PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 1021
JOim, EPISTLES OF JOHN, EPISTLES OF 741 which, in addition to other difficulties, makes the person in question the bearer of two strau^'e uaiiies. On the whole, there is most to favour the render- ing ' to the elect lady,' and the idea tliat the Ep. is addressed to a Christian matron, who was held in liij,'h esteem …
1,085 wordsSECTION 1022Section 1022
Nor have we more to guide us in determining the (late of the Ep. and the place where it was written. Its general character and its likeness to 2 Jn point to the close of the apostle's ministry, if it is his composition, aud to one or other of the Asiatic Churches over which his .superintendence was exer- cised. As in t…
1,016 wordsSECTION 1023Section 1023
It has been supposed by some that v." showi that the writer wished to identify himself with the disciple referred to in Jn 21** ( I'tteiderer). But there is nothing to support this. Ewald (Joh. Schri/tcn, p. 505) was of o))iiiion that of a number of letters written by John to individuals or par- ticular Churches, only …
1,035 wordsSECTION 1024Section 1024
Jokneam appears in Jth 7' under the name CyEunon {KvafMJy) in connexion with the encamp- ment of Holofernes (but see Buhl, GAP 210; Kobinson, BJiP iii. 339 n.). LiTKRATrRB.— .^TTP vol. li. ihtet T., and Volume of Special Papers under * Samaritan Topography' ; van de Velde, Aarr. L 83Ut. ; BaedckcrSocin, Pal.' 242; CJu…
932 wordsSECTION 1025Section 1025
^44 JOKTHEEL JONAH We learn from Ezk 27'" that Uzal was famous in connexion with the spice trade ; and it is probable that, were more of the old Hebrew literature pre- served, we should be able in each case to name the sc<les glusste. The discoicry, therefore, of jilaces with identical names in the Arabian peninsula…
1,115 wordsSECTION 1026Section 1026
In 2 K 14^ it is further recorded of Jonah that in the time of Jeroboam II. (c. B.C. 781-741) this prophet jfredicted the re-conquest of the eastern boundaries of Israel. In this passage ' the sea of the Arabah ' (i.e. the Dead Sea) fixes, of course, only exclusively the terminus ad quern. The un- certain expression ' …
914 wordsSECTION 1027Section 1027
t I 'JKir- 1133S prn o-.T'k ins'? (.toUieitui ut) rcn h''! of the Prophet Jonah (p. viii, 1. 3, 'arba'ina). But the LX.\ {rpds), I'hilo (op. cit. § 27, ' civitas ista tres tanlum dies habet'), the Arab, (ij^), and the other manuscript of the Ilislory (giZUZ.) have all the number 3. Perhaps this variation is simply d…
1,215 wordsSECTION 1028Section 1028
Konler, again (Theol. Rev. xvi. 139 ff.), thinks to discover in the Bk. of Jonah partly signs of an earlier age and partly traces of a later revision (but see G. A. Smith, ii. 610=). Finally,\V. Bohme (op. cit.) has started the theory that four strata can be distinguished within the Bk. of Jonah. But neither his formal…
920 wordsSECTION 1029Section 1029
(A) The above-cited symbolic tales may be imi- tated in the Book of Jonah (cf. especially the Sarallelism between Hos 1- 3' and Jon 1' 3', also >,k 3-^ etc.). As Ezekiel was bound, etc., as the representative of the people (3^ 4'"'- S'"- etc.), so in the Bk. of Jonah it was related how Jonah under- took a mission to th…
995 wordsSECTION 1030Section 1030
• Derceti, qtiam verwi squamis velanti))U8 artus ytugna Pata).>{tini credunt moto-HSe rtijura ; An ma^s, ut suraptis illius lilia pennis Kxtremos albis io turribus ei^eht anno«.' I venture also to call attention to the circum- stance that the name ' Nineveh ' (Herodot. i. I03, IU6, 193, ii. I5U, iii. 155, Xii-os) is a…
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(d) Arguments drawn from the history of the formation of the OT Canon, (a) In the so-called prophet(e priores of the Heb. OT there is no word of Jonah's journey to Nineveh (2 K 14-^). Nor in the latter passage is there any reference to other * It is improbable tliat tlie words 1:^ n^it^l nj;-iij 'p\ IJ^NJ were origina…
1,014 wordsSECTION 1032Section 1032
(6) Certainly, those who collected the Canon or those who arranged the Au5«/(oirpi.^j;To>' may still have rightly regarded the Book of Jonah as a sj'in- bolical narrative, for they placed it in a class of writings containing other examples of symbolical character and prophetic tendency. But at a later period the book w…
1,084 wordsSECTION 1033Section 1033
* Not Abrevanel (cf. Wolf, op. eit. p. 0, note 4, a^punst Iliivernlclt, Kinlrit. 11. i, p. 3i7), but H. Act Urimm {Drr Proph. Jona au.f» nru* ub^rtfUt, etc.), luppoMd that Jonah drrained tlmt ho wa* awallowwl hy a great flali. CU-rii-ua, af^ain, thrvw out the su)n{r»tion (lUlitioL arte, tl moti.. tonia XX. S, p. 450) t…
1,361 wordsSECTION 1034Section 1034
Wolf, op. cit. Here also, finally, comes in the following point. The text (Jon 4'") says that the gourd ' tanquam filius noctis factus est et tanquam (cf. Konig, Syntax, % 332^-) filius noctis (alterius) periit (so also Pesh.). The words n;n nS;S"i3 neces- sarily imply that the gourd was the product of a single night …
1,062 wordsSECTION 1035Section 1035
TTttrrij, and bLKaioavv-q rov OeoO. Secondly, it is the great fvaeffttat fivarriptoii (1 Ti 3") of the Person of Christ that He was as much true man as true God. He advanced in wisdom (Lk 2*-'-), He learned {(imSey, He 5'), He did not know the date of His irapawla. (Mt 24", Mk l.^i'^) ; cf. Ph 2"-. These data of the N…
941 wordsSECTION 1036Section 1036
clear day of the gospel (Jn 3'", Gal 3^ etc.). Similar to the above is the idea that has before now been extracted by many from the Book of Jonah. Even Ephraem Syrus discovered the primary purpose of the book to be to bring back the Ninevites to God (cf. B. Wolf, p. 36). Eichhom (Ehrleit. iv. 351) expressed the opinio…
1,075 wordsSECTION 1037Section 1037
JONAM JONATHAN 753 iv. Other OccunnENCES of the Name Jonah. — Tlie iwiiiie 'luras is found in OT Apocnjjilia not only in To li*- * and 3 JIac 6' (see above, p. 74'J'), but also in 1 Es 9'- (B) '^ (see JoNAS, Nos.2.3). In NT it occurs in Mt 12»»-" 16', Lk ll*"- » ; Bapiui-a in Mt 16", 'luii-o in Jn l** 21", but in th…
1,208 wordsSECTION 1038Section 1038
2. The eldest son of Saul (1 S 14"), who shared in the perils and enterprises of his father's stormy reign, and was involved in his ruin. The narratives* in which he figures successively celebrate his martial exploits and his romantic friend.ship with David, and they portray a character which combines in a unique degre…
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t Ttie sign agreed on was that he should attack only if the Philistines invited him to come up. This, it has been pointed out, was not arbitrary, as their refusing to come down indicated want of courage. There is some force in St.aHe'8 objection to this feature, that to h&U the garrison was to put them on their ruard, …
1,052 wordsSECTION 1040Section 1040
The whole eventful history of Joppa is explained by its connexion with the influential city of Jeru- salem. Geographically, Joi>i)a was the seaport of Jerusalem ; but the distance was too great, and the line of communication too often broken, for the maintenance of established ownership. Politically, it was frequentlj'…
978 wordsSECTION 1041Section 1041
During the time of Christ, Joppa was one of the eleven toparchies of which Jerusalem was the chief. Since the time of the Romans similar Wcissitudca have marked the history of this unfortunate sea- port. It has often chaiigeil hands, and each change nf ownership lias been a time of destruction and renewal. It has belo…
965 wordsSECTION 1042Section 1042
Up to the present century most pilgrims and travellers had visited the valley of the Jordan only at Jericho, hence we had no account of its features in the upper portions. Antoninus Jlartyr at the close of the 6tli cent., and St. Willibald in the 8th, passed down through the whole length of the valley from Tiberi.as to…
947 wordsSECTION 1043Section 1043
The occurrence of terraces of marl, gravel, and silt, through which the ravines of existing streams have been cut at an elevation of about 100 ft. above the present level of the Mediterranean, show that the level of the inland sea at one time Btood for a period without change al>out 1400 ft. higher than it does at pres…
1,173 wordsSECTION 1044Section 1044
'llie name BdniAs is the Arab pronunciation of tlie ancient name Paneas, a city (Caesarea Philippi) named from the grotto Panium, which seems to have been consecrated to the god Pan, thou<^ there is no liistorical mention of this deity {BRP' iii. 406) at this spot. Josephus states {Ant. XV. x. 3 ; BJ I. xxi. 3) that He…
952 wordsSECTION 1045Section 1045
(r) The Gh6r or louver Jordan Valley. — The Jordan between L. Tiberias and the Salt Sea lies in a deep depression, sloping nearly uniformly from north to south, at about 9 ft. to 1 mile. On either side are the mountains of Western and Eastern Palestine, rising to heights of over 3000 to 4000 ft. (2000 to 3000 ft. above…
1,061 wordsSECTION 1046Section 1046
From W&dy Nimrin to the Salt Sea, a distance of 15 miles, lies the great Shittim plain, watered by tliree copious streams, which make it a rich and beautiful oasis. This position is assigned by some authorities for the site of the cities of the Plain. The Z6r or depressed plain through which tht, Jordnn flows. — The J…
986 wordsSECTION 1047Section 1047
Almost the only description of the Jordan banks from the river itself is given by Ljmch in the account which he has written of nis adventurous boat journey. The following are the most im- portant passages. ' The river . . . cui-ved and twisted north, south, east and west, turning, in the short space of half an hour, t…
1,000 wordsSECTION 1048Section 1048
Giiiluth, ' circle,' is used to denote the borders of Jordan in two cases. Jos 22"'- " (see Geliloth). Jfshhnon, ' wilderness,' refers to a wilderness generally, and not to any particular portion of the Jordan Valley so far as can be judged (see, however, Dillra. on Nu 33'" and art. Jeshimox). Sddeh, 'field,' is gener…
1,114 wordsSECTION 1049Section 1049
Climate : Kaitna and Flora. — For many years past, meteorological observations have been taken at various points in Palestine, and have been tAbulateil and commented on annually by Glaisher. There are three di.stinctive climates in Palestine: (1) that of the seashore, which corre- sponils toother Mediterranean climates…
1,174 wordsSECTION 1050Section 1050
The Avifmina of Palestine, out of 348 kno^vn species, present 271 Paliearctic, 40 Ethiopian (10 of these also Indian), 7 Indian, and 30 peculiar to Syria. But they are not equally diffused over the T-hole area. The Pala2arctic species almost all belong to the coast area, and the highlands east and west of Jordan, while…
902 wordsSECTION 1051Section 1051
the cold se.ison. During a winter visit of Chichester Hart {BEfSl, 1879, 2sii;, the following were seen at Jericho : a few sun birds, ' hojiping tlirush,' shrikes, palm dove, collared turtle, EnL'lish robins, jays, challinches, wheatears, blackbirds, wagtails. The larger birds, such as eagles, vultures, bustards, flami…
1,382 wordsSECTION 1052Section 1052
adjacent district, as is attested by the lines o( driftwood which can be seen at successive levels around the Salt Sea. A cliange f:om moisture to dryness over a large area in the valley would essentially all'ect the surrounding country, and reduce the rainfall, lower the surface of tiie sea, and expose more and more d…
1,172 wordsSECTION 1053Section 1053
The Mouniks in the Jordan 'Vali-ey.— All over the Jordan Valley moumis or ' Tells ' are found, of arlilicial formation, from 50 to ItK) ft. in height. They stand at the entrance to every wftdy where there is a passage for trallic, and appear in these cn-ies to nave ijeen placed there to guard the dwellers in the jdain …
1,135 wordsSECTION 1054Section 1054
In later years the knights of St. John built a monastery liere in order to enable them to carry out one of their threefold duties, viz. escorting Silgriius down from Jerusalem to Jordan. This uty is still carried out once a year by the Turkish governor of Jerusalem, who, on Monday in Passion week, escorts thousands of…
981 wordsSECTION 1055Section 1055
Justin (xxxvi. iii. 6) and Pausanias (v. vii. 4) call it 6i.\a(Taa. ii vcKpd, ' the Dead Sea.' ' As the Jordan in the time of harvest' (Sir 24* ; Aristeas, Epist. ad Philocratem). Josephus, BJ IV. vii. 6, speaks of 'A^iXa, 'lovXiit (Julias), B7)<ri/«i, near the lake Asphaltitis. In the LXX (B) of Jos 13-' the name B…
1,190 wordsSECTION 1056Section 1056
After the .account of his birth (.30^' ), the next notice of Joseph's life which occurs is when he has grown into a lad, and (according to P) Ls 17 j'ears old (37-^'). His father's favourite,+ he ex- cites the envy of his elder brothers, which is increased by bis imprudence in coiiiinunicating to them the dreams, — bot…
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* At least, if (as most critics suppose) ' Judah' stood origin- ally in V.21 (J) for ' Reuben' (as the text stands, y.2Ib and v.22» are tautologous). But even K ttiat be not tiie caae, we have ' Reuben ' in iT.zi 29 (E), and ' Judah ' in v. 26 (J). t In V.28 the absence of the art. before 'Midianites' shows that the r…
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•According to the notice from J, inserted in v.l4, from the dungeon, in which J represents him as imprisoned (4016^3921-23), t According to E, more than 9 (411-**) ; taking account of the additional dates given by P (373 41-'«), more than 20(13-Hhe 7 of 41«). t 4113, cf . V.S2. In the parallel narrative of J, this in…
962 wordsSECTION 1059Section 1059
There follows a paragraph (47''-* J), describing a permanent change in the Egyptian system of land-tenure, which was attributed to Joseph. The famine continuing in Egypt, the people first gave away all their money for com, then they gave away their cattle, finally they offered them selves and their land. The result was…
1,092 wordsSECTION 1060Section 1060
Machir and Manabseh). *Born upon Joseph's knees,* i,e. recoenized by him as his descendants ; cf. 30^, Odi/88. xix. 401. • On 4161 ffid 19 naturally not to be taken au pied de la lettre. It is an old difficulty that Joseph did not, immediately after his elevation, take st«ps to info-m his father of his welfare ; but pe…
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■ Historical C/tararter of Joseph. — Taken in the abstract, it cannot be said that there are serious historical improbabilities in the substance of Joseph's bio''raphy. Certainly the narrative con- tains many dramatic situations. Both Joseph and his brethren ptiss through a series of crises and adventures, any one of w…
983 wordsSECTION 1062Section 1062
Any judgment upon a question of this kind most be more or less 'subjective'; but to the present writer the amount of personal incident and detail in the narrative appears, as in the case of JACOB (p. 534''), to be an objection to both these views. It seems to liiin to be more probable that there was an actual person, J…
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* Hengstenberg, A eg. u. die Bb. Moae't (1841) ; Knobel (Kgf- Comm. 1852, 1S«0), Ewald (.nist. i. 419 n.); DiUm.; and esp. Ebcra, Acq. «. die Bb. Slottft, 186S (ends with On 4135), and in Smith, DB', t.v. Joseph. See also F. Vigouroux, La Bible el let dicouvertes m<}demes\ 1896, torn. ii. (a full but not very critical …
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tt Budge, The Mummy, 891, 2»« Wiedem»nn, 14S, 219. JOSEPH JOSEPH tlie goddess of the fertile soil of the Delta,* was often identified), is described in inscriptions, cited bj' Ebers, as 'causing the Nile to appear in its season,' 'giving life to the living vdtU her hands,' ' pouring forth fruitfulness upon the land,…
1,299 wordsSECTION 1065Section 1065
Kamines of long duration, due to the Nile failing to overflow, are not nnknow-n in Egypt : not only is one attested by El-Makrizi, the Arabic historian, for A.D. 1064-1071, §§ but the sepulchral inscription of one Baba, found at El-Kab in Upper Egypt, represents the deceased, in an enumeration • Ebere, Dm 1797 : cf. P…
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J Erman, 638, 539. The words ' How art thon come, in order to tpj/ out J' (Brugsch, 110) addressed by Seqenen-Ka in Thebes to the messenirers of Apepi, and quoted as parallel to Joseph's question by Brugsch, p. 112, and Tomkine, p. 62, do not, however, appear in the translations of Slaspero Oiecordt End ser. ii. 43, Cm…
1,111 wordsSECTION 1067Section 1067
On the Egyptian names found in 41", see above, vol. i. 665'' ; tne same explanations are accepted, and cordially approved, by Ebers {DIP 1798f.).§ It is singular that the three types of name are otherwise not common till an age much later than that to which Joseph must he referred ; those of the tj-pe Zaphenatli pa'ane…
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* -!■;:-! coUar, 414> (also Ezk lel't) Is not the Egn>- <>>nie of the decoration mentioned on p. 773^ ; and whether it Is Ejryptt^D at all is extremely doubthil : Harkavy (Jotxm. At. Mara-Avril, 1870, p. 182 f.) sugtrested ' sous toutcs reserves ' that it might be the Kgyp. re^t, ' image qu'oo porte but le cou, collier…
1,017 wordsSECTION 1069Section 1069
" These are especially The Book of Jamts (Protevangelivm), The Lite of the Virgin (S,ahidic Fragments, published in Forbes Robinson's CopUc ApocnijihcU GotpeU, 1806). The Death of Jogeph (Bohairic ana Sahidic, do.) which = The Ilist&ri/ of Joseph llie Carpenter (Arabic), Liber de Infnntid (Ciospel ot t'8e>ido-Matt.), T…
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III. The Cult of St. Joskpu.— Any notice of Joseph can in tliese d.iys liardly be complete with- out some mention of his Cult, which has of recent years attained to such an extraordinary develop- ment. ( 1 ) The latter part of the precedin" section shows that to some writers, especially to those who lived in Epypt and…
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But however much we may respect the faith of Joseph, and gladly recognize, not only Paul the tent-maker and Peter the fisherman, but also Joseph the carpenter, as confessedly higli examples of the dignity of work, and of the spiritual reward that it receives, we can have little sympathy with teaching that stands in suc…
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t Justin Martyr twice quotes Is f>.'» in connexion with the fulHlment of prophecy (1 Ap. 61, Dial. 97) ; but in neither case Is there any reference to Joseph. § Gesenius and Knobel, following Jewish commentators, interpret 'rich ' as = proud, ungodly, vicious (against which see Unnck. Servant 0/ Jekovah, p. I4S) ; Ewa…
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JOSHEB-BASSHEBETH (njfj 37') occurs in RV of 2 .S 23' as a proper name in place of tlie utterly meaningless ' that sat in the seat ' of the AV. It is evident that the t«.xt is corrupt, and that the orij,'inal name Jashobeam must he re- stored from tlie parallel passage, 2 Ch 11", just as the ' Hachmonite ' must be subs…
1,079 wordsSECTION 1074Section 1074
•Cf. Jo» l'»- with Nu2T'»'-,Dt3« 311* »: lHwilhNuM, Dt Si8ir;S.'"w with Ut liwr ST'* U": 13 IT. with Nu 34 ; UU'with Nu U«, I>t 1*1; 171-0 with Nu 27' '■ 3«i n ; 20 1. »ith Nu SS. t IIollenl>ery, in his account of the chticism of Joshua {SK, 1874. p. 413), IS, therefore, so far wroiif]: in nanilnff de Wette as the tlr…
1,090 wordsSECTION 1075Section 1075
Vv.l. 2. 27b_ Ch. S**"** is a passage of peculiar difHcultj;. The linguistic evidence proves it to be in the main from the hand of a Deuteronomist editor, but Ijesides containing, as the Dt redaction sometimes does, a trace of the priestly writer (in the phr.ase mma ija v.*'), it records a tact, the building of an alt…
1,001 wordsSECTION 1076Section 1076
In the Second Section, on the Division of the Land, the bulk is from 1' (all, in fact, except the Dt pas- sages already cited, and a few from J L which will be cited inimciliately ). This u clear from the presence of the characteristic marks of P's style, and the agreementof the injunctions with those laid down in the …
1,088 wordsSECTION 1077Section 1077
In ch. 7 (the Defeat before Ai and Achan's Sin and Doom) all is from JE except v.' and parts of yy 24. 28 'pi,e latter verses atiord so instructive an example as to how the original JE narrative has been worked upon by subsequent editors that it is worth examining their details. To begin with, the LXX omits in v." the …
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* V.K Some KhoUin think thmt according to thia flrat account Joshua sent bis ambush ahead /rom Gilgal. Thia can be main- tained only by denying that v.8» belongs to the first account. But there is no cause in the clause it«elf (or separating it from what follows. And it is not probable that any account would have made …
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* Tlic att«oipt by Buddu, p. &0, to ifet rid of the differences by •moDding the t«st, baa not convince*! critics. same epi.'iodes, the cro.ssing of Jordan and the tak- ing of Jericho ami of .•\i, have obviously been com- bined ;* and in chs. 13-21, later iKis.sages (IS^""""'' and perhaps others) have been added to it,…
1,093 wordsSECTION 1080Section 1080
vi. Separation from the Pentateuch, and Date. — Anotlier set of problems is raised by the relation of Joshua to the Pentateuch. Most critics have held that the Bk. of Joshua was separated from the rest of the Pentateuch after JE, D, and P had been combined, bnt Bennett (A Primer of the Bible, 1897, p. 90) thinks that t…
947 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.