PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 361
lem is the relation of the divine to the human in the work of redemption, how far the initiative lies with God and man respectively, or how far they cooperate, and what, indeed, is meant by co-operation in such a case. It liiis driven Augu-.- tine and Pelagius, Calvin and Arminius, into opposite camps. All that can be …
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LiTEKATUKE. — AmoTi)? Bources of Bugpestion and material for an e.\llibition of the bihlicil doctrine of i^race, special mention Bhould be made, in re^'ard to tlie word r«p*f, of Cremcr's Jl>li. Thpol. Lex. of XT-, and Orimni'8 Gn-ek-EivjlM Lex. of NT, J. H. Thayer's edition ; and in repard to tiie classification of pa…
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'The most Just gods For every graff would send a caterpillar.' But as vb. he has both ' grail"' (with past ptt'p 'graft') and 'graft' (with past ptcp. 'grafted ). Thus II Ilcnri/ If. v. iii. 3, 'Nay you ^hall see mine orchard, where, in an arbour, we will cat a last years pippin of my own gralling' ; liich. II. III. i…
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• Besides this passage in Eo, the verb oocui) in biblical Or. only Wis 16n in the sense of 'prick' (so AVm and RVm, but KV ' bite'X It comes from xi>Tfia>, a goad. four times 'Ijcrb' (2 K 19^, Is GO" LXX Parivqx I's 37' LX.\ x^"';. Is 37" where it is dropped out of the LXX); twice 'tender herb' (Dt 32" LXX iypwcTi^, J…
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In this use ' grave ' is but one step removed from the lit. sense of 'heavy' (as Lat. gravis), which we find in Chapman, Homer's Odt/sseijs, viii. 207 — • Tliis said, with robe and all, he frrasp'd a stone, A little graver than was ever thrown B.v these Ph;eacian8 in their WTaslMng rout.' One step farther removed…
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* It Is Intended to treat this subject only In lo tw aa I 1> coniu'C(4-<l witJi hiblicAl historv. t lUwIinaoD. llittory <ff Pkimida, 188», p. M. 260 GKEAT SEA GREECE, HELLENISM of Ejfj'pt,'* thus etlectually exclmling the Israelites from the commancl of the sea. The only port, in fact, to which in the time of the …
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Great). GREAVES (1 S 17*) in the phrase n^nj ni:?9 mis- hath niliusheth, 'greave of bioiize.' The singular rendering is perhaps to be prefern-d (not so Wellli. and Driver, in loco). The Uonian legionary in later times wore one greave, and that on his ritjht leg. Cf. passage quoted from Polybius (<;) under Armour. W. …
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Alexander and his successors invited the .lews to join in this work of colonization, and they re- sponde<l freely. In Egypt, indeed, there were already Jews sen-ing in the army of Psammiti- chus I. as early as B.C. 650 ; and under .lereniiah went many others. Hut of these wa.s left a mere remnant, when, on the occasion…
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In Ac 2* we read that on the day of Pentecost there were present in Jerus. Jews not merely from Parthia, Media, Elam, and Mesopotamia, but from Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia, Phrygia, I'ain[jliylia, Egypt, Libya about Cvrene ; also sojourners from Home, Cretans, and Arabians. Not all of these would speak Gr., but many the v…
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The crushing reverses which the Jews ex- perienced at the hands of the Rom. power from 70 till 150 A.D., first in Judaea and later in Cyprus, Alexandria, Cyrene, and elsewhere, drove tlie race in upon itself and soon established a prejudice against any Jewish books not wTitten in Hebrew A little before A.D. 70, when th…
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As a simple formula of salutation xafptiK occurs but thrice in NT, Ac 15=" AV ' The apostles and elders and brethren icnc/ greeting unto the brethren which are of the Gentiles,' RV omits ' send ' ; 23^ AV ' Claudias Lysias >mto the most excellent governor Felix sendeth greeting,' RV omits 'sendeth' ; Ja 1' AV 'James ..…
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* Even so my limbs, Weakened with grief, being now enrag'tl with grief, Are tiirice themselves. Hence, therefore, thou nice crutch I' 3. In one of the passages referred to above, Pr 17'-^, the word has evidently an active mean- ing, though the Hebrew is oy? kdas, which ex- presses usually' the/ee/injr of vexation: 'A …
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GRIEF GROSS 'The wicked shall see it ami be grieved' (oi:?i, Oxf. LfX. ' be vexed or indignant,' as in Nell 3^, Ec 5'") ; Ac 4- 16'" (both oiajroKeu). For this meaning; of ' grieve ' cf. 2 S 3^ \\'yc. ' Thin houdis ben not boundun, and thi feet ben not greved with fettris ' ; Is 7'^ Cov. ' Is it not ynongh for you, t…
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J. Hastings. GRINDER.— The 'grinders' of Ee 12^ are the grimling women at tlie mill (see Mill). But in the margin of .loli 29" the ' grinders ' are the molar teeth. Cf. Holland, Plimj, xi. 37, 'The great grinders which stand beyond the eye-teeth, in no creature whatsoever do fall out of them- selves,' and Fuller, Wort…
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• The passasre is difficult Most of the Eng. VSS, lilie the LXX, paraphrase rather than translate. The rendering of AV, which is nearly that of Vulg. (' Et erit transitus virgffl fun- datus ') is barely intelligible, even after it is improved by Kay, * And every passing of the staff of sure foundation.' An easy emendat…
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In the same sense the subst. ' grudgine;' has been retained in AV in 1 P 4' ' Use hospitality one to another without grudjring' (TR ifcv yoyyvafi^f, eild. 70771^^05, Ilv 'without murmuring'). Cf. Ex 16' Wye. ' I have herd forsothe youre grucchyiige agens tlie Lord ; what forsoth ben we, tliat ye grucchen agens us?' (Ti…
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and Litcrece, 1238 — ' Their gentle sex to weep are often willing ; Grieving themselves to guess at others' smarta.* GUEST occurs three times in EV of OT, and in everj' instance it is the tr" of a Heb. term (C'x-;,j) which means simply 'called.' A similar term is used in Arabic. Ihus we have the 'guests' at Adonijah'…
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The Rabbinical conception of the separation between the two parts of Hades was a thin w- ,1, a mere hand- or nnger-breadtb (Weber, Lehre i/ts Talmud, 326£.). J. Hastings. GUN! ('jij).— 1. The eponym of a Naphtalite family, Gn 46«=1 Ch 7'» (cf. ^u 26" where the genlilic Gunites occurs). 2. A Gadite chief, 1 Ch 5'°. See…
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sections of Ills bnnk C-'O' -'s^- l» olc.i. •• )-npliriilhl. \S»V, ;.J) his god.' But the answer raises only a fresh difficulty in the prophet's mind ; as he contem- plates tlic Chalcheans, and thinks of their rapacity, their inhumanity, their savage and contem])tuous treatment of the nations falling into their hands…
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I)\ii: UK TilK Book. — It is clear from internal evidence that II. prophesied towards the beginning of the Chalda>an supremacy ; but the precise date of his propliecy is difficult to fix. It depends in fact, at least in part, upon the answer given to a difficult question connected with ch. 1, which must therefore be co…
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ClMTICAI, Ql'ESTIOXS CON-XECTED WITH THE Book. — Tho.se connected with ch. 1 have been sufficiently discussed above ; it remains to consider * See Davidson, p. 137 f , with the references. HABAKKUK HABAKKL'K 271 those arising in connexion with cli. 2 and cli. 3. As rcfiards cli. 2, Stade (ZATiV, 1884, p. 154 ff.) a…
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Tkaciiinc. <ik the B(h)k. — Theologically, the different point of view of H. as compared with Jeremiah is observable. Jeremiah is so deeply impressed by the spectacle of his people's sin. that he regards the ChaKUeans almost exclusively as the instruments of judgment ; their destruction is seen by him only in the dista…
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* A word expressinfr the idea of HtetulfatdneHft OTfaiVifaJneafi, mi{,'ht, no doubt, if jiinited to a relation towards a particular person, pass readily into that of Jtdelity, or lot/dltif, towards him ; and this, af^alh, might pass on into that of belief, or fnith, in him ; but there is no evidence that this Heb. word…
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HABAZZINIAH (n:;x3q). — The grandfather of Jaaz.aniah, one of the Kechabites who were put to tlie proof by the prophet Jeremiah (Jer 35'). HABERGEON (np-^ shirynh), Job 41».— Obsolete e.xpre.ssion (dim. of ' hauberk,' which is formed from Old Norse hnls neck, and berrjan to cover) for ' coat of 3iuil ' (skiryan). In E…
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4. Another king of Edom (1 Ch 1""), whose name is miswritten Hadar in Gn 36™. His capital city was Pau. See A HT 264. 5. A member of the royal honse of Edom (1 K Ijuir.) ,y|,(j escaped while 'yet a little child' from the massacre of his family by Joab after David's conquest of Edom. He was carried hrst to Paran and th…
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by Bp. Horsley, on the ground that ' in its primary and natural sense it si^nilies nothing more than the unseen and covered place ' (Sermons, ii. 20). But the English Kevisers, recognizing the difficulty of disconnectinij the word from its usual associa- tions, have disi)laccd ' hell ' bj' ' Hades ' in the NT. In the O…
1,016 wordsSECTION 387Section 387
The idea of llndcs and the e.\istence after lieath, however, did not continue to stand at tliis level. In ccjurse of time, by the experience of faith, the teaching of the prophets, and the operation of other influences which we less clearly understand, it changed in more tlian one direction. The pro- cess is seen in th…
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276 IIADID IIAGAB We gather, in the Becond place, that in all the NT passages (except Mt 11'^, Lk 10") Hades is associated with dcatli ; thiit it expresses the i;enoral conception of the invisible world or aliodo into which death usliers men ; and tliat it presents this habitation of the future, not as a tinal state…
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Sileser, though the fragments of them now known o not bear his name. The period is that in which the 'shepherds 'of Israel were Zechariah, Shailuin, Menahem, Pekahiah, Pekali, and Hoshea ; when the realm of Jeroboam II., including the peoples from the Mediter. to the Euphrates, was falling to pieces before the Assyrian…
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Nothing more is related of Iliigar until the 21st ehapter, where we are told of tlie birth of Isaac )vv '■'). On the occo-sion of the festival which was hi-ld perliaiis two or three years later (see Del Izsch and Dillmann, inlui-.], S.irali .saw Hagar'^<.son 'play- ing (p-jc, not 'mocking' or 'persecuting,' iis no ol'…
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ii. Sources of the Narratives. — The story of Hagar is to be found in two passages in Genesis, the one ch. 16, the other ch. 21*'-'. The former Sassa^e is almost entirely derived from J (the ahwist narrative), the only exceptions being vv.'*- '• "• ", which are from P (the Priestly Narra- tive, so also 25'^), and w.'-…
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One of the Jewish derivations of Hagar's name is based upon a play on the words tux k.t ' here is thy wage.' 'The Moslems naturally modify the biblical account in favour of their own nation ; they con- tend that Hagar was Abraham's lawful wife, and that Ishmael obtained, therefore, as his eldest son, the extensive tra…
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B. The Prophecies. — The prophecies of Haggai are arranged in four fjroups, each one headed by the date on which it was delivered. They cover a period of four months, from September to December of the year 520.t i. Fir.it prophecy : September ; I'"", Haggai comes forward on the 1st of the month, perliaiia because ther…
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J The parallel account in Ezr 312 refers to the sec&nd year of the Return. But as Ezr 38-13 was written long after the events recorded (see above), it is not impossible that the ' weeping of the old men ' re.ally belongs to thU occasion (so the contem- porary authorities. Hag 23, Zee 4^0), and has been transferred to t…
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I V.is the meaning is, ' Consider, from this day and onwards, nay, start from the da.v when the fotmdations were laid four months ago ; J"'s blessing will date from the time when the work began.' The date in v. 18 is awkward and unnecessary; perhaps inserted by a reader from v.io. S Some verb seems to have fallen out …
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Gn 40'«, Nu 26" P. Patronymic, Haggites, Nr 26". HAGGIAH (n;;n 'feast of J"').— A Levite, de- scended from Merari, 1 Ch 6"°. See tiKNEALOGY. HAGGITES.— See Hagoi. HAGGITH (nvn ' festal ').— One of David's wives, known to us onlj' as the mother of Adonijah, David's fourth son, whom she bare to him at Hebron, i.e. bef…
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• Did they not sometime cry "all hail" to me? So Judas did to Christ." And in Macbeth, I. v. 6, he turns ' all hail ' into a verb, ' Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-hailed me, "Thane of Cawdor.'" Hail ! is found in the Gospels only, and always as tr. of Xa'ipe (the impera…
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HAIR HAIR 283 diameter, and ancitliur was measured in Koss-shire in Aug. 1849 wliioli was 20 feet in ciicuiuference. Such stones do iniiiiense damage. In the Indian Bnd Colonial Exhibition there was a corrugated iron roof e.xhibited which was pierced in several places by hailstones, and a similar occurrence is repor…
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Of the terms used for dressing the hair, and the fashions of wearing it among the Hebrews, we may note the following: — niEsSna, LXX aeipal (Jg lgi3. i»)_ pf Samson's ' seven locks,' which probably resembled the long ' plaits ' alt'ected now by the young Arab warriors. Jezebel ' tired her hejid,' ::::'ni. (2 K 9'°), wh…
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Herodotus mentions the Egyptian custom of dedicating the weight in silver of the hair taken from a child's head (ii. 65). A similar custom among the Arabs is traced to the example of F.lfima. Absalom's abundant tre.sses, cut, col- lected, and weighed ' at every year's end,' the sacred season of pilgrimage, may suggest …
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Goats' hair (o'ly) is named among acceptable ofl'erings for the sanctuary (Ex 25'' 35") ; it was not use<l for the interior worlc, but only for the outer covering of the tabernacle (Ex 26' 30'^). The preparation of the cloth reiiuired special skill and dexterity (Ex 35-"). Work of "oats' hair is directed to be purihed …
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W. .Max MOller. HALAK (pl'nn vn, "AXd* A, 'AxA B), or 'the Binocith mountain," Jos II" 12' (only). — Thia emiiunce has not been identified, but its approxi- mate locality is indicated by the words ' that gocth up to Scir': and it formed the southern 28e HALK HALICARXASSUS limit of Joshua's conquests. We may infer, …
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Halicarnassus was one of the states to which the Roman Senate sent letters in favour of the Jews in B.C. 139, 1 Mac lo'" (see Cauia). It must therefore have been a free and self-governing city at that time. The decree of the city p.assed in the 1st cent. B.C., granting to the Jews religious liberty and the right to bui…
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books. But we see very little evidence in tha Psalter ot arrangement according to subject. It seems, therefore, more probable that they were taken as tliey stand iroiii some previous collection or collections in which all the psalms were so marked ; just as in a modern liymnary all the hymns taken from Hymns Ancient an…
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'I'lie words of Mt 6', Lk II' are as old as Wye. ' halowid be thi name,' and are found in all the versions except the Rhemish (1582), which has 'sanctified be thy name ' ; but the mod. editions of Rhem. (as 1898) nave changed to ' hallowed be thy name.' J. Hastings. HALT.— 1. To be lame, to litnp: Gn 32^> 'He hailed u…
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3. The same ethnologist who made Noali tha second founder of the human race had to iiviJe the nations of the earth among his sons ; the names Shem and Japheth being unknown except in this tradition, could be employed without diffi- culty ; but the name ' Canaan ' had very distinct HA.M HAMATH 28S Import, and yet wa…
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HAMAN (pri, 'Aadv), the son of Hammedatha, appears in the Bk of Est as the enemy of the Jews, and the chief minister of Ahasuerus. He is described as the .\gagite (Est .3'- '" etc.). but in the LXX as a Bugean (liauyaTot, 3' 12*), or a Macedonian (92-1 igio) 'I'lig Heb. term we should probably understand of a descent f…
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' Hamath-stoncs' (so-called Hittite inscriptions in relief on black close-"rained ba.salt) ; and the enormous water - wheels, used for bringing the waters of the Orontes to the houses and gardens situated on the hill above the river. He lioes not, liowever, mention the catacombs, said to have ex- isted high up on the r…
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Ditlerent h.indicrafts require hammers of dilierent shapes and weights, and, in Syria, each kind has a ilistinctive name. The hammers used in carpentry and smith work are much the same as those used in the same occupations in Knrope. lint in masonry the variety of hammers is great. In the i|uarry the rock is split by a…
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HAMON-GOG (I'a jton 'Gog's multitude,' LXX t» ToXiidi'5/)io>' ToC Viiy). — The name to be riven to the valley (outside the Holy Land) where Gog and all his multitude are to be buried (Ezk 39"- '»). This valley, according to the MT, was the 'Valley of the Travellers ' (onavri), a designation which is not found elsewhere…
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327. 8. HANAN (ijn, 'Avdi-).— 1. One of the Levites who assisted Ezra in reading and explaining the Law to the people (Neh 8'). He is probably the same as the Levite Hanan who signed the covenant (Neh HA^IANEL HAND 293 lC[Hob."]), as several of the Levit. names in tliU passage are found also in 8'. The name is wan…
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HANANIAH (.^.•^3n, 'A^oi'id, '\yarlat, 'J" has been gracious'). — 1. One of the guild of perfumers (AV apothecaries) who in the days of Neh. repaired a portion of the wall of Jerus., near the ' broad wall ' (Nell 3'). He is perhaps the same as H. the son of Shelemiah, who is mentioned as repairing another portion of th…
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1. Tlie hand is a ligure for the action, influence, ox power of God or man ; Jg l** ' the hantl of tlie house of Joseph prevailed ' ; I S 22" ' I'uru, and slay the prie.sts or the Lord ; becau-se their hand also is with David ' ; 2 K 3" ' And it came to pass, a.s the minstrel played, that the hand of the Loku came upon…
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1. At hand. To be at hand is to be near, whether of time or of place. When the ref. is to an event, as ' the day of the Lord ' (Is 13«, Jl 1", Zeph 1'), there is no ambiguity ; but when a person is re- ferred to, it is sometimes a question whether place or time is spoken of. In OT ' at hand ' is the tr. of a-!5 to be …
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4. Uij the luind of- ' by,' or ' by means of ' : E.\ 4" ' And he said, O my Lord, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send (1:2) ; Lv 8^" 'So Aaron and his sons did all things which the Lord commanded by the hand of Mo.ses.' 5. Bi/ strength of hand : \i\ 13'"'"', as 13" 'By strength of hand the Lord b…
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12. On this, that hand. The phrase 'on this (that, etc.) hand ' for ' on this side ' is now biblical and archaic. Wright {JSible Word-Bool:-, 303) quotes Holland, Plinrj, xxxvi. 5 (ed. 1637), 'The licrie goddesse Vesta, sitting in a chaire, accom- panied with two hand-maidens set upon the ground of each hand of her.' S…
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Religion had also its use for these phrases. To turn from the law of God neither to the right hand nor the left is a frequent scriptural expres- sion for loyalty to the divine King. To sit down at His right hand was the glory reserved for the exalted Son (Ps 110>, Mk W). 2. As used to work with or to fight with, th* h…
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handled so roughly. 7 Uastinqs. HANDSOMELY.— In Wis 13" the adv. tinrprrdt Ib translalcd in AV ' handsomely,' which seems a very appropriate translation. The Hishops' Bible has ' comely' (as adv.), nnil KV ' in comely form.' But it is verj' doubtful if that can be the meaning of ' handsomely' in AV. Coming from ' ha…
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1. .i>- (in 2 S 21>- [Kcre), Dt 28««, Hos II' (?) n^t), ' to hang up' anything, e.g. the earth .lob 26', the shields on the tower of f)avid Ca 4'', the harps of the exiles in Babylon Ps 137- ; cspc'ciallj' of the hanging up of a dead body, in Gn 40''-'- --41" of the chief baker, who was probably first beheaded and then…
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4. l"pii, Hiph. of yp; which in Qal means 'to be dislocated' (Gn 32-^ of Jacob's thigh) or fig. 'to be alienated ' (joined with i:'r: and followed by [D or ^I'O Jer 6«, Kzk 23"- '«), is' u.sed in2S21«-»of the 'hanging up' of Saul's sons by the Gibeonites (cf. v.'^ Hoph. ptcp. D'iP'oc). Its only other occurrence is Nu 2…
974 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.