PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 781
Tindale in Prol. to Leviticus says, ' They tliat be dead, yf they dyed in the faitli which that sacra- ment preacheth, they be sall'e and are past all jeoparuye,' where tiie word has assumed its modem spelling. The verb occurs often in Tindale and other writers of that time, as Kno.x, Jf'orUs, iii. 213, ' Why will ye j…
1,050 wordsSECTION 782Section 782
A brief description of the defeat of the Ammon- ites is all that is given (v.*"-). The course of the battle cannot be determined exactly, but it prob- ably went in a direction E. of Kahliah (see Jos 13* Aroer), into the territory of the Ammonites.il Jephtliah returns in triumph to his home at Mizpah ; the first person …
962 wordsSECTION 783Section 783
I In iza* a verb must be supplied after jtej; 'jni, LXX (A)iT.n,. i«wr M4, v<. '^13i' 'afflicted me.' In v.* the sentence from 11-N '3 ' because they said ' to the end does not make sense. The words, ' because they s,iid, Te are fugitives of Ephraim.' must come from v.6 ; the rest of the sentence is a gloss. The entire…
1,166 wordsSECTION 784Section 784
JEREMIAH THE Prophet.— L The Lite ot the Pro|ihet. IL The Uookof Jereiiniih. (1) Prophecies under Joslab ; (2) under Jeholaklm ; (3) under Zei]ekiah. UL, The Hebrew and (ireek TexU. (1) Relative value o( the two text«. (2) OiigliUkl pUcc ot chs. 46 IT. Iv. Redaction ot the Book. T. Literary Style. tL Religious IdL-o…
954 wordsSECTION 785Section 785
570 J£11EML\.H JEREMIAH The words, ' See, I have set thee over the nations,' indicate a change of >-iew from that of the earlier prophets, though Jeremiah waa perhaps not con- scious of the change (28'"). Israel is no more to be a people that dwells aloue (Xu 23'), the stream of its history is to llow into and colou…
1,247 wordsSECTION 786Section 786
Thirteen years after his reform Josiah ventured to oppose Necho the king of Egypt, and fell at Megiddo. His servants carried his body in a chariot to Jerusalem, where he was buried, and the people of the land raised his son Jehoahaz to the throne. The prince, induced or compelled to repair to Necho's headquarters at Ri…
1,364 wordsSECTION 787Section 787
Like many of the world's greatest children, Jeremiah was little esteemed in his life, but when dead his spirit breathed out ui>on men, and they felt its beauty and greatness. Tlie oppressed iicople saw for ages in his suflcrings a ty|>e of itself, and drew from his constancy courage to endure and bo true. Imagery from …
1,160 wordsSECTION 788Section 788
1. The reign of Josiah.— To Josiah'a reign belomr chs. 1-/J, mainly to the time before his Reform. The date !» belongB to ch. 1 ; 13 is a later insertion, meant protjahly to apply to the whole book (2 K 25'*). Ctl8. 2-ti are a compend" of many" oracles, but may be considered as two discourses, 2M-* and 45-0^", the firs…
1,278 wordsSECTION 789Section 789
3. Heign o/ ZedeJdah (597-680).— <1.) To the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah belongs ch. 24, the vision of tlie two baskets of figs, the pood representing the exiles of 597, the bad the fieoplo left at home. (2.) Chs. 21-23 contain a collection of ragments belonging to very different dates on the leading cIaj*!(C8 …
1,303 wordsSECTION 790Section 790
?enuine, would be after Carchemish; whether any parts ol hem stood in Baruch's roll cannot be asiHrtaineii. 'The pro- phecy on Klam is ossigne*! to the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah (41>W). (3) On the original place of chs. 4G-4l> in the hook see next section (iii). (>.) F'inally. ch. 02 Is a historical extract, i…
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(2) Original place of chs. 46 ft. — It is quite evident that prophecies of the compass of chs. 46-49 as they now exist could not have l)een con- tained in Haruch's roll. If only a genuine nucleus of them existed they might have followed ch. 25 in its original form and position, though the am[ditication of them would be…
1,219 wordsSECTION 792Section 792
(2) The second stage was the actual redaction of the book. At some time, po.ssibly not a great many j'ears after the prophet's death, some person or persons undertook' the work of gathering together all the fragments of his oracles and furnishing as complete a biography of him a-s possible. The biographical interest wa…
920 wordsSECTION 793Section 793
B76 JEREMIAH JEREMIAH can be formed are the chapters dictated to Bamch, chs. 1-17, and any other passages which appear to come directly from Jeremiah's own hand. Even the dictated passapes are mere outlines and skeletons ; the prophet's object was to preserve and present to otliors the matter, tlie relifjious conten…
1,032 wordsSECTION 794Section 794
vi. Some Religious Ideas.— The Book of Jer does not so much teach reli<jious truths as present a religious ]iersoiia1ity. I'ropliecy had already taught its truths, its last efi'ort was to reveal itself in a life. But though the trutlis in Jeremiah are old, they all appear in him with an impress of personality whicli gi…
1,199 wordsSECTION 795Section 795
VOL. II. — 11 any hide himself in .secret places that I shall not see him '! ' (23^- ^). Positively, Jeremiah expresses his idea of religion when he says, 'Blessed is the man that trusteth in the Lord, whose hope the Lord is' (17°*-). The principle of religion is faith. (3) The Future. — Jeremiah's first and continue…
1,219 wordsSECTION 796Section 796
LrrcEATTTij. — On the life of the prophet : Valeton, Vi^rtat Voorlf^ing^n ; Cheyne, Jer.^ Bis Life and Timet, 1888 ; Marti, D*r Proph. Jer. von Aruitot, 1889 ; Wellhausen, Isr, u. Jiid. Getch.* p. 141 a. ; Smend, lietiriionsqfsrh. 234 (T. ; Comill, Dcr I»r. Prophftismug ; Davidson, The Exile atid the RefttorntJou. Comm…
1,036 wordsSECTION 797Section 797
JEREMY, EPISTLE OF JERICHO i:9 Tlie statement that t}ie captivity should continue ' seven generations,' points away from Jereniiali towards one who deplored the long exile, and wished to believe it of divine appointment. We believe the Ep. to have been written before 2 Mac. We cannot think as do Fritzsche, Schiirer…
931 wordsSECTION 798Section 798
Literature. — Gifford in Sjteaker'g Apocr. vol. IL ; Bissell in L,ange*s series ; Zocklcr, Apokr. in Kg/. Kom. 1891 ; Ewald, Di€ jitngglen Prophrt'-u. 1S68; Fritzsche, Uandlntch z. d. Apokr. Ihol ; Keusch, Htklar. d. Buc/ts Baruch, 1S63 ; Reuss, AT, vol. vii. IHM. J. T. :MaR.SHALL. JERIAH The chief of one of the Levit…
998 wordsSECTION 799Section 799
Some of the MohammedanB of the country give a distorted account of the taking of J., confusing it with another eoene in Joshua's life. It is said that a great Imam tried to take the city, liut 80 difHcult was the task of demolishing the walls that the work was not completed when darkness compelled the besiegers to atop…
1,033 wordsSECTION 800Section 800
JERICHO JERICHO 58\ the plain {Ant. xvn. xiii. 1). In the time of JoBephus {]f'ars. III. iii. 5) Juda-a was divided into eleven parts, of which Jems, was the chief, and one of which was Jericho. When Vespasian approached J. the citizens fled to the mountains {Ivors, iv. viii. 2). He erected a citadel in the place, a…
946 wordsSECTION 801Section 801
(a.d. 1226) the finest sugar of the Ghflr was made at J. : polm trees and bananas abounded. Jaques de Vito' (cap. 63) also refers to the fields of sugar-cane. The ruins to the west of ' Ain es-Sultau, with the coonectjng aqueducts, appear to date from the Crusading period. The modem er-Riha is a miserable village, con…
966 wordsSECTION 802Section 802
JERIEL (^x-!; for 'jxn; ' founded of El,' cf. n.n;).— A chief of Issachar, 1 Ch V. See Genealogy. JERIJAH, 1 Ch 26".— See Jeriah. JERIMOTH (Pion;).— 1. 2. Two Benjamites, 1 Ch V V2K 3. 4. S. Three Levites, 1 Ch 24»> (called in 25" Jereraoth) 25^ 2 Ch 31i». 6. A son of David and father of Rehoboam'e wife, 2 Ch 11". Se…
976 wordsSECTION 803Section 803
• LXX. Swele's edition. f Note also that, in the Hebrew, Ahijah of the second prophecy 141-16 is clearly connected with Ahijah of the first proiihecy, while the Greek introduces him as a new person. LXX B ptacei this second prophecy in an impossible place, before the asseniblj at S'hechem, l-i*^". See, further, W. R. …
1,071 wordsSECTION 804Section 804
G. A. Cooke. JEROHAM ("T).— 1. The father of Elkanah and grandfather of Samuel, 1 S 1'. WhUe LXX A has 'Ifpod^, B h;us 'lE/3€/ifij\, i.e. Jerahmeel, and the latter may be correct (Driver, Text of Sam. p. 3). In the genealogy of Samuel as given bj' the Chronicler, while MT has uniformly cnr, the LXX has in 1 Ch (i-'' A …
962 wordsSECTION 805Section 805
u. Natural Site.— Jerus. stood on the site * Sayce's view ia controverted bv Zimmem (^«(scAr./. Assyr. 1891, p. 263) and Jastrow (Journ. Bib. Lit. xi. [1S92J, p. 105). occupied by the present town, though at it« greatest it extended farther to N. and S. The geogr. posi- tion (taken at the Dome of the present Cathedra…
920 wordsSECTION 806Section 806
By tlie light of such observations it is easy to recover the original features now obscured by the ruins. The eastern spur, on which the Temple stood, was flanked by t^ie Kidron on the E., and oy a narrow valley on the W., having its head near the present Damascus Gate. This ridge was artiticiallj' cut across, at an ea…
1,191 wordsSECTION 807Section 807
■ Thi> well ma raopencd in a.d. 1184 by the rnnkl, who calleti it ' Joob'e well ' (t.<. Eii-rogelX 586 JERUSALEM JERUSALEM Rom. period. Tbe rocky cliaiiiber and pa-ssage at the bottom extend 128 ft., but no ancient notice of this reservoir has been discovered with any certainty. 'J"be water supply, both here and at…
1,112 wordsSECTION 808Section 808
After the revolt of Israel from Rehoboam, Jerus. was attacked by Shishak, king of Egypt (about B.C. 935), when the gold shields made by Solomon fell a prey, with all the treasures of the Temple and of the Palace. We possess a monumental record in which Shishak (Sbeshonk) gives the names of 133 cities in Pal. subdued du…
1,004 wordsSECTION 809Section 809
The history of the ruined city remains a blank until Cyrus aro.se and wrested the enii)ire from NaboniJus, the last Babylonian king. 'J he Jews, like the I'liten., were content to remain subject to the tolerant Aryan race which ruled from India to Egypt. The Temple was refouuded at Jeru- salem (Ezr 3"), and was complet…
1,394 wordsSECTION 810Section 810
were burnt [Ant. XX. xi. 1 ; Wan, II. xvii. 6). Cestius Gallus, president of Syria, besieged Jerus, in consequence, and took the third wall on the N., but retreated in panic (]Vars, ii. xix. 1-9), and Vespasian was called to re-establish Rom. power in Palestine. The campaign w.as slow and system- atic, and not until al…
827 wordsSECTION 811Section 811
In order to understand the topography of Jems., and to di&* Ung^uitih iU lat«r remains, it U necessary briefly to follow the history from a.o. 70 down to the presentday. After the capture of tha upper city, the walls of tne city and of the Temple were thrown down, with the exception of the royal towere and part of the …
1,229 wordsSECTION 812Section 812
What is lacking is any evidence that the sites are genuine. The story of the finding of the Cross is Qrst told by Ruliaus in A.D. 410, and by Theodoret about a.d. 440. The 4th cent, was an uncritical age, and many of the sites shown to pilgrims were impos.sible— such as that of Kephidim in Moab (St. Sylvia), of Job's S…
1,023 wordsSECTION 813Section 813
The buildings so erected by the two great emperotB, Con- •tantine and Justinian evlTcred from the attack of Chosroes ii. of Persi«, who, aided by 24,000 Jews, is said (Pafc/ial Chron. A.D. 614) to have destroyed the Church of the Anastosis, taking the pjitriarch Zacharias and the Holy Cross to Persia. Immedi- ately aft…
1,324 wordsSECTION 814Section 814
The ni;iin building perio(.lsof Jeru?., after a.d. 70, have been described at some length, in order to explain the present con- ditions of Jerus. arcliajology, and to distinguish the works of later ages. In a.d. 1219 the city walls were dismantled by order of the Sultan of Damaacus, and ten years later Frederic ii., em…
908 wordsSECTION 815Section 815
called by David the foiv (<ppoijpiov), ' but by us the Upper Agora' (^7 ifu d7opd), and that the other hill, called Akra ("Aispa), supported the lower city (tt)!" «tdT(i) x6\tv) (l('«;vf, V. iv. I). From these passages it is clear that Jo.s. considered the city in David's time to have coincided with the ujiper and low…
957 wordsSECTION 816Section 816
• On the question of the nite of the ' city of [>ftvkl ' and of Zion, sec further art. Zion, when ft dilTerent view from ih* alwvs i< contended for ; uid c(. ut. Juvs, p. &M n * B'.)2 JERUSALEM JERUSALEM (Is 36') which, in Hezekiah's time, hod a conduit, and was situated near a 'highway.' It was here that tlie Assy…
1,120 wordsSECTION 817Section 817
The general topography of Jerus., before ita destruction by Nebuch., thus appears to be clear; but the site of the tombs of the kings is still controverted. Fifteen kings are said in the OT to have been buried in the ' city of David,' though Josephus only says 'in Jerusalem.' These were Da«d, Solomon, Rehoboam, Abijah,…
1,092 wordsSECTION 818Section 818
Uzziah at the Valley Gate, and at the Comer Gate, an4 his towers tlius seem to have occupied the site of the later ' Koyal Towers' (iVars, II. xvii. 6) at the N.W. corner of the upper city. The Corner Gate (2 K W, 2 Ch 25-^ 26* Jer SI**, Zee 14'") was apparently the same as the 'first' (or ' principal ') gate, and was …
1,343 wordsSECTION 819Section 819
From the Hasmonjean period we pass on to consider Jerus. as it existed under Herod the Great, and at the time of the great siege by Titus ; and here the accounts given by Jos. are easily understood, and accord ^vith tne earlier topography of OT. Tacitus gives us a short de- garden. Zee 1410), • the suburbs ' (parbarimy…
1,168 wordsSECTION 820Section 820
The Third Wall of Jerus. had no existence till after t'e Crucilixion, being that of Agrippa(^n<. XIX. vU. 2; Wars, v. iv. 2). It ran from Hippicus to a great octagonal tower called Psephinus, at its N.\v. corner — a place whence a wide view was obtained, and consequently on very high ground. Thence it ran E. to the Wom…
1,094 wordsSECTION 821Section 821
B96 JERUSALEM JERUSALEM Kueiziba still further S. It still brings water along the S. slope of the \i\>yeT city to the Temple enclosure {Ant. XVUI. ui. 2; see Talm. Bub. Joma 31«). The places noticed in NT in or near Jerus. — Bethesda, Gethsemane, and Calvary — have been separately treated. Bethesda was very probabl…
1,394 wordsSECTION 822Section 822
JERUSALEM JERUSALEM 597 ns approximately the course of the first wall, and the starting-point of the second on the W., while remains of the third can also be laid down on the man from measurements and angles taken by Dr. liobinson. The points still requiring study on the ground aft'ect the farther course of the seco…
1,018 wordsSECTION 823Section 823
The great Haram enclosure at J. presents, at its foundations, magnificent drafted masonry of Gr. character, on the S., W., and E. The dressing of the stones is found nowhere else except at Hebron, and on the arch of the Tyropoeon Bridge, but in general character this masonry resembles that of the royal towers, and of t…
1,087 wordsSECTION 824Section 824
Ti. ThbTemple Enclosure. —Solomon's Temple (1 K 6, 2 Ch 3 ; Ant. vill. iii.) was GO cubits long E. and W., 20 broad, and 30 high (the cubit, aa measured at Siloam, and on the masonry of the .lerus. Param and Galila;an synagogues, being alKjut IG in.). Its porch to the E. was 20 cubits broad and 10 cubits deep. The cha…
1,063 wordsSECTION 825Section 825
In order to study this question by the light of recent o.\]iloration it is necessary to fix the position of Antonia, that of each angle of the Temple en- closure, and the position of the ' topmost plateau ' opposite the summit of Olivet. Antonia is de- scribed [IVar.i, V. v. 8) as standing at the corner of the N. and W…
914 wordsSECTION 826Section 826
I'laced in such a position, it ^viII be fonnd that the levels of the courts, as descriltd in the Mishna and by Jos., agree throughout with the actuaj levels. In no part does tlie rock rise or fall so 03 to render it necessary to supiKjse foundations of more than 2 or 3 ft. The SaKlirah itself may be that 'stone of foun…
916 wordsSECTION 827Section 827
from the great gate Nicanor to the Wi)men'» Court. These gates were Hanked by chambers, — those for salt. Tor the high ])riest's bath and foi washing, beinj; on the N.; those for wood, for the drawwell ana the 'Chamber of Hewn Stone' where the Sanhedrin sat, being on the S. of the Priest-s' Court. The four chambers of …
986 wordsSECTION 828Section 828
Without reference to these leading works the student will be unable to obtain correct information as to the views of the chief authorities, and the extant buildings ; but famiUarity with these, and with Jos. and the Mibhna, will be found eutticient, without reference to obsolete theories or to popular works. A valuable…
971 wordsSECTION 829Section 829
From the words of 1 S 23'" ' the wilderness of Maon, in the Arabah, on the south of the desert' (Jeshimon), it seems that the term Arabah, which ' is applied to at least a portion of the great valley whicli stretches from the Gulf of Akabah into the Jordanic ba-sin ' (see art. Araiuii, vol. i. p. 13t<*), here includes …
929 wordsSECTION 830Section 830
JESIAS (B 'Etriaj, A •Utratat, AV Josias), 1 Es 8". —In Ezr 8' Jeshaiah. JESIMIEL (Sn?-!?;).— The eponym of a Simeonit« family, 1 Ch 4*". See Genealogy. JESSE v. (etj-m. and meaning doubtful ; perh. 'wcaltliy,'v'='',Ges.,butsee Oxf.lIcb.Lcx.; 'ItaaixL). — Father of David. As grandson of the wealthy Boaz (Ru 4" -', 1 …
928 wordsSECTION 831Section 831
Hi. The tlrst disciples and the miracle at Csna. iv. 'i'lie lirst I*assover. V. lietirement to Galilee.— The Svnoptic Chro- noiofrv, the Ileaiinj.' of ttie Xobleman's Son. B. First Active on i o.vsTRrcTivs Period: tbb FOUXDI.wa OF THE KlSUIIOH. 1. Tliu tali. Training', and .Mission of the Twelve (and of tile Seven…
978 wordsSECTION 832Section 832
604 JESUS CHRIST JESUS CHRIST begin by placinj; ourselves at the standpoint of an observer, one of those who saw the public ministry of Jesus in its early stages, in its de- velopment, and to its close. When that has been fully unrolled before us, we can draw upon oilier data which are not of this public character ;…
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The main divisions of our subject will thus be — I. SuKVKV OF Conditions. 11. TiiK PiriiLic Ministry of Jesus, preceded by that of thft Baptist. in. 8epiM.HMKNTAT, MATTER, not included In the Public .Ministry, and derived tVom special sources. IV. The VERi)icT of History. I. Si'Kvm' OF Conditions. — The picture whi…
941 wordsSECTION 834Section 834
While the Pharisees at this date for the most part (though not entirely) held aloof from politics, on the ground that religion as they conceived it cnuld be practlseil indifferently under any domina- tion, and their own experiences under the national • In Ant. xviii. V. 2 MacliaTUB l« In tho po»!»osslon of AnUpfts. In…
938 wordsSECTION 835Section 835
(i.) The idea of Cod was perhaps the strongest side of Judaism, but it was too exclusively tran- scendent. It had no adequate means of spanning the gulf between God and man. The faults of Judaism were those of Deism. It had one tender place, the love of J" for Israel. 15ut this fell some way short of the Christian idea…
1,138 wordsSECTION 836Section 836
(/3) T7ie Briijhter Side of the Contemporary Juda- ism.— The above is a long and a serious catalogue of charges, partly resting upon the logic of the creed, but also '.oo much borne out by positive JESUS CHRIST JESUS CHIlISi OUi tesiiinony. It seems conclusivi'ly to prove that iKit only reformation, but a thoroughg…
1,084 wordsSECTION 837Section 837
AVhen we endeavour to put together the im- pressions which we derive from these various sources, we may perhaps say that the outcome of them is that Judaism at the Christian era had all the outer framework of a sound religion if only the filling in had been different. The Jew knew better than any of his contemporaries …
981 wordsSECTION 838Section 838
One great transition had been made since Ezk 18. The value of the individual sold was by this time fully realized. The old merging of the in- dividual in the family and the clan had been fully left behind. Another germ contained in the teach- ing of the prophets had been developed. We can see from the case of the Essen…
1,062 wordsSECTION 839Section 839
The Sadducees held aloof from the Measianic expeittition to wliich they were not clearly com- pelled by the few allusions in the Pentateuch, and which would have been only a disturbing element in their policy of making the best — for themselves — of things as they were. Some of the scribes must have also done what they…
925 wordsSECTION 840Section 840
The anticipated conclusions, then, are the.se . (i.) From the very first (i.e. from the Baptism) our Loid had the full consciousness of the Me.ssiah, and the full determination to found the Kingdom of God ujion earth, (ii.) Frojn the very first Ht, h.ad al.so the deliberate intention of transforming the curient idea of…
927 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.