PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 961
Ore&t streiu mutit also be laid on the relation that subsisted between IrenuMia and Polycarj). the disciple of John the Apostle. If the letter to Florinus, recallini; in lifelike forni the a]>pear' ance and ways of I'olycarj>, is genuine, it is quite incn-dible that the Johannine Oo8|>el from which Ircnnus thus quoted …
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?|Uotation may be the idiosyncrasy of the author, or he shows also slight and marked divergences from the LXX, and from the text of the Dialogues of Plato (see Sanday, Gospels in the Second Century). The deviations from strict accuracy are, as we should expect, more numerous in quotations from the Gospels than from the…
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The various uses of the Prologue in the passages referred to, led even Volkmar to declare that ' th6 prologue of John is the primordial revelation ol the Logos in its immediate majesty, and that thf JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHN, GOSPEL OF 69: writings of Justin are the first attempts at a rational analysis of the contents …
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• Salmon (Introd. to HT^, p. 74). on the authority of ilalmrTv. ahowH that i.« »irr«^» may 1k' a muHi'itl lenii tnatrrr-ctly tmi*- ferTLMl to literature, and nieant a hunnony of four, a« itm mmj^. • concord of Uie octave, 2i« run u( Uio tlmt and fifth ootea. 698 JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHN, GOSPEL OF legend of the Saviour…
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It is a vain vnah that we had more than the few hundred words which Eusebius has preserved. With only these fragments, it is misleading and arbitrary to argue from the silence of Pai)ias as to what he knew of the four Gospels or the Epistles of St. Paul. The passage preserved by Eusebius is taken from the fourth booK o…
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0. The testimonies available from Clemens RoMANUs and Barnabas are handicapped by their own antiquity. This is peculiarly the case with Barnabas, in the opinion of hostile critics. But Keim has urged that BarnaUas is saturated with the ideas of the Fourth Gospel.* If this can be sustaiiK'il it must share, with correspo…
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(9) In the Testaments of tlte XII Patriarchs, a Jewish Christian puts into the mouths of the founders of the Jewish race Christian counsels and consolations. Sinker, who edits and trans- lates it for the Ante-Nicene Lib., places it at the end of the Ist or beginning of the 2nd cent. Many now regard it as a Jewish work …
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(2) We possess only a Lat. tr. of the liecognitionet of ths Pseudo-Cleme-nt, made by Kufinus. The Homilies are probably the more ancient work, and are extant in Greek. 'The date at which this Ebionite work was produced cannot be finally determined, but the best judgment throws it into the middle of the second century. …
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(0) Hasiudka an<l the Basilidiana. Basilides, whose work and system precciled that of \'nlentinnB, l»oth ot Alexandria and Konie, Is named by nunuTous writers — Epiphanius. Jerome (de Virit III. ch. xxl.), Hippolytus (vli. b), and Eusel)ius ilJE iv. 7) who places his pori<xl In the days of Hadrian (117-138) and speaks …
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702 JOHN. GOSPEL OF JOHN, GOSPEL OF taken from the Gospel becomes almost demon- strated by the romantic discovery, not only of Tatinn's Address to the Greeks, but also of the Diatessaron, where the largest part of tlie Fourth Gospel is interwoven with the other three. Within 20 years of this date we have the clear t…
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ii. A point upon which the opponents of the Johannine authorship have laid much emphasis is the writer's use of the term ' the Jews,' as of a hostile [larty from whom he was separated, e.g. ' the purifying of the Jews' (2''), ' the passover of the Jews ' (2'^), ' a feast of the Jews ' (5' 6'), ' the manner of the Jews …
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EDorts have been matle to relegate some of the most chararteiistic teaching of the Kourth Gospel and First Ep. of the same writer to the dominant inlluence of Philo J ud;eus of Alexandria. Liicke, Bleok, Baur, Keim, Schiirer, Alb. Thoma, and many others have laid great emphasis on this filiation of ideas. But Siegfrie…
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Philo used to refer the manifestations of the Angel of J" to the operations of the Logos and to specialized functions of the human mind ; the apostles found in this mysterious phraseology an age-long witness to the possibility of an incar- nation. Perhaps nothing more than a personification of vnsdom can be found in P…
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JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHX, GOSPEL OF and since the two are mentioned last, it is more in accordance witli the usage of the wTiter to understand that tliey did not belong to the number of the eleven apostles. The opinion that John, who is frequently referred to in the Synoptic Gospels and in the Acts (Ac 3' 4'' S'^-IS ; c…
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AVe do not know why James and John were called by Jesus ' Boanerges.' There must have been something special in the courage and bearing or in the character of James which signalled him out to Herod Agrippa as a victim that would ' please the Jews' (Ac I2-'-). It is probable that, ueing the elder of the two brothers, he…
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Spirit and the eternal life, appear in a practical form in the Epistle lus well as in the Gospel. There ii no necessity to invoke the shadowy form of the Presbyter .lohn to explain the iili'erences be- tween the two documents. They must stand or fall together. Testimony to one becomes a witness for the coexistence of t…
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and external evidences of the authenticity of each remain independently so conv;>cing. That John, the author of the Apoc., called him- self a ' bond-slave of Jesus Christ,' and not an apostle, corresponds with the modesty of the writer of the Gospel, and with the very phrase of St. Paul in four of his Epistles. He cla…
1,079 wordsSECTION 978Section 978
It is common to say that the Apoc. is strongly Heb. in its grammar, while the Gospel is written in excellent Hel. Greek. The substitution of koX In the Apoc, as representative of the Heb. ), for the rich variety of Gr. particles, is urged as a con- spicuous proof of the position. But we find also in the Gospel that, wh…
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JOHN, GOSPEL OF 709 •Jmost absent froin Eji]!. and Apocalypse. The same Gr. tr. of Zee 1'2'", dillerent from LXX, is found in tlie Gospel, 19**"", and A])oc. 1'. These corio- spondences ini",'lit begreatlj' niuUipIied. Weissaud Walking give lists of more than 100 words or phrases common to the three documents. The im…
1,157 wordsSECTION 980Section 980
These considerations may be held to prove that the twofold Johannine literature, instead of break- ing the evidences of unity of authorship, reveals a high probability that the two document* proceeded from the same mind. We have also seen that the strong evidence for the existence of the tJospel towards the verv beginn…
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{ 1 ) Can we accept the new version of the principal scene of the ministry of Christ? Mattliew and Mark refer to one passover feast only, for which they bring Jesus to Jerus. — while all the other incidents and teachings are confined to Galilee. It is worth while to remember that to the Romans and Hellenes, to whom Mk …
1,152 wordsSECTION 982Section 982
it has been alleged, runs directly countei to the representations of the Fourth Gospel. Now, the difficulty here involved baa been preatly ag^ravatei by the twofold iiK-thod in which conservative critics liave en- deavoured to solve it. Hen^tenherff, Tholuck, Edersheim, Luthardt, M'Clellan, etc., satisfy themselves th…
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(5) The omission by the Fourth Gospel of events of capital imi)ortance in the Synoptic narrative. («) The miraculous birth and infancy, the youth, the family, the genealogy of Jesus, and the early ministry of John the Baptist, are passed ovir in silence. Yet there are significant hints of these things which carry the …
1,012 wordsSECTION 984Section 984
(y") The omission of the agony in the garden. Keim says, if St. John's account of the imperial bearing of Jesus in the garden and at; the arrest be historical, then the Synoptic narrative is 'pulverized.' Renan, B. Weiss, and others are ready on the other hand to allow that we owe to this Gosj>el historic traits which …
1,081 wordsSECTION 985Section 985
Two great ' signs ' of our Lord's mastery over material elements and the forces of nature are recorded in the Fourth Gospel (G'"-'), and correspond with the Synoptic narrative in all their ni.ain features, ami the two throw valuable sidelights on each otiier; e.g. the circumstance that .lesus constrained His disciples …
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sympathetic weeping over that grave, and Hij divine condolence with Martha and Mary. Obviously, it was the purjiose of the Fourtn Evangelist to record the impressive words, gestures, revelations by which the Lord unveiled both Him- self and the Father. These are more impressive in St. John than in the popular traditio…
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(6) The portrait of Jiihn the Baptist differs from that of the Synuutists ; but if it l>e noted that the Fourth Gospel takes up the storj' where the current tradition dropped it, the chief dilliculty vanishes. The strange i|uestion sent from the prison (Mt 11^ and parallels) seems all the more strange in view of the gr…
1,153 wordsSECTION 988Section 988
We have thus considered the objections drawn from the chronological and biograpliical details of the Synoptic (iospels, and have shown that the omissions by the Synoptics of certain facts pre- sumed to be of historical importance, as well as the striking omissions by the Fourth Gospel of events of cardinal significance…
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JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHX, GOSPEL OF 717 of Biiddha, or the precocities and monstrosities of tlie uon-canonical Gospels of the Infancy. Tlio ori^'inality of Jesus leaves no room to think that either John the Baptist or I'bilo, Hillel or Gamaliel, coutrihutcd anythinu to His mental resources or to His Messianic nMe. He kn…
1,352 wordsSECTION 990Section 990
718 JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHN. GOSPEL OF walk to Emmaus. HUgenfeld has laid stress on a translation his thuorj' has demanded, that in 8"- "our Lord is supposed to refer to ' the father of the devil,' and so to the origination of the devil by some inferior god, like the Jehovah of OT lus iniagineu by the Ophites. The wlio…
1,118 wordsSECTION 991Section 991
e. The diction of our Lord and of His biographer. There are peculiarities of diction, vocabulary, and structure which are certMnlv adopted by this writer — Gr. words are u.sed by him and by no other, some of which are somewhat uncommon, such as &vT\rjfLa, dxaffwiyitryoi, ^i^puxTKeiv, yXuaird- Ko^ov, SaKpvety, dldvfj.0^…
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(. The incommcvstirability betipnen the writer and his theme. We come into close contact with the writer in the following passages: — I* 2''"-° 23-a 3i8-;i. 23 possibly **"** 4''-'5i-« (}«• i»- iv. «. » 730. »» g9. 20 97. aa 1041. 42 1 16. 13. S3-SS. 51. 52 1016. 33. S7-«3_ po.ssibly 1046-50 131-6. 11. JS-IW 1(317-1» …
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Soetic framework showing that from the great eep to the great deep it goes, does not disturb its true proportions of credible and realizable fact. ri. The order of the thought due to the evangelist. — We will make some attempt to show what is the actual order of the thought, whether intentional or not, on the part of …
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(2) The service of love. The rehabibtation of, and solemn charge given to, Simon Peter, 2116-19. (3) Special manifestation to waiting love, 2120-23. (4) Identification of the author by subsequent editors with the disciple whom Jesus loved, 21***-. By whomsoever this marvellous document waa constructed, it is unique …
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' ^' .^^ 'r^^';^.::i::^rr^d"iiL;p"rr;s;;t,'^s: able that Tatian, hU conUiUiuorary and disciple, lu-tuallv con Ss^^Se"G"^7o?Vr.^'°^n^;«it^^^^^^ u erkhirV) Weiss and Weizsiicker discussed, m J<^rbJ- rf^f«rV 7'V<i(o7i>, the relation of the Logos doctrine of John t^U sourees.%t«uss and Hilgenfeld j" '^f ..-l^/ J^SS^ ' .V…
1,191 wordsSECTION 996Section 996
Eublished his AT Theol. (Eng. tr. 1895). In vol. i. pp. 216-221 e avows his firm con\'iction of the genuineness of the Gospel, that it rests on historic facts and is superior to the Synoptists in m.any iiii)>ortanl details, that ' the Logos Romance ' is a criti- cal failure, and, notwithstanding great difficulties, he …
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(6) The relation of Lot/os to T/icvs, as conceived by the evangelist, is sustained bj' the successive words and deeds of >Iesus which had slowly broken on the mind of the writer. The majestic words of the Prologue which are repeated in the opening sentences of the Eji. are the necessary antecedents of the events, the t…
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The first, SON OF GOD, is an honorific ascription when used by the disciples or by the Jews, and it is nearly if not perfectly identical with ■ Messiah.' It is paralleled by the extraordinary prevalence of like terms among surrounding re- ligions and nations. In Ej.'j-pt the same king is often set forth on monuments as…
1,168 wordsSECTION 999Section 999
li. The Johannine Teaching concerning the Cosmos. — (a) The evangelist, following his Rtaster, discriminates the -woxXa oi things irova that of men. Everywhere the cosmos is created, not self-origin- ated. It is the platform of the entire representa- tion, and consists both of heaven and earth. It is not evil in its or…
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Christ is that in human nature, and does that in it and through it which can stanch the wound and arrest the spell of sin. He had always been coming into the world — a fact testified by the prophets {V"-). The great Lawgiver spoke of Ilim (.')■"'); Abraham desired a fuller revela- tion (8^^) ; all the Scriptures testif…
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The Prologue commences the sublime details by declaring that the incarnate and only-be- gotten was full of grace and truth. He had been ' in the bosom of the Father,' and declared that which no other had seen. He said, ' the Father loveth me, because I am laying down my life — not as if that were to be the final end, a…
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We have already drawn attention to ch. 10, where our Lord, by sacrificing Himself as the Good Shepherd for the Hock, does not relinquish His saving work. Indeed He renews, by resuming His life. His power to deliver men as a shepherd of the sheep, and then His arms become idcntilied with the everlasting arras, and His…
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In 1 Jn 2J'-" and 4" the writer anticipates the con.summation and the parousia, of which the whole NT speaks. It is tlie perversity of criticism which endeavours to separate the two documents on this very ground, or which cannot disceni the harmony between them. The kingdom of God upon earth (ch. :t), the multitudes wh…
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By their inclusion in the peculiar circle of the Catlioiic Epp. these three are marked oil' in one particular respect both from the Pauline Epp. and from other Epp. which were held in a measure of honour in the Church but not ultimately accepted as canonical. In other resjiects they also form a class by themselves. The…
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In our own centnry, in particular, their claims to apostolic date and worth have been strongly contested, and judgments of the most diverse kind have been pronounced upon them by the critical schools. There are those who iind no dithculty in attributing all three Epp., as well as the (.Josiiel, to the Apostle John, but…
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The thought of the new fellowship which has come by the Gospel leads to another near akin to it — that of the knowledqe which the same Gospel requires and makes possible. The position in which those addressed were at the time, furnishes the occasion for speaking with emphasis and decision of the knowledge with which al…
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2. Character. — It appears, therefore, that the argument of the Epistle, if such a term can be applied to it, turns on a few large and simple ideas. It unfolds itself mostly in terms of cer- tain broad antagonisms — those between Christ and Antichrist, believers and the world, the children of God and the children of th…
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3. Ideas. — The doctrinal and ethical ideas which meet us in the other NT Epp. appear also in this letter. But they are presented in a special light, and with distinctive notes. The Thevlogy of the Ep. has its own points of interest. God is seen in this Ep., as elsewhere, in His Fatherhood, His truth, liis righteousnes…
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a Parousia (3'- ' 2™). There is no express mention, it is true, of the Ilcsun-ection. But it is impUtd in what is said of the J'ltroiiA-in and the Judijincnt, the fact of a great .Judgment in the future being stated in express terms (4"). The tilings of the End may occupy a sm.aller place in this En. than in the writin…
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There is more or less trutli in these different readings of the plan of the Ep., and there is a certain measure of agreement among them. But even the simplest schemes do not admit of precise application. One can see that there are certain primary thoughts, especially the great ideas that (iod is light, that God is righ…
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In the Ep., e.g., Christ's appearance on earth is pre.senteif, aa wo have seen, in the broad light of a vmnifrstittii'ti. The specilic functiim of niivocnry OT intercession is ascribed to Him. The qualities oi fnilhfulnas and righleviisnets on the side of (iod, and the grace of conftMion on tb« 734 JOHN, EPISTLES OF …
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especially in the matter of brotherlj' love. But there is -lotliing to indicate that those addressca were in a peculiarly <langerous or faulty condition, or that the moral life liad sunk very low among them. The Ep. is not one of reproof. It is rather written umlcr the sense that writer and readers are living in 'the l…
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The reasons u'iven for this view of the bp. are such a.s the following :— The circumstances, the forms of thought, and the condition of the Church which aiipear in it, it is said, point to a later pcno<l than the apostolic. Dillerent critics hx on dillerent thint's in sui>port of this contention. Some hx umn the doctri…
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The arguments in favour of the non-apostolic origin of the Ep. are far from convincing. Even were they much more so than they are, they could not prevail against the historical evidence. For that is peculiarly strong. The entire witness of antiquity (with the solitary exceptions already referred to in the cases of Cosm…
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The designation of Christ as 'Advocate' (2') ia also held by Baur and others of his school to be in affinity with the Ep. to the Hebrews rather than with the Fourth Gospel, and to indicate a view of Christ's relation to His disciples which 'lay far apart from the evangelist.' But the idea of Ohrist as Intercessor is no…
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by which to lix its (lute. Some, indeed, have thought it possible to deline the time of its com- position precisely, and have been bold enough even to refer it to one particular year. Ebrard a.scribes it to the year 95 of the iJionysian era. But his reasoning turns upon the uncertain suppositions that the Ep. is a dedi…
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9. Destination. — The Ep. being written, then, in the scenes of the closing stage of Jolin's apos- tolic ministry, it is most rcastmable to sujipose it to have been written for readers belonging to those parts. It has been supposed, indeed, to have lieen addressed to Palestinian Christians (Benson). But there is nothin…
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With this object in view the author begins his letter, somewhat in St. Paul's way, with a com- mendation of the person or persons to whom he writes, and with a large Christian greeting. Again, with a tact and courtesy such as we find in St. Paul's letters, he expresses the joy which he had in the con- sistent life of^h…
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Although the internal evidence, therefore, is held by most to point to the author of the First Ep. a.s also the writer of the Second, and to the Apostle John as that writer, it is not read in that way by all. How, then, does the case stand with respect to the external evidence ? The historical testi raony, it must be a…
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The most ancient historical te.stimony, there- fore, although it is of limited quantity, is in favour of the autliorship by John tiie apostle. It is testimony that comes from sources so far apart as Gaul, Alexandria, and North Africa. It is confirmed by the resemblance of 2 Jn to 1 Jn ; the considerations which go to e…
1,060 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.