PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 1
mm ■P"' ■^-^ 1 >»: • ':; .A *. :•* $3i «5 J fl^is PJI •^x*>: M '•. ..!i1 l-^fll ^•j^&wy '"f^x %^f< «fcMi«* «^r ^f&S / rm \ mm* ^ PRIVATE LIBRARY RICHARD C. HALVERSON CYCLOPEDIA BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. PREPARED BY THE REV. JOHN M'CLINTOCK, D.D., AND JAMES STRONG…
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The literature of the subjects treated has been a special object of care. Our aim has been to give the names. of the most important works, both old and new; but we have especially sought, in view of the wants of the majority of those who will proba- bly use this Cyclopaedia, to refer, on all essential points, to access…
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179 Coin of Herod Archelaus 179 Coin of Archelaus of Cappadocia lso Egyptian Archer ISO Assyrian Archer 181 Egyptian Villa IS!', Grecian Walls 183 Greek Orders of Architecture 191 Diocletian's Palace 191 Basilica of St. Peter 195 Court of the Lions 196 Apostles' < Ihurch at Cologne 202 Environs of Athens 20…
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q. v. quod vide = which see. s. a. ' sine anno sine loco ^ap&^P**"*-. 8. an. ' sub anno = under the year. eq. l sequent. = following. s. v. ' sub ixrbo = under the word. v. r. l various reading. CYCLOPAEDIA BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. A. See Alpha. Aadrak. See Aazrak. A'a…
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AARON ! Aaron bowed in silence (Lev. x, 1-11). Aarnn joined in, or at least sanctioned, the invidious conduct of his sister Miriam, who, after the wife of Moses had been brought to the camp byJethro, became apprehensive for her own position, and cast reflections upon Moses, much calculated to damage his influence, on …
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Aaron Acharon (i. e. the younger), a rabbi born at Nicomedia in the beginning of the 14th century. He belonged to the sect of the Caraites. We have from him several Hebrew works on mystical theology (The Tree of Life, The Garden of Faith, The Garden of Eden), and a literal commentary on the Pentateuch, entitled fflitl …
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also the 10th, according to Jer. lii, 12, probabh'- refer- ring to the close of the conflagration, Buxtorf, Synag. Jtidenth. xxxv), and also by Titus (Josephus, War, vi, 1, 5); the 15th was the festival of the Xylophoria, or bringing of wood into the Temple (Bodenschatz, Kirch- liche Verfassung der Juden, ii, 106; comp…
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Abaelard. See Abelard. Abagarus. See Abgarcs. Abag'tha (Heb. Abagtka, XP52X, prob. Persian [comp. BlGTHA, BlGTHAK, BlGTHAXA, BAGOAs], and, according to Bohlen, from the Sanscrit bagaddta, fortune-given ; Sept. 'AfiaTa^a), one of the seven chief eunuchs in the palace of Xerxes, who were commanded to bring in Vashti …
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Abaris. See Abarim ; Avaris. Abauzit, Firmin, a French Unitarian, was born at I'/.cs, in Languedoc, Nov. 11, 1G79. Though his mother was a Protestant, he was forcibly placed in a Roman Catholic seminary, to be educated as a Papist. His mother succeeded in recovering him, and placed him at school in Geneva. At nineteen…
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Abbas. Two different authors are frequently quoted by this title. 1. A celebrated canonist who flourished in 1250, and wrote a Commentary on the Five Books of Decre- tals, printed at Venice in 1588, folio. He is known as Abbas antiquus. 2. The celebrated Nicholas Tudeschi, the Panor- mitan, known as Abbas Siculus or …
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Mitred Abbot. The commendatory abbots (abbates commendatarU; Fr. abbes commendataires), in France and England, were secular ecclesiastics, to whom abbeys were given in commendam, who enjoyed a portion of the revenues, together with certain honors, but-without jurisdiction ABBOT ABBREVIATION over the inmates of the …
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7. De Gratia et Perseverantia Sanctorum (1018, 4 to) ; 8. De amissione et intercessione Justification's <t C rutin; (1018, 4to) ; 9. De Svprema Potestafe Regit (1619. 4to). He left in MS. a Latin commentary on Ron ans which is now in the Bodleian Library. — Middleton, Eccl. Biog. Abbott, Benjamin, one of the most lab…
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Apohryphen (Stnttg. 1841), p. :i'.'l sq Gieseler, Ch. Hist. i. (17; Cave, Hist, Lit. anno 59; Baronius, . I rmol. ann. 44. Ab'diel (Heb. Abdid', i»p?a?, servant of God; Sept. 'A«^"i/;>), a son of (Juui and father of Alii, one of tin' chief Gadites resident in Gilead (1 Chron. v, 15), B.C. between 1093 and 782. ABED-…
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Abeel, John Nelson, D.D., a minister of the Reformed Dutch Church, who was born in 1769, grad- uated in 1787 at Princeton, and was licensed to preach in April, 1793. In 1795 he became one of the clergy of the Collegiate Dutch Church in New York, where he continued until his death in 1812. He was an elo- quent preacher,…
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III. Character of his Offering.— -The superiority of ABEL 10 ABELARD Abel's sacrifice is ascribed by the Apostle Paul to faith (Hcb. xi, 4). Faith implies a previous revelation : it comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. It is probable that there was some command of God, in reference to the rite of sacri…
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Abelard was about thirty-five when he formed an acquaintance with Ileloise, the niece of Fulbert, a canon in the Cathedral of Paris. She was probably under twenty. He contracted with her a secret and unlawful connection, the fruit of which was a sen named Peter Astrolabus. Soon after Abelard mar- ried Ileloise; but the…
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The philosophy and theology of Abelard have been recently brought into notice anew; in fact, the means of studying them fully have only of late been afford- ed by the following publications, viz. : Abaelai'di Epit- ome Theologian Christiana; nunc primum edidit F. H. Rheinwald (Berlin, 1835) ; Cousin's edition of his Ou…
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Abelites, Abelians, or Abelonians, a sect of heretics who appeared in the diocese of Hippo, in Af- rica, about the year 870. They insisted upon marriage, but permitted no carnal conversation between man and wife, following, as they said, the example of Abel, and the prohibition in Gen. ii, 17. When a man and woman ent…
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Abendana (i. e. Son of Dana), Jacob, a Jewish rabbi, born in Spain about 1630, died in London in 1696. He was rabbi first in Amsterdam, and from 1685 till his death in London. He translated into Spanish the book of Cusari as well as the Mishna, with the commentaries of Maimonides and Bartenora. His Spicxleyium rerum pr…
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ABESAR 14 ABIASAPH lectcd a numerous congregation. His constitution tailed under his excessive labors, and he died sud- denly in December, 1740. His discourses on the be- ing and attributes of God have always been held in much esteem. His works are: 1. Discourses on the 1U ing and Perfections of God (Lond. 1743, 2 v…
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A'bi (Heb. Abi' ', "^X, my father, or rather father of [see Abi-]; Sept. 'A/3t, Vulg. Abi), a shortened form (comp. 2 Chron. xxix, 1) of Abijaii (q. v.), the name of the mother of King Hezekiah (2 Kings xviii, 2, where the full form is also read in some MSS.). Abi- (~^X> an old construct form of ZH, father, as is evid…
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sage of Mark, rather than the acting priest Ahime- lech, may have arisen from the greater prominence of the former in the history of David's reign, and he ap- pears even at that time to have been with his father, and to have had some part in the pontifical duties. In additional explanation of the other difficulty above…
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2. The wife of Nabal, a prosperous but churlish sheep-master in the district of Carmel, west of the Dead Sea (1 Sam. xxv, 3). B.C. 10G0. Her prompti- tude and discretion averted the wrath of David, which, as she justly apprehended, had been violently excited by the insulting treatment which his messengers had received …
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Abi'jall (Heb. Abiyah' ' , fl*'2S..father [i. e. possess- or or worshipper] of Jehovah ; also in the equivalent protracted form Abiya'liu, ^in^HX^ 2 Chron. xiii, 20, 21 ; Sept. and N. T. 'Afiid, but 'Ajiia in 1 Kings xiv, 1 ; Neh. x, 7 ; 'Afiiac in 1 Chron. xxiv, 10 ; Neh. xii, 4, 17 ; 'Afiiou v. r. 'AfiiovS in 1 Chron…
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B only, of all that house, should come to his grave in peace, and be mourned in Israel (see S. C. Wilkes, Family Sermons, 12; C. Simeon, Works, iii, 385; T. Gataker, Sermons, pt. ii, 291). Accordingly, when the mother returned home, the youth died as she crossed the threshold of the door. ' ' And they buried him, and …
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2. There are two or three other places mentioned in ancient authorities (Reland, PaUest. p. 523 sq.) by the general name of Abel, A beta, or Abila (once Abida, 'Aftica, apparently by error, Reland, ib. p. 459), as fol- lows : (a.) Abela of Phoenicia (Jerome, Onomast. s. v.), situated between Damascus and Paneas (Csesa…
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Ability. See Inability ; Will. Abim'ael (Heb. AbimaeV , \>\X^O»,, father of Maeli Sept. 'Aj3i/.tai\, 'A/3i/t«ijX, Josephus 'Afii/id- r/Xoc), one of the sons of Joktan in Arabia (Gen. x, 28 ; 1 Chron. i, 22). B.C. post 2414. See Arabia. He was probably the father or founder of an Arabian tribe called Ma'el (^X"0, of un…
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2. Another king of Gerar, in the time of Isaac (Gen. xxvi, 1-22), supposed to have been the son of the pre- ceding. B.C. cir. 1985. Isaac sought refuge in his ter- ritory during a famine ; and having the same fear re- specting his fairMesopotamian wife, Kebekah, as his fa- ther had entertained respecting Sarali (supra)…
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5. The son of Abiathar, and high-priest in the time of David, according to the Masoretic text of 1 Chron. xviii, 10 [see Abi-], where, however, we should prob- ably read (with the Sept., Syr., Arab.,Vulg., Targums, and many MSS.) Ahimelech (as in the parallel pas- sage, 2 Sam. viii, 17). See Abiathar. Abin'adab (Heb. …
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Abish'alom, a fuller form (1 Kings xv, 2, 10) of the name Absalom (q. v.). Abish'ua (Heb. Abishuii, 9^"&^&, father of ■welfare, i. e. fortunate ; Sept. 'Afttaov or 'Afiioov, but in 1 Chron. viii, 4 [v. r. ' Afiirjaovt] and Ezra vii, 5, 'Afiiaovi), the name of two men. 1. A son of Bela, and grandson of Benjamin (1 Chr…
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Yes.-i'U fur M ih.'iinini'dan Ablution. Jews, seeing that the law imposed this obligation on the priests only, not on the people. Connected as these Moslem ablutions are with various forms and imitative ceremonies, and recurring so frequent!}' as they do, the avowedly heavy yoke of even the Mosaic law seems light in t…
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In at least an ecpual degree the Pharisees multiplied the ceremonial pollutions which required the ablution cf inanimate objects — "cups and pots, brazen vessels and tables" — the rules given in the law (Lev. vi, 28 ; xi, 32-36; xv, 23) being extended to these multiplied contaminations. Articles of earthenware which we…
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ABNER 24 ABOMINATION" blood-feud with Joab, for whom he seems to have en- tertained a sincere respect, entreated Asahel to desist from the pursuit ; but finding that he was still fol- lowed, and that his life was in danger, he at length ran his pursuer through the body by a back thrust with the pointed heel of his s…
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We find the name of a son of Abner, Jaasiel, sub- sequently appointed phylarch, under Solomon, of the tribe of Benjamin (1 Chron. xxvii, 21). (On the character of Abner, see Kitto's Baihj Bible Jlhist. in loc. ; Niemeyer, Charakterist. iv, 343 sq. On his death, see C. Simeon, II 'oris, iii, 327 ; H. Lindsay, Lec- tures…
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The third marked use of this word again occurs in Egypt. The king tells the Israelites to offer to their god the sacrifices which they desired, without going to the desert for that purpose. To this Moses ob- jects that they should have to sacrifice to the Lord uthe abomination (FiaSjift) of the Egyptians," who would t…
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this passage and in Luke xxi, 20, is nugatory, for they are obviously parallel (see Strong's Harmon)/, § 123). Meyer (in loc.) thinks the pollution desig- nated was but "the horrible desolation by the Ro- mans of the temple area generally," but the terms are more explicit than this. The allusion cannot in any case be t…
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a philosophical treatise on the creation of the world, in which he argues against the assumption of an eter- nity of the world (Venice, 1592, 4to). Several works of Abrabanel have not been printed yet. The pro- posal of Bashuj'sen to issue a complete edition of all the works of Abrabanel lias never been executed. All h…
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dred, and come hither to a land which / will shew thee. Then departing from the land of the Chaldees, he dwelt in Charran." This first call is not recorded, but onlj- implied in Gen. xii ; and it is distinguished by several pointed circumstances from the second, which alone is there mentioned. Accordingly Abra- ham dep…
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forget. His farther removals tended southward, until at length a famine in Palestine compelled him to with- draw into Egypt, where corn abounded. Here his ap- prehension that the beauty of his wife Sarai might bring him into danger with the dusk}' Egyptians over- came his faith and rectitude, and he gave out that she w…
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It appears that fourteen years before this time the south and east of Palestine had been invaded by a king called Chedorlaomer, from beyond the Euphrates, who brought several of the small disunited states of those quarters under tribute (comp. Josephus, Ant. i, 10, 1). Among them were the live cities of the plain of So…
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(Dreist, De tribus viris Abrahamo appear. Eo:t. 1707). The}' assented, and under the shade of a terebinth, or rather an oak (q. v.) tree, partook of the abundant fare which the patriarch and his wife provided, while Abraham himself stood by in respectful attendance, in accordance with Oriental customs (see Shaw, Trav. …
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Sarah died at the age of 120 years, being then at or near Hebron, B.C. 2027. This loss first taught Abra- ham the necessity of acquiring possession of a family sepulchre in the land of his sojourning (see J. S. Sem- ler, De patriarcharum ut in Palcstina sepelirentur de- siderio, Hal. 175G). His choice fell on the cave …
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ABRAHAM 32 ABRAHAM Orient. Bibl. iv, 1G7 sq. ; Withof, De Abrah. Amico Dei, Duisb. 1743; Kurtz, Hist, of Old Gov. § 51-68). III. Typical Character. — The life and character of Abraham were in many respects typical. 1. He and his family may be regarded as a type of the Church of God in after ages. They, indeed, cons…
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VI. The wide and deep impression made by the character of Abraham upon the ancient world is proved by the reverence which people of almost all nations and countries have paid to him, and the manner in which the events of his life have been interwoven in their mythology and their religious traditions. Jews, Magians, Sab…
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A'bram, the original name (Gen. xvii, 5) of Abba-, ham (q. v.). Abraxas (1) (a/3p«£ac or afipaaaF), a mystical word composed of the Greek letters a, /3, n, a, \, a, r, which together, according to Greek numeration, make up the number 365. Basilides taught that there were 365 heavens between the earth and the empyrean,…
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Abrech (lie!., abreh', TpSK, Sept. «%»>£, Vulg. iji mi j/i cterent), a word that occurs only in the original of Gen. xli, 43, where it is used in proclaiming the au- thority of Joseph. Something similar happened in the cise ofMordecai, bul then several words were em- ployed (Esth. vi, 11). If the word be Hebrew, it is …
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Absalom, with all his faults, was eminently dear to his father. David mourned every day after the ban- ished fratricide, whom a regard for public opinion and a just horror of his crime forbade him to recall. His secret wishes to have home his beloved though guilty son were, however, discerned by Joab, who employed a cl…
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Absalom is elsewhere mentioned only in 2 Sam. xx, 6; 1 Kings ii, 7, 28; xv, 2, 10 ; 2 Chron. xi, 20, 21 ; ABSALOM 36 ABSOLUTION" from the last two of which passages he appears to have left only a daughter (having lost three sons, 2 Sam. xiv, 27 ; comp. xviii, 18), who was the grand- mother of Abijah (q. v.). See, g…
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2. (Sept. 'Afitma\u>poc.) The father of Matathias (1 Mace, xi, 70) and Jonathan (1 Mace, xiii, 11), two of the generals under the Maccabees. 3. (Sept. 'AiSsciraXioj.!.) One of the two Jews sent by Judas Maccabeus with a petition to the viceroy Lysias (2 Mace, xi, 17, in some "Absalon"). Absalon, or Axel, archbishop o…
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gifts of the Holj' Ghost." The Roman Church has also a form of absolution for the dead (absolutio <h /'un<- torum). It consists in certain prayers performed by the priest, after the celebration of the mass for a de- ceased person, for his delivery from purgatory. 3. The Roman Church practises sacramental absolu- tion.…
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Among the early Christian converts there were some who deemed themselves bound to adhere to the Mosaical limitations regarding food, and they accord- ingly abstained from flesh sacrificed to idols, as well as from animals which the law accounted unclean; while others contemned this as a weakness, and ex- ulted in the l…
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c. Protestant. — The Church of England, in the table of vigils, mentions fasts and days of abstinence sep- arately; but in the enumeration of particulars, they are called indifferently days of fasting or abstinence, and the words seem to refer to the same thing. The Word of God never teaches us that abstinence is good …
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We notice a few special applications of the word "deep," or abyss, in the Scriptures (see Wemyss, Symb. Diet. s. v.). Isaiah (xliv, 27) refers to the method by which Cyrus took Babylon, viz., by laying the bed of the Euphrates dry, as mentioned by Xenophon and others. The same event is noticed in similar terms by Jerem…
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sion aimed not only at the Christian population of Shoa, but the Galla tribes extensively spread over the south- eastern parts of Africa. To the Galla language, there- fore, hitherto unwritten, Mr. Krapf's attention was much given. During Mr. Isenberg's stay in London, the following Galla works, prepared by Mr. Krapf, …
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Acacius (surnamed Monophthalmus, from his hav- ing but one eye), was the disciple of Eusebius of Cass- area, in Palestine, whom he succeeded in the see of Ca:sarea in 340. He was one of the chiefs of the Arian party, and a man of ability and learning, but unsettled in his theological opinions. He was deposed as an Aria…
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ACCAROX 42 ACCEPT ami Nimrud Ti-p'isse, lioth designations signifying the j ers, whose office is only to walk before the ileacons, hill of Nimrod (see Ker Porter's Travels, ii, 275). It etc. , with lighted tapers, are derived from the practice consists of a mound, surmounted by a mass of build- j of the acolyths. Th…
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Accept-- Acceptable — Accepted (properly fiSH, ratsah'. to take pleasure in; ci\ofiat). To accept is not only to receive, but. to receive with pleasure and kindness (Gen. xxxii. 20). It stands opposed to re- ject, which is a direct mode of refusal, and implies a positive sentiment of disapprobation (Jer. vi, 30; vii, 2…
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(2.) In Roman ecclesiastical usage — 1, a collection of preparatory prayers, used by the priests before the celebration of the mass ; 2, in the election of the pope, a transfer of votes from one candidate to another to secure the necessary number is called an access. If a voter wishes to change his vote to another pers…
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speaks chiefly of the ruins (East, ii, 17G sq.). After the impulse given to the prosperity of the place by the measures of sheik Daher, and afterward of Djezzar Pasha, the descriptions differ (Clarke, Trav. ii, 379). It is mentioned by Buckingham (i, 116) that, in sink- ing the ditch in front of the then (181G) new out…
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The Franks first became masters of it in A.D. 1110, when it was taken by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem. But in A.D. 1187 it was recovered by Salah-cd-din, who retained it till A.D. 1191, when it was retaken by the Christians under Richard Cceur-de-Lion. The Chris- 1 tians kept it till A.D. 1291 ; and it was the very last …
917 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.