PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,212,658 words · 1201 reading sections
Section 661
• Stay, let us both intend To drive this cruel enemy from our dear aged friend.' This verb is now rarely used with a direct object. In AV we tind Ps 21" ' For they in- tended evil against thee ' ('oj ' they stretched ' ; Perowne, either ' they have spread against thea evil,' like a net, Lat. tendere in.iidias ; or ' t…
984 wordsSECTION 662Section 662
2. Of interpreting a foreign langunge. Egyp- tian beinjj, of course, the langu.a^e of tlie court, the conversation between Joseph and his brethren was carried on by the medium of an interpreter, who was probably always expected to be in attendance at court ((in 42" y^pO with art. ' the interpreter'). The inteijjreter b…
900 wordsSECTION 663Section 663
1. To entreat is simply to 'deal with,' 'handle,' any person or thing, as Hos 6'' Cov., ' O Ephraim, what shal I do unto the ? 0 luda, how shall I intreate the?' More, Utopia (VaTahy's ei. p. 69), ' Ther com yearly to Amaurote out of every cytie iii. old men wyse and well experienced, there to entreate and debate, of t…
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Inwards never occurs in AV or RV as an adv., but always as a subst., and the tr" of kerebh, bowels. See next article and Sacrifice. In Shaks. // Henry IV. iv. iii. 115, it is used generally of the inner parts of the body, ' The second property of your excellent sherris is, the warming of the blood ; which, before cold …
1,047 wordsSECTION 665Section 665
for nx.'.n the adopt the somewhat hazardous conjecture (Then. Klost.) that he is identical with 2. Ira the Ithrito ("'"■i), one of David's heroes (2S 23^"=1 Ch ll-""). M.i.-t iirobably Then, and Klost. are right in pointing the text ditlerciitly (IKCi for 'i.n:.^, see iTHunK, TlIK), and treating Ira as a native of Jatt…
956 wordsSECTION 666Section 666
A deci-sion on the passage is complicated by his- torical considerations. The high priest Onias III., " And in the pr. names D-in "in Jg 135, a-\r n^p 28, O^nn n'^up 'ascent of Ileres' S13; 1418 ig dub,, see Moore. t The form of the word is perfectly regular and normal : cf. 3-1N a lying-in-wait (Job SS-"*), 3¥','5 a…
1,017 wordsSECTION 667Section 667
(8) Kiinig (Einl. p. 8G) treats the clause as a late Palestinian gloss, written originally on the margin, in condemnation of the temjile at Leontopolis ('city of destruction,' with allusion to Aer&y ' of the sun '). It is evident that most of these views are merely hypotheses. At the same time, tlie diversity of readi…
1,042 wordsSECTION 668Section 668
Native iron is almost unknown except in meteorites. Meteorio iron, however, contains impurities wnich make it brittle and exceedinjfly dillicult to forRe. For primitive methods of iron manufacture see Napier, Ancient Wofkert and ArtijU'rra in Mftal; [>ay, 7'A^ Vrrhittoric Vte nf Iron and Stfel; Swank, iron in tilt Age*…
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* Possibly the word in Am IS means hard black basalt, as in Dt V^. See Driver. Joel and Amoi, pp. 130, 227. be Indian swords, which were famous in that region. See Cornill and Smcnd, in loc. The word ' iron ' in Scripture is applied to articles which may have been made of wrought iron, and to others which probably we…
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j LlTKRATPRK.— Benzinger, i7^6. ^rcA. lS94,pp. 97, 227ff.; Driver on Dt 111"; Nowack, Lehrb. der Ueb.Arch. 1894. i. 253 tf. ; G. A. Smith, UUnL pp. 63fl., 78ff., 621. \V. H. BENNETT. IR-SHEMESH (tfry tv 'city of the sun,' Jos IQ*").— See Bethshemesh 1, arid Ueres 1. IRU (n-y).— The eldest son of Caleb, 1 Ch 4>». The…
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Isaac subsequently journeyed to Beersheba (Gn '26-^), where J" appeared to him by night and blessed him. He built an altar there to J", ami his servants digged a well. And while encamped in this spot, he received overtures for an alliaiuo with the Philistines. Abimelech the king, Ali\i?.- zath 'his friend,' and Phicol …
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previous chapter. But the difficulty disappear* when wc liiul that Gn 27'"" is from the Prophetic, and Gn 27^''-28" is from the Priestly source, luii tliat the two traditions are combined, though not harmonized. The great similarity between the story — though not harmonized — of the repudiation of Rebek.ih by Isaac at…
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7. Though not enii)loyed for that purpose in the writings of the NT (j-et cf. Ko 8"-), tiie sacrifice of Isaac was largelj' made use of by the Fathers as typical of the sacrifice on the cross. The earliest use of it in this connexion appears to be Ep. liarn. ch. 7, 'Because He was in His own person alxjut to offer the …
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486 ISAIAH ISAIAH younper contemporary. Isaiah prophesied uiuler Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Jndah. The chief political events of his life were the ascent of the great soldier Tiglath-pileser III. to the throne of Assyria in 745, with a new policy of conquest ; the league of Aram and N. Israel in 73…
1,389 wordsSECTION 675Section 675
ISAIAH ISAIAH 4al ciations, w."'-'" a picture of the Messianic age, vv.-''"'" apocalyptic ju(l;^iiieiit on Assj-iia ; 31 tlie Egj'ptian alliance, willi a promise for Israel and doom on Assyria ; 32'"" a picture of tlie Messianic aj,'e, vv."-" against the women of Jerusalem, vv.'""** anollier picture of the future ; …
1,322 wordsSECTION 676Section 676
188 ISAIAH ISAIAH Bvraptoms of a late date. These reasons are aiiy- tliin^ but conclusive. Few will doubt that the delinquencies of Ahaz furnished suUicient occasion to Isaiah for his hope of the appearance of a real clianiiiion and righteous ruler of Israel. It is equally hard to believe the great prophet incap- ab…
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las been elaborated by Paul Volz [Die vnrexil. Jahweprophetie u. der Messias, Gbttingen, 1897, cf. Briicfener, Komp. des B. Jes. ). Besides the evidence stated above from the language and historical allu- sions of the separate Messianic passages, the follow- ing are the chief reasons oflered. The functions assigned to …
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Coincident with this state of sinfulness, in which the peoiile were |)lunged, was the second fact from which Isaiah's prophecies stArted. The power of Assyria rose on the iioliticjil horizon, threatening the destruction of all the principalities of I'uUs- tine. There had lieen .Vsiyrian campaigns in N. Syria since H70.…
1,076 wordsSECTION 679Section 679
The charge of unspirituality which is brought against the emphasis on Zion's security as a for- tress might have had some justice in it if Isaiah had anywhere attempted to pro vide for that security by merely political means. But, on the contrary, his conviction of God's purpose to preserve Jeru- salem is so profoundly…
1,023 wordsSECTION 680Section 680
ISAIAH ISAI^m 491 record, of hia belief about God. J" is the Lord or Kill},', immeasurably exalted above everything human. His sublimity is the ruling impression on the prophet's mind, and throughout the dis- courses it appears again and again, in contrast both to the puny jiride and ambition, ' everything high,' in…
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Of the future which shall follow Judah's judg- ment and deliverance Isaiah makes several pi-e- dictions (cf. Kschatoloov of OT, vol. i. T.tOli".). l''irst, as was to be expected, he em])hasi/.e.<' its ethical features. The sinners having been de- stroyed (I^), and Jerusalem purified, the citv shali be a city of righteo…
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now feels the force'of the objectiot to this dr.aw^ fron, the language, which has many late fea u e" (so Kuenen'sTater opinion, Duhm, and Cheyiie CHS 1 ?q ''"Tf '^'l ^'l^'t'^^^ ^«T IsAiAV's'in CHS 1-39. -The detailed discussion of these is t l^f """'rr' *° ?" "^'tl^le on Isaiah 1 mtfelf • biit^a few data may be given…
1,180 wordsSECTION 683Section 683
Chs. 40-00 have no title and make no claim to be by Isaiah. 40-48 plainly set forth the ruin of Jerusalem, and the Exile as having already taken place. Israel is addressed as if the time of their penalty in servitude to Babylon were exhausted, and their deliverance is proclaimed as immediate. C3'rus is named as their s…
964 wordsSECTION 684Section 684
Eopulation, though small, and when the temple ad been rebuilt, but needed expansion and orna- ment. These latter reflections of a historical situation are by no means certain ; there is no clear implication that the temple has been rebuilt ; on the contrary, the city itself appears to have been uninhabited for a time. …
1,170 wordsSECTION 685Section 685
Ch. 65, taken by the majority of critics as the divine answer to the prayer of 63'-64, has been assigned both to Babylonia and Palestine, both to the years before the end of tlie Exile and to those after the Return. Some (l)illmann, in /ore) argue for the former, on the ground that the idolatrous practices mentioned ar…
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In such a scheme, it is plain, there U no need "On Ihli ifroumt " - i ... >..r luu l)«n mvuM to h» by I«.iiiili liirnwiT. or 1 nil one •cliolar (llrolcnkamii; dttlc« il tri'in lhi» r. h. t Note Uii pluimi .., .... . , ■ ..inji Tor»« W, 'oomfort yt mj 496 ISAIAH ISAIAH for that almost exclusive insistence upon th…
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), the writer pours upon these, the delight he h.as in exposing their futility, and the weary trouble for no end which their religions levy upon the heathen, brilliantly exhibit the intellectual a-ssurance of this most perfect apostle of Israel's monotheism. But though God is thus sublime He is near to men in sympathy…
1,052 wordsSECTION 688Section 688
So lofty and spiritual is the pros[>ect in chs. 40-55 J and still so general when it descends to the details of the restoration. There is nothing priestly in the prospect, nothing warlike except in metaphor ; no directions are given for the building of the temple, nor for the institution of sacrifice ; no emphasis is l…
1,274 wordsSECTION 689Section 689
B. Books and Articles of Genersl Introduction to THE Bk. of Isaiaji.— Among the Introductions to the OT in general, Kuenen's and Driver's deal with Isaiah in most detail; Special works of Introduction to Isaiah are the following : — T. K. Cheyne, Bk. of Is. chronologically arranged, etc., London, 1870, art. 'Isaiah' in…
1,036 wordsSECTION 690Section 690
E. VOLUUES. ARTICLES. ETC.. FKi.v /s. iO-«S.—(l) On general questions of Introduction :— Bunsen, Gott in der Gesch. i. 3S3 ff.; Riickert, Ueb. Propheten iibers. u. erlautcrt, i. ; R. SLier, Jes. nicht pseudo^es.. Barmen, 18.'i0 ; A. Rutgers, De echtlieid van het tweede grdeelte van Jez. aangeloond, Leiden, 1866(not see…
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[3"-5' gives as a further reason for Isaiah's martyrdom the anjrer of Berial (or IJeliar) at the visions which he had seen of the coming of the Beloved, etc. This forms an apocalyptic section in which there are many points of contact with the later jiart of the book, and esp. with IP'**. After the return of the Beloved…
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ii. Documents and Editions. — (o) Ethiopie. — This, the fullest recension, was first published in 1810 by Laurence, Kegius Profes-sor of Helirew at Oxford, afterwards .\rchbishop of Cashel, from a M.S which he hud bought in London, ami which also contained an Ethiopie version of 4 Ezra. He accompanied his etiition with…
1,075 wordsSECTION 693Section 693
There are two references in apocryphal writings which deserve special mention. In the iMst WuriU of Bnrueh [ch. 9) allusion is made to the martyrdom of Isaiah in such a way as to suggest that the Ascensio in its Christian form was known to the writer (see Rendel Harris's edition, p. 20 fl'.). In the Actus Petri Vercell…
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2. The name of the Messiah in every part of this book is * the Beloved.' There is some ground for thinking that this was a pre-Cliristian Messianic title. For ( 1 ) it is used in the GT (o riyaTrrm^i>ot, LXX) as a title of Israel ; e.g. Dt 32'» SS"; », where it renders 'Jeshurun,' as it does also in Is 44'; again in Is…
1,136 wordsSECTION 695Section 695
According to 1 S 31", Saul's three eldest sons, Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchi-shua fell with their father upon Mt. Gilboa. David's sovereignty was thereupon acknowledged by the men of Judah ; but Abner.who had been Saul's general, remained faithful to the cause of his master and kinsman, and under his directions Ishbo…
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• The name occurs also in early Bab. as that of a slave from the land of 'Martu'or the Amorites (Thureau Dangin, Rev. d'Assyr.. 1S97, p. 78) and in ilinx&n (Hommel, Siid.-Arab, Chreetamathie, 117, 135). t The expression, as 303. For the family being represented under the figure of a house, cf. Ru 4-', Dt 25^, Ex 1-'. …
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The only other incidents of Ishmaers life which are mentioned, are that he and Isaac buried their father after his death (25-' P), and that he himself died at the age of 127 (25" P). Two expressions in ch. 21 deserve to be briefly oommentci upon. (1) p.^KD *n V.8 was a word which lent itself readily to Ha^'- gruiist…
1,067 wordsSECTION 698Section 698
frecise position occupied by each in relation to srael. The Ishmaelites, being referred to Abra- liam himself, must have been regarded as belong- ing to an ancient stock, and evidently (cf. IT'" 21'"" a great nation') enjoyed a reputation amonjj the Hebrews, though at the same time some inferiority was implied in the f…
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II Among the Bedawis of the Sinaitic Peninsula, for instance, at the ai^-e of 8 (Palmer, in the Ordnance Samey o/ the Fen. of Sinai, p. 59); among those of Arabia at the age of 5-6, but sometimes ten years later (Burton, I.e. iii. 81). Ibn Athir says that amonji the ancient Arabians the age was from 10 to 15 years (Poc…
1,193 wordsSECTION 700Section 700
ISHMAIAH (i.i:3,'?v": 'J' hears').— The 'ruler' of the tribe of Zebulun, 1 Ch 27»». ISHMERAI (n^v^r j>erh. for TTcrf- ' J* keeps').— A Benjamite chief, 1 Cli 8'". See Gen'F.alooy. ISHPAH (n?;*'). — The eponym of a Benjamite family, 1 Ch 8'». See Gknealoov, VIII. 11. ISHPAN (;??»:).— A Benjamite chief, 1 Ch 8". ISH…
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(r) The undivided kingdom :— 1 S 9-2 S 20''. A large part of 2 S consists of a court historj of Daviil of great historii al value. 2 S 21'-24'''' is in apiionilix of less value. 1 K I'-ll** (apart frjm additions by the Deuteronomic editor). (rf)Thedi\-ided kingdom, (a) 1 K 13-2 K 17 (mainly concerned with the Northern…
1,211 wordsSECTION 702Section 702
3. The Exodus and the (I'i/f/crHrM.— The Exodus was the natural revolt of a pa.storal people against compulsory brick-making and building, against a • C(. On 1S1» J (AbrahimiV aJ*" J (Im*c). 37" J (Jacob). system which involved a reckless expenditure of the lives of the work ' '" . - . p. 47511'. In tho ear leader is…
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The second early account of the conquest of Western Palestine is found in scattered notices in 'he later chapters of Joshua and in ch. 1 of Judges. These notices show a similarity of stj'le, and it is possible to make a tentative reconstruction of the nanative from which they have been taken (see Driver, iOJ" pp. 1G2, …
934 wordsSECTION 704Section 704
Of the occasion of the establishment of the kingdom we have two accounts in 1 Samuel (Driver, LOT^ p. 175 ff.). According to the earlier account (1 S 9'-10»« 11'-""), .J" chooses a king (Saul) who is to save His people from the Philis- tines, and commands Samuel to anoint him (9"*'). The language used reminds us of Ex …
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(c) It may be surprising that so small a people as Israel was able to found an empire whicli stretched from the borders of Egypt to the Euphrates. In the south Egypt claimed a hege- mony over Syria; in the north the Uittites (1 K 10-", 2 K 7*) and the Arama'ans (Syrians) were strong, and, lastly, in the east lay the gr…
1,013 wordsSECTION 706Section 706
The Religion of the Prophets. — The reign of Jeroboam II. marked the highest point of material prosperity which Israel reached after the dis- ruption, and perhaps the lowest point of Israel's moral degradation. Amos and Hosea, who pro- phesied under Jeroboam and his immediate suc- cessors, met this degradation with a r…
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* Asrii/a'u nf .Ta'inU was a king in northern Syria. t lU'ad pcrhups ' Seve ' {Sib'u ou the Ass^r. monmnents)- ISEAEl., HISTORY OF ISRAEL, HISTORY OF 513 last policy, HczL-ki:ili would not attempt to ilcfeiul cities liku Lachish and Libiiali, whicli lay more or less in the great king's patli to EfjTPt, but would A…
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Egypt's triumph was short. Nebuchadrezzar, the son of Nabopola-ssar, swept Necoh out of Syria, and made Judah transfer its allegiance to Babylon. Twice Judah proved faithless to its new lord. The first revolt was punished heavily enough. Jeru- salem was taken, the golden vessels of tlie temple were made a spoil, and Je…
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versaries.' The time, as the Jews said even six- teen years later (Hag 1-), was not yet come for so important an undertaking as the rebuilding of the temple. Some critics, indeed, smile altogether at the story of this ' First Return,' and reduce it to a conciliatorj' appointment by Cyrus of a prince of the house of Dav…
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The biblical records begin again in ' the seventh year of Artaxerxes' (Ezr 7"), i.e., if Artaxerxes Longimanus be meant, in B.C. 458. In that year Ezra the scribe, a man of high-priestly family, ■went up to Jerusalem armed with a decree (given in Aramaic, ib. vv. '-■-") entrusting him with lar^'e powers, and ordering a…
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■ l>>lialily ri|iiivalent to tb< holl-ihi'kil of Ex SOUCct. lU'U. Stta-Xeh. p. -74 note). 516 ISRAEL, HISTORY OF ISRAEL, KINGDOM OF a massacre, an enslavement, and a Syrian occupa- tion of the citaJel [it a«rpa) of Jerusalem. On these followed an attempted conversion by force of the Jewish people to heathenism. The…
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(O Works illustrating the History of Israel from the Monu- ments : — E. Schradcr (and other Assyriologisls), Keilinsehift- liche Bibliothek (' KIB,' most important historical inscriptions occur in vol. ii. and vol. iii. 2, 189U, v. 1890 [Tel el-Amarna tablets] : Assyr. text transliterated and accompanied by a Germ. trn…
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f)ractically unbroken hostility, the treaty of Ben- latlad II. in 1 K 2U'" appearing as merely a compact ^^Tung from him in a moment of danger, and broken at the first opportunity (22'- '). In fact, the pro- phetic historian had little interest in events which lay outside the horizon of Israel, and even within it he ha…
1,053 wordsSECTION 714Section 714
5:8 ISRAELITE ITALIAN BAND 17*), brought about the mvasiot of Israel by Slial- maneser, and the final captivity of Israel (in 721). The most striking feature in the history of tlie kingdom of Israel is its want of stability. Tliere was no one central bond, either religious or political, to unite the people and infu…
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According to P the numbers of this tribe at the first census amounted to .54,400 (Nu 1-'"), at the second to 64,300 (2U^) ; while the Chronicler gives the number in the time of David as 145,600. Un- fortunately we can attach no weight to any of these figures. 2. Mentioned in the Chronicler's list of Korahite doorkeepe…
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ITHIEL (Sx-n-K, prob. ' with me is God ').—!. A Benjamite (Neh 11'). See Genealogy. 2. One of two persons to whom Agur addressed his oracular sayings, the other being Ucal (Pr 30'). Neither LXX nor Vulg. recognizes a proper name here, and most modem commentators point diller- ently, '?:><; Sn "n-x^ Sn -n'NS instead of …
1,039 wordsSECTION 717Section 717
Various methods were adopted to avoid con- fusion between 'his' mas. and neut. (1) The use of 'it' for the poss. is regarded as a dialectic peculiarity, belonging to the North - Western counties. Its single occuiTence in AV (Lv 25') comes from the Geneva version.* Its pre.sence in Shaks. is sometimes due to imitation o…
1,061 wordsSECTION 718Section 718
ITUR^A is the EV translation of the first term in St. Luke's description of I'hilip's tetrarchy (t^s 'Iroupa/as kclI Tpaxwi'iTiooj X'^P'". Lie 3', AV ' Itura?a and the region of Traohonitis '). But Kamsay has shown (Expositor, 18'J4, ix. pp. 51 «"., U.'itl'., 288 11.) that the word is not used as a noun by any writer b…
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522 IVORY IZZIAH the Ist cent, supply us with no certain answer.'* Besides tlie literature quoted above, see the present writer's HGHL 54411'., and Expositor, 1894, viii. 406, ii. 51 ff., 143 £f., 231 ff., 331 f. G. A. Smith. IVORY (i;* shen, Ae^dyro/oi).— The word shfn signilies a tooth, and is freq. employed in …
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IZLIAH (.lij'^r, AV Jezliah).— A Benjamite, head of a ' father's house,' 1 Ch 8'*. See Genealogy. IZRAHIAH (n;n-ii: 'J" will arise or shine').— A chief of the tribe of Issachar, 1 Ch 7' See GENE- ALOGY. IZRAHITES (rrim).— GentUic name in 1 Ch 27', but sliould probably be read 'n-iv.^, which is possibly another form o…
963 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.