PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 1081
BLOOD 836 BLOOD 20. the disease alluded to is hemorrhage; but we are not obliged to suppose that it continued unceasingly for twelve years. It is a universal custom, in speak- in- of the duration of a chronic disease, to include the intervals of comparative health that may occur during its course; so that when a dis…
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(3.) The involuntary shedder of blood was permit- ted to take flight to one of six Levitical cities, special- ly appointed out of the 48 as cities of refuge, 'three on each side of the Jordan (Num. xxxv, 22, 23; Deut. xix, 4-6). The cities were Kedesh, in Mount Naph- tali; Shechem, in Mount Ephraim ; Hebron, in the hil…
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3. In Christendom. — That such institutions are alto- gether at variance with the spirit of Christianity may be judged from the fact that revenge, so far from be- ing counted a right or duty, was condemned by Christ and his apostles as a vice and passion to be shunned (Acts vii, 60 ; Matt, v, 44 ; Luke vi, 28 ; Rom. x…
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The following instances of diapedesis, or sweating of blood, show that the author's philosophy is not without its accompanying facts. Brevity allows us only a condensed statement of a few of the instances cited by him (p. 379 sq.). An Italian officer, in 1552, threatened with a public execution, "was so agitated at the…
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1 the written book merely as a metaphorical expression, alluding to the records kept in the courts of justice, '. where the deeds of criminals are registered, and wdiich signifies no more than the purpose of God in reference ; to future events ; so that to be cut off by an untimely J death is to be blotted out of th…
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Blunt, Henry, A.M., a popular preacher and writer in the. Church of England, for many years in- cumbent of Trinity Church, Upper Chelsea, was made rector of Streatham, Surrey, in 1835, and died 184:;. His writings are chiefly expository, and include Lec- tures on the History of Abraham (Lond. 1884, 12mo, 7th ed.) : — L…
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Sea of Galilee, no domesticated swine were reared. I In Egypt, where swine-herds were treated as the low- est of men, even to a denial of admission into the tem- ples, and where to have been touched by a swine de- filed the person nearly as much as it did a Hebrew, it is difficult to conjecture for what purpose these a…
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Boardman, Richard, one of the first Methodist ministers in America, was born in England in 1738, and became a Wesleyan preacher in 1763. In 1769, in answer to a call from Mr. Wesley, he volunteered as missionary for America. After several years' faithful service, he returned to England in 1774, and continued his itiner…
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Bochart, Samuel, one of the most eminent schol- ars of the Protestant Church, was born at Rouen in 1599, and was nephew on his mother's side to the cel- ebrated Pierre Dumoulin. He studied at Sedan and Leyden, and his talent and proficiency showed itself very early. In September, 1628, he held disputations with Veron, …
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Boshme, Christopher FredericZx, a German theologian, was born in Eisenberg in 17G6; in 1793 he became professor of the gymnasium at Altenberg ; in 1800 he was made pastor o'f the Church of Magdalene, and in 1813 head pastor of Lucka. lie diedln 1844. Among his numerous works are i, Die Sache d. rationalen ,s:i,„ rnatur…
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BOERNER MANUSCRIPT 843 BOGATZKY revelations. Swedenborg, St. Martin, and Baader are his legitimate successors. A large part of the mat- ter of his books is sheer nonsense. After his death his opinions spread over Germany, Holland, and Eng- land. Even a son of his persecutor Richter edited at his own expense an epitom…
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Boethius (Amcius Manlius Torquatus Severi- nus), a celebrated Roman statesman and philosopher. Sprung from an illustrious house, he was born at Pome about 470, and went (according to one account) to study at Athens in 480. His father's death compelled him, in 490, to return to Rome. He was once elected con- sul (A.I). …
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Their theological system was a modified or quasi dualism ; admitting, indeed, but one Supreme princi- ple, the good, but holding that the Supreme had two sons, Satanacl and Jesus. Satanael, th3 first-born, had the government of the world, but, becoming in- toxicated witli the pride of power, he rebelled, in order to or…
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Boheim for Behem), Hans, a forerunner of the Peasant War in Germany, was born at Niklashausen, in Baden, about the middle of the fifteenth century. In his youth he was a farm-servant and a drummer at wakes and fairs. Awakened by the preaching of a Franciscan, he burnt his drum. He believed that the Virgin appeared to h…
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BOHEMIAN BRETHREN 846 BOLTON effectually in the 17th century. Protestantism was crashed at the expense of civilization. There was no legal toleration for it until the philosophical emperor Joseph II issued his '-Edict of Toleration," Oct. 13, ITS] | Pescheck, ii, 335). Protestant congregations, both Lutheran and Refo…
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Bolster (niEJX'np, meraashotk', something at the head) occurs Gen. xxviii, 11, 18, where it is rendered "pillows ;" 1 Sam. xix, 13, 16; xxvi, 7, 11, 16, a pillow. These were stuffed with wool or some soft substance (Ezek. xiii, 18, 21) ; the poorer classes, instead of these, made use of skins. The " pillow of goats' ha…
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Bonaventura, St., one of the most eminent of the scholastic divines of the thirteenth century, called also " the Seraphic Doctor," was born at Bagnarea, Tuscan}', in 1221. His family name was Giovanni Fidanza. In 1243 he entered the Franciscan order, and studied at Paris under Alexander de Hales : afterward he taught d…
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BONDAGE nariis peccatorum; (11.) De resurrections ad gratiam; (12.) Diata Salutis; (13.) De Ecclesiastica HierarcAia. (1.) So Uoquium ; (2.) De uoditatioiir vita B.N.J. C; (3.) Libellus meditationum ; (4.) De vii gradibus contem- pfationis; (p.) De v festirititibus piten Jesu; (G.) Offi- ciutn d( Pa ;si w< D nninica ;…
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Bondage (some form of the root *!?", abad', to toil, or of "C~±i, bakash', to subjugate; Gr. SovXiia), a state of slavery (Exod. i, 14), servitude in captivity (Ezra ix, 8, 9). See Slavery ; Captivity. Bondage in Egypt. — The pretended fear of Tha- raoh, lest in the event of war the Hebrews might make common cause wit…
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III, was elected bishop of Rome Feb. 16, 606. Through his influence the Emperor Phocas decreed that the title of " universal bishop" should be given only to the Pope of Rome. In a synod held at Rome, he forbade, under anathema, that a bishop should ap- point his own successor. He died Nov. 12, 606. IV, elected pope in…
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Boni Homines or Bons-hommes, (I.) monks established in England by I>rince Edmund in P259. They professed to follow the rule of St. Augustine, after the institution of John Be-Bon. There is not much satisfactory information respecting them. They are said to have worn a blue dress, and to have had two houses in England :…
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Eons-Hommes. See Boni Homines. Bonzes, priests of Buddha or Fo, particularly in Japan. They live together in monasteries under a vow of celibacy, and the system agrees in many re- spects with that of the Romanists. They do penance, and pray for the sins of the laity, who secure them from want by endowments and alms. T…
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j A sealed book (Isa. xxix, 11 ; Rev. v, 1-3) is a book whose contents are secret, and have for a very lung time been so, and are not to be published till the seal is removed. A book or roll written within arid without, i. e. on the back side (Piev. v, 1), may be a book con- taining a long series of events, it not bein…
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BOOK of THE (AXON'S (fiifiXoe ko.v6vm>, Co- des ( 'anomm I, a collection of the various canons enact- ed in the councils ,<( Nicrea, Ancyra, Neoercsarea, La- odicea, Gangra, Antioch, Constantinople, Ephesus, and Chaloedon, numbering in all one hundred and Beventy-eight canons, It- Hate U uncertain, but it was probably …
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Booth (n~0, suhhah', often rendered "tabernacle" or "pavilion"), a hut made of branches of trees, and thus distinguished from a tent properly so called. Such were the booths in which Jacob sojourned for a while on his return to the borders of Canaan, whence the place obtained the name of Succoth (Gen. xxxiii, 17); and …
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Borborites or Borborianiaiis {Borboritm and Borboriani, so called from /3op/3oooc, i. q. dirt-eaters'), a sect of the Gnostics of the second century, said to be followers of the Nicolaitans. They held to Dualism and Antinomianism, and denied the last judgment and the resurrection. Epiphanius charges them with the viles…
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Borgia, Caesar, was "one of the greatest mon- sters of a time of depravity, when the court of Home was the scene of all the worst forms of crime. He was the son of Alexander VI and Catharine Va- nozza, who made him archbishop of Valencia at an early age, and afterward cardinal in 1493. He un- scrupulously made use of t…
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Bor-Has'sirah(Heh. Borkas-Sirak', tT^Sn 112, cistern of the Hrcth; Sept. translates eppiap tov Sapf/ju), a place in the southern part of Palestine, where Joab's messengers found Aimer (2 Sam. iii, 26, where our version renders "well of Sirah"), probably the same as Besira (B)jrripa) of Josephus (Ant. vii, 1, 5), twenty…
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V. During the plague at Milan, 1576, he threw him- self int.. the danger, giving service in every form to the bodies and si. ids of the dying, at. the peril of his life. He died tfov.3,1584. On the whole, his life is singularly remarkable for purity in the midst of a cor- rupt and degraded ( Ihurch. His talents, proper…
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demand; although there are places (Exocl. xxii, 14; 1 Sam. i, 28 ; 2 Kings vi, 5) where borrowing is certain- ly denoted by it. Some therefore allege that the Is- raelites did not borrow the valuables, but demanded them of their Egyptian neighbors, as an indemnity for their services, and for the hard and bitter bondage…
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To have one in our bosom implies kindness, secrecy, intimacy (Gen. xvi, 5 ; 2 Sam. xii, 8). Christ is in (n'c, into) the bosom of the Father; that is, possesses the closest intimacy with, and most perfect knowledge of, the Father (John i, 18). Our Saviour is said to carry his lambs in his bosom, which touchingly repres…
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fense des Variations in 1694. In all these works he wrote with great earnestness against Protestantism, although he was no advocate for the infallibility of the pope, or his power of deposing kings, both which pre- tensions he zealously opposed in his elaborate defence of the Four Articles promulgated in the celebrated…
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Botany, the science that treats of the vegetable kingdom. The only trace of a systematic classifica- tion on this subject in the Scriptures is found in the account of the creation (Gen. i, 11, 12), where the following distinctions are made: 1. De'shu, KtU^T, "grass," i.e. the first shoots of herbage ; 2. F/seb, 3©5, "h…
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Botch CpHl£5, shechin', elsewhere "boil"), a name applied (Deut. xxviii, 27, 35) to the Egyptian plague of cutaneous inflammatory eruptions (Exod. ix,9 sq.), a disease at that time preternaturally induced, hut appar- ently also endemic in that country from Sept. to l>ec, according to some travellers, and breaking out i…
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As the drinking of wine is illegal among the Mos- lems who are now in possession of Western Asia, little is seen of the ancient use of skin-bottles for wine, un- less among the Christians of Georgia, Armenia, and Lebanon, where they are still thus employed. In Georgia the wine is stowed in large ox-skins, and is moved …
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BOTTOMLESS PIT S62 BOURGES something precious," is illustrated by the custom of tying u]i in bags or small bottles, and secure -with a seal, articles of value, such as precious stones, neck- laces, and other ornaments. — Kitto; Smith. See Tear. Bottomless Pit. See Abyss. Boucher, Jonathan, one of the early Episcop…
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Bourges, the see of a Roman archbishop in France. Bourges was one of the earliest episcopal sees of France. A metropolitan of Bourges is mentioned for the first time at the beginning of the sixth century. A university was established there in 1463. Councils (Concilia Bituricensia) were held at Bourges in 1031, 1225, 12…
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Bourne, George, Lev., was born and educated in England. After emigrating to the United States he became a minister of the Reformed Dutch Church in 1833. He held no pastoral charge, but was chiefly en- gaged in literary and theological pursuits in connec- tion with publishing houses and the press. An ardent and learned …
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The bow is frequently mentioned symbolically in Scripture. In Psa. vii, 12, it implies victory, signi- fying judgments laid up in store against offenders. It is sometimes used to denote lying and falsehood (Psa. lxiv, 4 ; exx, 4; Jer. be, :;)■ probably from the many circumstances which tend to render a bow inoperative,…
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BOWER 8G5 BOWL with a view to promote the interests of the Church. After his return his duties were fully discharged, as far as failing health would allow, until his death, Aug. 25, 1839. He published Christian Consolation (1831); Private Prayers (Charleston, 1837), and several occa- sional sermons and addresses. Af…
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Bowl is given in the Authorized Version as the rendering of several Heb. words, the distinction be- | tween which is not very clear, and which arc often translated by words expressive of different forms. Compare Basin. It most frequently occurs in con- nection with the golden candlestick of the tabernacle, the sockets …
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Bowyer, "William, F.S.A., the " last of the learn- ed English printers," was born in London 1699, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He en- tered into business as a printer with his father 1722, and died in 1777. Besides editing a great number of important works in classical and general literature, he publi…
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Boy (Tj!?, ye'led, one born, Joel iii, 3 ; Zech. viii, 5 ; elsewhere usually "child;" "it'3, na'ar, a youth, Gen. x,xv, 27; elsewhere "lad," "young man," etc. See Child. Boy Bishop, "the principal person in an extraor- dinary sacred frolic of the Middle Ages, and down to the period of the Reformation. On St. Nicholas'…
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Boyle, John Alexander, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born May 1::, 1816, at Baltimore, Md. His early years were spent in Philadelphia, and he en- tired the itinerant ministry in the Philadelphia Con- ference in [839. lie soon became marked as a preach- er of vigor and promise; but his health failed, and in reli…
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'(1736-8; reprinted 1829); Stebbing, Controversy be- tween Christians and Deists (1747-49) ; Heathcote, ■ Against Atheists (1763); Worthington, Evidence of Christianity (1766-8); Owen, Ore Scripture Miracles (1769-71); Williamson, Comparison of Revelation with Operation of the Unman Mind (1778-80) ; Van Mildert, Rise …
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2. In his catalogue of the cities of the land of Moab, Jeremiah (xlviii, 24) mentions a Bozrah as in "the plain country" (ver. 21, "lib"1'a'n "jT"iN;), i. e. apparent- ly the high level downs on the east of the Dead Sea and of the lower Jordan, the Belka of the modern Arabs, where lay Heshbon, Nebo, Kirjathaim, Dib- la…
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There are fwc different Hebrew words which the English Bible renders by bracelet, besides the Greek term xKtdwv, which is thus rendered twice in the Apoc- BRACELET 871 BRACELET rypha (Judith x, 4; Ecclus. xxi, 21). These are, (1.) (T15SX, etsadah' (properly a step-chain or anklet), which occurs in Num. xxxi, 50; 2 …
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Brackenbury, Robert Carr, an English gen- tleman of wealth and family, one of the earliest Wes- levan Methodist ministers, was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1752. After studying at St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, with the intention of entering the Established Church, he was converted, and joined the Methodist Soci…
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Bradish, Luther, president of the American Bible Society, was born at Cummington, Mass., in 1783, graduated at Williams College in 1804, and was short- ly afterward admitted to the New York bar. He! served as a volunteer in the war of 1812. In 1820 he rendered very efficient aid to the government in the negotiation of …
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Braga, the see of a Roman archbishop in Portugal. The bishopric of Braga was established soon after the conquest of Portugal by the Suevi, and somewhat later it was changed into an archbishopric. Three councils (Concilia Bracarensia) were held there : in 563, against the Priscillianists and Arians (this council complet…
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Brahmins (the sons of Brahma, the divines) are the priests of India, and form the highest caste; they are considered as having sprung from the head of Brahma, and, as such, considered holy, inviolable, and the only ones worthy of fulfilling the priestly offices. Their distinctive marks are the jagnapavadan or pu- nal, …
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BRAINERD \15 BRAMHALL viii, 259; Jamieson, Relig. Biog, art. i, p. 68 ; Bacon, j Christian Spectator, vii, 324. Brainerd, John, brother of David, was born in J Haddam, Conn., Feb. 28, 1720, and, like his brother, was brought up in a strictly religious household, and was educated at Yale College. David, before his d…
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Southern Buckthorn (Pali-urns Acuh'atus>), or "Spina Christi." It was employed for hedges ; the Hebrews used it for fuel (Psa. lviii, 10). In the apologue or fable of Jo- tham (q. v.), which has always been admired for its spirit and application (Judg. ix, 8-15), and has boon considered the oldest allegory of the kind…
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bishops. As archbishop, he exerted all his powers for the good and welfare of the Church. A little be- fore his death he visited his diocese, provided for the repairs of his cathedral, and returned to Dublin about the middle of May, 1662. He died January 25, 1663. Jeremy Taylor preached his funeral sermon. He was a Hi…
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Bran (7riTvpci) occurs only in the account of the Babylonian women in the apocryphal Epistle of Jere- miah (Baruch vi, 43), with reference to some idola- trous custom not elsewhere distinctly mentioned (see Fritzsche, Handb. in loc.) : "The women also, with cords about them, sitting in the ways, burn bran for perfume,"…
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1. Gerard, professor of divinity, was born at Am- sterdam in 1626. After a thorough theological educa- tion, he became pastor of the Remonstrant church in Nienkoop ; in 1660 he removed to Doom, and to Am- sterdam 1667. Here he continued in pastoral and lit- erary labors till his death, Dec. 11, 1685. His great work is …
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Brattle, William, a Congregational minister, was born in Boston 1662. After his graduation at Har- vard, 1680, he remained as tutor and fellow a number of years. He was installed pastor in Cambridge, Nov. 25, 1696, in which place he remained until his death, Feb. 15, 1717. He published a Compendium Logicce se- cundum p…
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1. The diameter being given as 10 cubits, in math- ematical strictness the periphery woidd have been 31 § cubits; or the circumference, if of exactly 30 cu- bits, would yield a diameter of 9;V^4 cubits. Yet we have no occasion, in order to confute infidel objections (Spinoza, Tractat. theol. polit. c. 2, p. 181, ed. Je…
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Brazil, an empire of South America. See Amer- ica. I. Church History. — In 1500 Brazil was taken pos- session of by a Portuguese admiral, who was soon fol- lowed by some Franciscan monks, most of whom were, however, killed by the Indian tribes. In 1540 the first Jesuits came to Brazil, who succeeded in establishing a …
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BREAD 881 BREAD 9, 13), or in times of scarcity (Ruth iii, 15, compared ' withi, 1; 2 Kings iv, 38, 42 ; Rev. vi, 6 ; Joseph. War, v, 10, 2) : as it was the food of horses (1 Kings iv, 28), it was considered a symbol of what was mean and in- significant (Judg. vii, 13; comp. Joseph. Ant. v, G, 4, [ f.UlL,aV Kpi9u')…
1,044 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.