PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 601
The inner courts are often planted with fine trees, and the interior walls, verandahs, and stair- case clothed with vines and creepers. Ewald {Geschichtc'', iii. 451, 602) suggests that the 'armOn, ' keep,' of a palace was the harem or women's apartment, the most securely guarded portion of Eastern houses ; but Geseni…
924 wordsSECTION 602Section 602
The word 'closet' occurs only once in the OT (Jl 2'"), where it is u.scd for the nuptial ttnt (see Driver, ad loc.), as is the word ' chamber ' in Ps IK*. It is used twice in NT, where it represents r^fuior. 434 HOUSE HOUSE • storehouse' or 'closet' (Mt 6«, Lk 12*). The word ' parlour ' is used only three times. In…
924 wordsSECTION 603Section 603
Bar (015). — (1) A cross-beam, a bar which was passed from one side to the other through the rings of the several boards of the holy tabernacle, wliich were thus held together (Ex 2G-«'- 35" 30'"-, Nu 3^ 4^'). (2) A bolt or bar for shutting a door of a gate or house. The bar was used principally at night time (Neh 7',…
932 wordsSECTION 604Section 604
The lock or bolt for magazines, houses, and garden gates is made of wood and hollowed out, about 2 ft. long for a gate and 6 to 9 in. long for a chamber door. It slides through a groove in a piece of wood attached to the door, and shoots into a socket in the doorpost or sill. When the bolt is shot, some pins in the gro…
951 wordsSECTION 605Section 605
The discoveries at Pompeii prove that gloss was used for windows under the early emperors, as class windows have been found in several of the nou.'ies ; gliu*s may therefore have been in use in Palestine in the houses of the wealthy at nn rai liir date. Pliny (r. 70 A.D., US xxxvi. 45) states that windows were made of …
1,100 wordsSECTION 606Section 606
HUKKOK (pi3n). — A place near Tabor on the west of Naphtali, Jos 11»^. It is the present village y^ih'ik (but see Dillm. Josun, ad luc), near the edge of the plateau to the N.W. of the be.-v ot Galilee, between Tabor and Ilannathon, marking the border of Zebulun and Naplitali, Jos 19". LlTERATCRR.— .^irp vol. i. sh. …
943 wordsSECTION 607Section 607
(1) Humility towards God is ba.sed on truth. It U the simple recognition of facts as they really are — see Ko 12*. No man can dare to boast before God (Ps 143', 1 Co 1-^), and whatever of merit or Bucceaa he has he owes to God's bounty (1 Co 4'). Hence walking humbly with God is put by Micah (6'') as a climax after doi…
916 wordsSECTION 608Section 608
Moreover, in historic times, liunting was neither a conmion nor a favourite occupation in Israel. The account of Jacob and Esau shows that the Israelites were not addicted to hunting. Other references to hunting are general and casual ; no actual hunt is ever mentioned. The references to lions, leopards, bears, etc. et…
913 wordsSECTION 609Section 609
J. V. Stennino. HURAI.— See HiDDAI. HURAM (m.m).— 1. A Benjamite (1 Ch 8"). See Genealogy. 2. 3. See Hikam. HURI (nm). alogy. -A Gadite, 1 Ch 5'*. See Gene- HDSBANDRY The ' husband ' is originally the ' master of the house ' (Icel. hiis, a ' house,' and buandi, ' inhabiting '), but the word is used in AV only in t…
936 wordsSECTION 610Section 610
TIIK CAROB TRKU, cbratonta siliqua, l. (On the left side is a hedge of Indian Fig, the plant on which the Cochineal grows.) case, enclosing a sweet pulpy substance, in which the seeds are embedded. This pulp is edible and nutritious, and often eaten by the poorer people. The pods are ground and boiled, in order to ex…
1,040 wordsSECTION 611Section 611
This error is described generally as ' saying that the resuneetion is i)ast already,' and in the absence of further particulars it is impossible to determine the full extent of the heresy. But it seems most probable that H. liad yielde'd to what we know to Lave been a very prevalent Gnostic tendency, springing from an …
1,007 wordsSECTION 612Section 612
The fresh utterances of Christian inspiration often fell into an exalted and poetic form of ex- pression which make it ditlicult to draw the line between prose and poetry. Thus the enthusiastic acclamation of the crowd (Mt 21" = Mk 11", Lk 19"), the thanksgiving of the Church on the release of the apostles (.\c 4^'°), …
976 wordsSECTION 613Section 613
Hy|iocril«s are compared to ' wliited sepulchres, outwardly beautiful, but full of unclcanncss' (.Mt 23-'') ; to ' the tombs which appear not,' and which defile all who come in contact with them, without their being aware of them (Lk 11") ; and to leaven (Lk 12'). And hypocri.sy is condemned, not merely OS a gross form…
1,046 wordsSECTION 614Section 614
This species suits well ' the hyssop that springeth out of the wall' (1 K 4^). It grows in clefts of rocks, in chinks of old walls, and on the terrace walls throughout the land. "Thus it will be seen that it suits perfectly all the requirements of OT as well as of NT. Thymbra spicatn, L., has been suggested, but it is …
906 wordsSECTION 615Section 615
IBPI (13V).— A Merarite Levite, 1 Ch 24". See Genealogy. IBSAM (ni^r, AV Jibsam). — A descendant of Issnihar, 1 Ch V. See GENEALOGY. IBZAN (i»?K, meaning doubtful, of. v?k a town in l.s.sachar, Jos 19'^, '.V/Jtcrirdi'), one of the Minor Judges, following Jephthnli, Jg l-i*-'". He came from Bethlehem, probably the Bet…
1,121 wordsSECTION 616Section 616
Iconium, like most of Asia Minor, was several times overrun by the Saracens, but its fate is hardly alluded to by historians. It shared in the recovered prosperity of the reviving Byzantine empire, till it was overrun by the Seljuk Turks in 1070, and passed by treaty into their hands, prob- ably in 1072. Though John an…
912 wordsSECTION 617Section 617
W. M. Kamsav. IDALAH (n^K'!:). — A town of Zebulun, named between Shimron and Bethlehem (Jos 19"). The aite is uncertain. IDBASH (tf^n;).— One of the sons (ace. to LXX) of Etam, 1 Ch 4». The MT is undoubtedly cor- rupt. See Genealogy. IDDO. — 1. Wk (? -ntt • strength ') Ezr 8" ' The chief, at the place Casiphia,' who…
1,378 wordsSECTION 618Section 618
44G IDOLATRY IDOLATRY with their concerns, and to which they can draw near in some spot or object in wliich these are housed — as the well, the tree, the sacrc<l stone (so Kayser, Tkeulogie dcs AT, p. 2111'.). From poly- theism it is distinguished by the fact that tlie spirits have not j'et attained to a clear-cut i…
1,175 wordsSECTION 619Section 619
The main sources for our knowled^^e of Iie.ithenism in this period are the writings of the 8th cent, prophets. Their testi- nionj- is. however, somewhat obscure, owirij^ to tlie dilticulty of distinjruishing between the def^aded worsliip of J" and the rites of heathenism proper. It appears that J" could be worshipped i…
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The purification came in the discipline of the Exile. Surrounded liy the emblems of foreign idolatry, the exiles became deeply con.scious of tlie grandeur aod truth of the spiritual religion taught by their prophets ; and although we know that a large number remained in Babylon, of whom many would become merged in the…
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On two general features of the OT idolatry as exhibited by the sacred writers a remark may be made. The first feature is the astonishing strength of its fascinations. The perverse obstinacy of the chosen people in opposition to the logic of con- science, liistory, and heaven, can only be explained on the assumption tha…
994 wordsSECTION 622Section 622
LlTBHATmB.— The OT idolatry is naturally one of the capital topics in the histories o( Israel and in the monographs on the Biblical Theology ot the OT. For the presentation of the subject from the purely evolutionist point of view, see Well- haiisen, Itr. u. jud. GemMchte ; Stade. Gelchichte des Volkea Israel : for a m…
1,072 wordsSECTION 623Section 623
The verb dTTOfri' is used in He 5', and the subst. iyvoTi/iaTci in He 9', to describe sin in the character of 'sin of ignorance.' For the OT conception see Nu 15, Lv 4. The main idea is that ot un- witting error or inadvertence. For such sins a sacrifice was provided, more serious in proportion to the culpability of th…
1,024 wordsSECTION 624Section 624
deformity alone is no more argument to make her a Witch, then handsomenesse had been evidence to prove her an Harlot.' J. HASTINGS. ILLUMINATE, ILLUMINATION.— Milton uses the verb to illuminate (' give light to,' 'enlighten') literally in PL vii. 350— * And made the stare. And set them in tlie limianient of heaven. T…
900 wordsSECTION 625Section 625
In Ro 15'" St. Paul says he has preached the go.spel 'even unto Illyricum.' He is here stating the exterior limit up to which his work had ex- tended ; and there is no reason to understand (contrary to Ac) that he had actually preached in Illyricum. The doubt whether an exterior or a contained limit is meant in geograp…
926 wordsSECTION 626Section 626
12. [7'C^] from same root, only in plu. 0^^^^!) p^llm, is also translated by RV 'graven images* in all Its occurrences (Dt 75. a 123. 2 K 17*1, 2 Ch a.fis. 22 343. *.7, Pb 783s, is loio 210 3u-3 i-i\ Jcr 815 603S 61*?-'2, Uos 112, Mic 17 613), e.\cept Jg SC' 20 where both versions have ' quarries ' in text, with ' gra…
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This grand assertion is the distinctive feature of the Bible doctrine concerning man. It distin- guishes the revealed teaching about him from all ethnic or naturalistic Wews, and is the real foundation of all our ideas about the dignity of man. Although thus definite and significant, however, the phrase is not explicit…
994 wordsSECTION 628Section 628
IMAGE IMAGINE, IMAGINATION 453 is the prominent and prevailing sense of the rhristian dootrine that Christ is tlie Kevelation or Image of God. Tliis is the central teaching of the Incarnation. But in the few places wliere the word ' image ' or its equivalents is used in this conne.iion by the writers of the NT Epistl…
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On the other hand, when the new creation of man is referred to, the NT is exidicit in a.sserting that Christ is the prototype of the redeemed or renewed humanity. The 'divine image' is re- stored in those who are predestinate to be ' con- formed to the image of his Son.' We are ' renewed in the spirit of our mind ' onl…
1,138 wordsSECTION 630Section 630
would exemplify the prediction, calling their chil- dren Immanuel. But perhap.s the 'almah become! definite to the prophets mind just from the cir- cumstances connected with her and the part sh« performs (2S 17"). There is nothin}; in the pas- sage to suggest that the 'almah is ot mean birth or estate ; but the general…
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3. It is therefore probable that the sign is of larger significance. Several things must be taken into account. First, that which others would call a national crisis, the prophets, and particularly Isaiah, consider a religious crisis. His statement to Aliaz, 'if ye do not believe ye shall not be established' (v.*), is …
1,123 wordsSECTION 632Section 632
• This reading of v.*« was suggested In Erpot. Time*, 16W. "The same idea has occurred to others, e.a. Buld. Jfsaiti ovfrtai og fortolkfl, Kjob. ISM; Kitt«l, ' Jesaja' '£x>v. Uatuti).'). htip. i56 IMMER IMPOTENT ing, and who was ' called ' Immanuel because he wiis Iimnanuel. If liiiiimnuel bo an individual person …
996 wordsSECTION 633Section 633
IMPORTUNITY occurs only in tlie Parable of the Loaves, Lk 11* ' because of his importunity he will rise and give him as many as he necdetli.' The word means radically 'ditficultj' of access' (from portus, a harbour) ; but the Lat. adj means 'unsuitable,' 'troublesome,' 'rude' ; and tliesubsi. importunitas, 'unfitness,'…
921 wordsSECTION 634Section 634
• Who meets us here? my niece Plantnecnet, Led in the hand of her kind aunt of Uloucetiter.* 3. The Gr. prep, th, which erpresses movement and cqfresponils with mod. Kng. ' into ' or ' unto,' is often translated 'in' (Chii>p(.rton in PnvicAcr'i Slnr/nzine, viii. 4'.)9, says 'one hunilred and thirty- one times'). In th…
905 wordsSECTION 635Section 635
Christ. (6) Tradition oa to historic events of Christ's life, and acceptance of His Messianic olaim presupposed by the apostolic writers. 111. Scriptural doctrine of the purpose and remilta of the In- carnation. L Cosmic significance of the Incarnation. 2. A crowninjj disclosure of God. 8. For the restoration of man. …
1,248 wordsSECTION 636Section 636
IXCARNATIOX, TIIK IXCAKXATION, THE 459 which tlie career and work of Moses had suggested. For it is noticeable, in regard to tlie Messianic liope in its earlier stages, tliat tlie actual history of lar. itself gives birth to Messianic conceptions, e.g. the Exodus from Egypt helped to gi%e form and colour to the nati…
1,194 wordsSECTION 637Section 637
Thus the humanity of Jesus Christ was real and complete. Ho was made like His brethren in all things (cf. He 2") ; ' in all points tempteil like as we are, yet without sin ' (ih. 4''). On the other hand, there is nothing in Scripture to support the idea that Christ's humanity was liucclir or unreal, or that He failed t…
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• Cf. Sanday-Headlam on Romantty ad toe t Gore, DU&ertatioiuf, n. G6. i Tht Jeutith and the Christian ileuiak, p. S7« t. for belief in this, as in all the other miraculous occur- rences recorded in the Gospel, is faith in the highei nature of .le.sus Christ. What Augustine says of the Gospel miracles strictly ajipli…
1,051 wordsSECTION 639Section 639
B. Besides giving ample eWdence of their belief in the real manhood of the historical person Jesus Christ, NT -writers endeavour in dillerent ways to express their sense of something transcendent and superhuman in His personality. There is no question, it may be observed, in regard to the actual belief of the apostles …
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462 INCARNATION, Till-: INCARNATION, THE fe this fact, the real occurrence of whicli alone ex- plains their spiritual transformation and the steil- lastness of their belief in face of hostile opinion. The apostles seem to have recognized, some more quickly than others, but all sooner or later, that the resurrection…
1,107 wordsSECTION 641Section 641
On the whole, it may be taken for granted that St. Peter's sermons in Ac, together with his 1st Ep. and the Epp. of St. James and St. Jude, present us with the general conception of Christ current in the earliest apostolic age. By the first Christians Christ was regarded as the promised Messias, whose mission had been …
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* See Sjuiday-lleiullam on Ro \*. t See the caruful notp on thia pamaf^e In Sandav-IIojulIain, Romam, pp. 233 2.f8. Tliev o/loiit tbia rendcrini; 'with aoiuo •llKht, but only slieht. h.sitillon.' t ' Tht IjonI it Ihf .V;<in(." ..." It U with this most orlirinal ooaception of the divine essence of Jesus Christ tlikt w…
1,091 wordsSECTION 643Section 643
3I8. 16. 86 gJ4 g-40. 47 20^1). In Eph, one very prominent thought is that of the e.xtension of the life of the incarnate Redeemer, risen and glorified, in the Church. The Church is His body, the complement or fulness of His being (Eph r-^) ; Christ is her Head, infusing into her the grace and virtue of His humanity (…
1,087 wordsSECTION 644Section 644
" CI. Lightfoot, Biblical Euayt, pp. 145-158. t Cf. Domer, Person of Chritt, Div. L voL L p. 4. IXCAKXATIOX, TUE IXCAKXATION, THE ■1G5 tlie birth of a uninue man, but as a iiionientous event in the eternal life of God : a nmnilVslation, a fortlicornin^', a mission, a redemjitive movement, a visitation, a great desc…
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2. At least we know that the I. is a crowning disclosure of God. He who had revealed something of His nature. His ' power and Godhead,' in the works of creation (Ro 1™) ; who had spoken to man in divers ways, through the warnings of conscience, through visions, dreams, and oracles ; who had manifested His purposes in j…
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Sartakers of His life, to enable them for the life of iNine service and sonship, to conform them to the likeness of Himself, and raise them into the glory of the risen life (Ro S**'-, Gal 2=» etc., Jn 6"'). These three aspects of the work accomplished by the incarnate Son of God may be otherwise dis- tinguished, accord…
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INCENSE INCENSE 467 Thuu the I., properly understood, is a key to the history of the universe. All history, it lias heen said, is summed up in the three sentences, He is caminfr. He h'ts rome. He mil come again (cf. Rev 22'") ; and certainly tliis is the fundamental teach- ing of Scripture. If the OT foresees (Gal 3…
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From all this it may perhaps be inferred that the use of incense was introduced not long before the time of Jeremiah (in G* it is referred to as rare, costly, unnecessary). It may have been connected with the gradual refinement of the cultus, the ex- tension of commerce, and the contagion of the rites of heathen religi…
1,020 wordsSECTION 649Section 649
On the symbolical meanini; of incense and its ingredients much has been written both in ancient and in modern times that is pure baseless phantasy. In Bev 5' incense represents the prayers of the saints (cf. Ps 14P). The reading at (which is the correct text) does not in the least necessitate a reference to <pia.\ai. i…
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But althou'jh the name I. occurs only in the later Jewish literature, the products of the country were known to the Hebrews at a much earlier date. Many modern scholars have identified the Pison and the gold-producing Havilah of On 2" with the Indus and I. (so Ges. Th(s. ; but cf. Dillm. and Del. ad loc. ). This view i…
959 wordsSECTION 651Section 651
The subst. indifferency is also found in the Pr. Bk. of 1604, in the King's Proclamation for the Uniformity, etc., 'the inditlerency and upright- ness of our .Judgment.' Cf. Knox, Works, iii. 271, ' I knowledge and confcsse . . . the lacke of fer- vencye in reproving synne, the lacke of indillcr- ency in feedyng those …
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So ' infidelity ' was once no more than ' un- belief,' as the marg. note to Lv 7° in Matthew's Bible, 'Trespace after the order of the scrypture signifyeth somtyme all the lyffe past which we have lyved in infidelyte, being ignoraunt of the veritie, not only in doyng open synnes, but also when we have walked in oure aw…
1,268 wordsSECTION 653Section 653
Thus far the land as such, and as the scene of God's fellowship with His people, constitutes the 'inheritance,' which may be regarded as pertaining either, ultimately and absolutely, to Him, or, derivatively and conditionally, to them. So con- crete an idea, however, determined thus religiously, could scarcely fail in …
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INHERITANCE INHERITANCE as it appears to the writer that tin- 'people of God' ha3 now lirst, througli Chiist's (lualli ami resurrection, been truly constituted (2^"'"), so also he represents their ' inheritance ' as now at length fully discovered and secured (!'■'). It has been suggested (by Weiss, AT Theolorjie, § 5…
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In the usage of St. Paul, again, the ' inheritance ' often signifies the object of believing hope generally (Ac 20^- 26'8, Eph !"• ", Col 1" S*"). Also, believers are said to be heirs of 'eternal life' (Tit 3'), or, more frequently, of ' the kingdom ' (1 Co 6'- '" 15*', Eph 5'), Doth expres.sions being employed in the …
931 wordsSECTION 656Section 656
' Injurioua duke, that threateat whore's no cause and Pope, Iliad, iL 274 — "Thus with inJuriouB taunta attacked the throne. The adv. was used in the same sense, as Hall, Works, iii. 9G6, ' Humane reason is apt to be in- juriously saucy, in ascribing those things to an ordinarj' course of natural causes, which the G…
844 wordsSECTION 657Section 657
Kahab, described in Jos 2' as njii rtfx, is said (but see Dillm. ad loc. ) by the Chaldee paraphrase to have been an ' innkeeper.' (See also Jos. Ant. v. i. 2). The instance given in Jebamoth xvi. 7, where the innkeeper's word is not relied on without material corroboration, cannot be quoted as showin;,' that she was r…
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The ordinary khan was, however, a hollow square, open above, with arches round one or more of the sides within, and over these a series of rooms, approached by a stone stair. Tlie rooms are for travellers ; miileteers, animals, and baggage share the space and arches below. In the opinion of the present writer, this nms…
943 wordsSECTION 659Section 659
J. Laidlaw. INORDINATE. — ' Inordinate love' is the clumsy tr" in Ezk '23" of ^jyj^, a word which occurs only there, and means 'lust' (UV 'doting'); and 'in- ordinate allection ' in Col 3° of Tdtfos ( RV ' ims^ion '). The former tr» comes from Cov. (Wye. 'lecherie') and the latter from the Bishops' Bible (Wye. 'lecche…
1,041 wordsSECTION 660Section 660
INSTANT. — Instant {in-stare, stand upon, press upon) is used in AV in the sense of the present immediate time, as Is 29' ' it shall be at an instant suddenly ' ; and as an adj. in the sense of ' press- ing,' ' urgent ' : so Lk 23^ ' And they were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified ' ({iriKe…
1,029 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.