). — Son of Jacob by his concubim Zilpah, Leah's slave-girl. Gn 30" RV, ' Leah saiil. Fortunate ! and she called his name Gad,' follows the LXX, cIttcv Aeia, 'Ev Ti'xB, and Vulg, Dixit feticiter. Field mentions the Greek rendering, elrrixQKa., 'I have had good fortune,' reading i;a or T53. P…
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Jos 22'*-" tells how Reuben and Gad on their return erected a great altar by the Jordan — it is not clear on which side ; how the other tribes supposed it to be a schismatic altar and prepared for war, but were appeased on learning that it had been erected as a token of the unity of Reuben and Gad with the other tribes…
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4818 4819 4833 483" 48M • • • • ct. Nu 2130. •TakeD from Gad. » ZaphOD. iWatere'of Nlm- riiii. l>hara'/t. ct. Nu 2180 and Jer 4S-. '•/roin' H. iM. history. Such a situation. Gad raided and raid- ing, but more than holding its own, is well described in Gn 49'*, the blessing of Jacob (J from older source) — * …
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GADARA, GADARENES The country of the Gadarenes is mentioned in the Bible only in con- nexion with one incident, viz. the miracle concern- ing the legion of demons who were allowed to enter the herd of swine (Mt 8'-«, Mk 5', Lk 8'-"), and it is improbable that the city on the seashore mentioned in the account of tliat …
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80 GADARA, GADAKEXES GAINS i.y called Gadaris (BJ III. iii. 1 ; Strabo, xvi. ii. 45). It was one of the cities of Decapolis, and is called by Josephu3 the capital of Pera>a (i'./ IV. vii. 3), though in anotlier passage {,BJ III. iii. 3) he gives the bounds of Penua from north to south as from Pella to Macha;rus. It …
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GADITES See Gad (Tribe). GAHAM (on?). — The eponym of a Nahorite clan whose identity has not been established, Gn 22-''' Gaham is described as a son of Nahor by his con cubine Reumah. GAHAR (ins). — A family of Nethinim who re- turned with Zerub. (Ezr2'^ Neh 7^"), called in 1 Ea 5*" Geddur. See Genealogy. GAI (k;3) …
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there is nothin" in the Epistle itself or elsewhere tc help us to an identification. S. D. F. SalmoND GALAL (S^3).— The name of two Levites, 1 Ch 9"- '«, Neh 11". See GENEALOGY. GALATIA (VaXaHa) is understood by different scholars as the name of two distinct countries ; and, as the important associated questions are …
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But Attains I., king of Pergamos n.c. 241-197, checked their power in a series of campaigns about B.C. 232, and confined them to a certain fixed country (previously part of Phrygia and of Cappa- docia or even of Paphlagonia), which was called henceforth Galatia. They had, however, probably occupied parts of that countr…
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• Phrygia Magna was jjiven to Mithridates li. (Justin, 38. 6J about B.C. 240; but it then included the country which soon after became Galatia. Moreover, the gift waa perhaps a mer« Pontic claim, never realized in fact. t .See note § above. : See Niese, Hhein. Museum, 1883, p. 68411.; T. Reinach Revu^ Nuviism. 1891, …
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As to the relation between the immigrant GauU and the older Phrygian inhabitants in Galatia, evidence fails ; but the analogy of similar conquests and the general facts of this case warrant some probable conclusions. It is not to be supposed that the older population was exterminated or expelled. The tiauhsh invaders w…
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priestly families (Woch. f. klass. Phil. 1S98, p. 3) ; the arrnnpe- ment was probably made B.C. 18i>-164. Gordium, a great emporium m 189, must have been Phrygian ; later, it waa con- quered by Gauls, and disappeared from history. * On the priestlv power see Hennig, Ag. kin. Regen Sacer- dotal; Ramsay, Cuies and Bieho…
1,008 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.