PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 61
ACCLAMATION 46 ACCOMMODATION" tiation. That a sacrament, by its very nature, is es- sentially a sensible sign, not only in relation to our- selves, but in itself, i. e., in the language of the schools, not only ex parte nostri, but ex parte sui ; and that, con- sequently, if all that there is real and physical in th…
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Accommodation, a technical term in theology, first innocently used by certain mystical interpreters, who maintained that although the sense of holy Scrip- ture is essentially but one, yet that certain passages were made the vehicle of a higher and more distant import than the mere literal expressions exhibited (Walch, …
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47 ACCUBATION. for the rationalistic view, Seiler, Bib. Herm. 418 ; Planck, Introd. 145 ; Neander, Life of Christ, 113, 114. Ac'cos (A/v/v-wr, prob. for Heb. Koz, i. e. Accoz, Vipn ; Vulg. Jacob), the father of John, and grand- father of the Eupolemus who was one of the ambassa- dors of Judas Maccabams to Rome (1 Mac…
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It is utterly improbable that the Jews derived this custom from the Romans, as is constantly alleged. They certainly knew it as existing among the Per- sians long before it had been adopted by the Romans Family eating-couch. From Pompeii. themselves (Esth. i, G ; vii, 8) ; and the presumption is that they adopted it …
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ACCURSED 49 ACELDAMA also frequent terms in the Mishna (Taanith, iii, 8 ; Moed Katon, iii, 1). Stones were thrown (a mark of dishon- or) over the graves of those who died in excommuni- cation (Eduyoth, v, G. The excommunicated person was not permitted to enter the Temple by the common door with others, but was admit…
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Ace. See Accho. Acel'dama CkK*\capd, from the Syro-Chaldaic !n"C'1 3£n, chahal' dema ' , field of the blood, as it is ex- plained in the text, dypug a'ip.aroc, see Critica Biblica, ii, 447), the field purchased with the money for which Judas betrayed Christ, and which was appropriated as a place of burial for stranger…
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3. To bishops exempt from the ecclesiastical jurisdic- tion of their patriarch. 4. To the Flagellants (q. v.). Acesius, a Novatian bishop, present at NicaBa, in 325, who agreed with the decisions of the council con- cerning the time for celebrating Easter, and the doc- trine of the consubstantiality of the Son, but ne…
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A'clian (Heb. Akan' , *35, prob. troubler ; Sept. 'Av/'»' in Josh, xxii, 20, elsewhere "A,\"o), a son of Carmi, called also Acuak (1 Chron. ii, 7), in com- lel passage (2 Chron. xxxiv, 20) he is called Annus, the son of Micah. His son Elnathan was a courtier of Jehoiakim (Jer. xxvi, 22 ; xxxvi, 12). Achery, John Litr…
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Achi'as (Lat. id., for the Or. text is no longer extant; prob. for Ahijah), a person named as son of Phinees (Phinehas), and father of Achitob (AhitulO in the list of sacerdotal ancestors of Esdras or Ezra (2 [Vulg. 4] Esdr. i, 2); but, as the parallel list (Ezra ) gives no corresponding name, it is either an in- A'ch…
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Ach'itob ('AxtrwjS), the Graecized form (1 Esdr. viii, 2 ; 2 Esdr. i, 1) of the name of Aiiitub (q. v.). Achlamah. See Amethyst. Ach'metha (Hob. Achmetha', xn^nx, Ezra vi, 2 ; Sept. 'AuaSd, Vulg. EcbatancC), the Ecbatana of classical writers (to. 'Ek^utuvu, 2 Mace, ix, 3; Ju- dith xi, 1 ; Tob. v, 9; Josephus, Ant. x…
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The door of the tomb is very small, and consists of a single stone of great thickness, turning on its own pivot from one side. On passing through the little portal, the visitor is introduced into a small arched chamber, in which are seen the graves of several rab- bis, some of which may contain the bodies of the first …
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A'chor (Heb. Alcor', "H-2, trouble; Sept. 'A^wp), the name of a valley (p^", Sept. fapayS,, KoiKac, "E/iiK-) not far from Jericho, given in consequence of the trouble occasioned to the Israelites by the sin of Achan (q. v.), who was stoned to death and buried there (Josh, vii, 24, 26). It was known by the same name in …
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2. A maritime city assigned to the tribe of Asher (Josh, xix, 2D), but from which the Israelites were never able to expel the Phoenicians (Judg. i, 31). Ac- cording to Eusebius (Onom. s. v. 'Ays<i?>) it was 9 (ac- cording to the Jerusalem Itinerary 12) Roman > miles north of Accho or Ptolemais. In the Talmud (She- bii…
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Acosta, Gabriel (afterward Uriel), a Portu- guese, of Jewish extraction, born at Oporto, and brought up in the Roman Catholic Church. About the age of twenty-two he began to entertain doubts first as to the doctrine of indulgences, and, finally, as to the truth of Christianity; and being unable to sat- isfy himself, he…
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2. Another district of Judaea toward the southern end of the Dead Sea, occupied by the Edomites dur- ing the captivity (1 Mace, v, 3, Autli. Vers. "Ara- battine;" comp. Joseph, Ant. xii, 8, 1). It is sup- ACRABBIM 5(1 ACTA MARTYRUM posed to have taken its name from the Maaleh-ac- RABbim (q. v.) of Num. xxxiv, 4; Jo…
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ACTA SANCTORUM 57 ACTS erable additions to the martyrologies were also made by Hrabanus Maurus (q. v.); Ado, archbishop of Vi- enna, about 860 ; Usuard, a monk at Paris (875) ; and Notker (died 912). This enlargement of the ancient martyrologies forms the transition to the legends of the Middle Ages, which are gener…
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Action in Speaking. See Homieetics. Action Sermon, an old Scottish term for the ser- mon immediately before the Lord's Supper. Actippus. See Achzib. ActS OF THE APOSTLES (IT(K<?£<C rm> 'A 7700-7-0- \wv), the fifth book of the New Testament, and the last of those properly historical. It ol itained this title at a ver…
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of opinion that no particular design should be ascribed to the evangelist in composing this book beyond that of furnishing his friend Theophilus with a pleas- ing and instructive narrative of such events as had come under his own personal notice, either immediate- ly through the testimony of his senses or through the m…
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VI. Contents. — Commencing with a reference to an account given in a former work of the sayings and doings of Jesus Christ before his ascension, its author proceeds to acquaint us succinctly with the circum- stances attending that event, the conduct of the dis- ciples on their return from witnessing it, the outpour- in…
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ACTS 00 ACTS 1567, 8vo); Salmeron, Opera, p. 12 sq. ; Brent, Predig- ten (Norimb. 1554, fol.) ; Camerarius, Notationes (Lips. 1556, 8vo) ; Capito, Explicatio (Venice, 1561, 8vo) ; *Gualtherus, llomilia? (Tiguri, 1557, 4to ; in Engl., Lond. 1572) ; Losse, Adnotationes, (Francf. 1558, 2 vols. fol.) ; *Sarcer, Scholia …
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Acts, Spurious or Apocryphal, ancient writings purporting to have been written by or respecting our Saviour, his disciples, etc. Of these several are still extant; others are only known by the accounts in an- cient authors (Hase, Hist, of Chr. Church, p. 90, 102). See Canon {of Scripture). ACTS OF'CHRIST, Spurious. Se…
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(7.) There are various sayings ascribed to our Lord by Clemens Alexandrinus and several of the fathers. One of the most remarkable is, "Be ye skilful money- changers." This is supposed to have been contained in the Gospel of the Nazarenes. Others think it is an early interpolation into the text of Scripture. Origen an…
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ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, Spurious. Of these several are extant, others are lost, or only fragments of them have come down to us. Of the following we know little more than that they once existed. They are here arranged chronologically: — (1.) The Preach- ing of Peter, referred to by Origen (in his Commentary on St. Joints …
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: Paul's Letters to Seneca. j Besides these there are seme others still more ob- scure, for which see Cotelerius's Ecclesim Graca' Mon- ; umenta (Paris, 1G77-92) ; Fabricius, Codex Apocrypha, j N. T. ; Du Pin, History of the Canon of the New Testa- ; ment (London, 1699) ; Grabe's Spicilegium Patrum (Ox- | ford, 17…
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A'cub (rather Arvph, 'Ajcov<p v. r. 'Aico'v/i, Acwm ; both corruptions for BtuqSovV), another head of the Nethinim that returned from Babylon (1 Esdr. v, 31) ; evidently the Bakbuk (q. v.) of the genuine texts (Ezra ii, 51 ; Neh. vii, 53). Aczib. See. Acn/.ir.. Ad, according to Arabian traditions, was the son of Udh…
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Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg, was descended from a noble Saxon family. lie served as subdeacon to archbishop Hermann for several years, and himself received that office in 1043 from Henry III, whom in 1046 he accompanied to Rome. There he barely failed of election to the papal throne. Pope Leo IX, in whos…
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ADAM 65 ADAM gruit}' has led some, in particular Eichcrs (Die ScTwp- fungs-, Paradieses- und Siindfiuthsgesckichtc, p. 163), to adopt another etymology of the term — to make Adam a derivative of dainnh (H^'l, to be like, to resemble). Delitzseh, however (System der Bibl. Psychologie, p. 49), has objected to this vie…
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' descent, as if it came in the way merely of natural growth and development. The connection, as Agassiz has said in his Principles of Zoology, "is < f a higher and immaterial nature ; it is to be sought in the view of the Creator himself, whose aim in forming the earth, in allowing it to undergo the successive changes…
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II. The question of the unity of the human race, or the descent of the race from a single pair, has given rise to much discussion of late, after it had been thought to be finally settled. It may be stated thus : " Did the Almighty Creator produce only one man and one woman, from whom all other human beings have descend…
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" The conclusion may be fairly drawn, in the words of the able translators and illustrators of Baron Cuvier's great work : ' We are fully warranted in concluding, both from the comparison of man with inferior ani- mals, so far as the inferiority will allow of such com- parison, and, beyond that, by comparing him with h…
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(a.) Natural. — The notion that the original resem- blance of man to God must be placed in some one quality is destitute of proof either from Scripture or reason ; a*nd we are, in fact, taught that it comprises also what is so far from being essential that it may be both lost and regained. (1.) When God is called "the …
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ral image of God, but that which might be lost, be- cause it is that in which we may be "renewed." It is, therefore, to be understood of the faculty of knowl- edge in right exercise ; and of that willing reception, and firm retaining, and heart}- approval of religious truth, in which knowledge, when spoken of morally, …
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2. (Sept. 'Ac«//, but most copies omit; Vulg. .1 dom.) A city at some distance from the Jordan, to which (according to the test, C~N2, in Adam), or beyond which (according to the margin, ~7^> "from Adam," as in our version^, the overflow of the waters of that stream extended in its annual inundation, at the time when t…
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ADAMIC ADAR Adatnic Constitution. See Covenant. Adamites, 1, a sect of heretics in Northern Africa in the second and third centuries. They pretended to the primitive innocence which Adam had before the fall ; and, in imitation of his original condition, they appeared naked in their religious assemblies, which they c…
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Adams, "William, a Methodist Episcopal minis- ter, was born in Fairfax Co.,Va., June 29, 1785. Ed~ ucated in a pious household, he was converted at an early age, and commenced preaching in 1813, in Ken- tucky, whither his family had removed. His mind, naturally vigorous, was cultivated by assiduous study, and he became…
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Adashim. See Lentil. Adauctus, an Italian and steward of certain of the royal domains, in a city of Phrygia, the name of which is unknown. He perished during the persecu- tion of Diocletian, about 303. His memory is cele- brated by the Latin church on the 7th of February ; by the Greeks, October 3d. — Eusebius, Eccl. …
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Ad'dus, a name twice occurring in the Apocrypha, but in both cases by interpolation. 1. (ASdovQ, perhaps for Addon.) One of the " chil- dren of Solomon's servants," whose sons are said to have returned from Babylon (1 Esdr. v, 34) ; but the genuine text (Ezra ii, 51) has no such name. 2. {'laSdov, as if for Jaddua.) …
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II. A second controversy, called "Adiaphoristic," arose among the Pietists and their opponents. The former urged an abandonment of such secular amuse- ments as dancing, playing (especially at cards), joking, visiting theatres, etc. See Pietism. Ad'ida {ASrfa, Josephus also rd 'ASiSa or *Afi- StSa, probably of Heb. ori…
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Adite. See Ad. Aditha'im (Heb. Aditha'yim, D'1^'1'!", double prey or double ornament; Sept. 'ASiaSaift, but some copies omit; Vulg. Adithaim), a town in the plain of Judah, mentioned between Sharaim and Gederah (Josh, xv, 36). Eusebius (Onomast. s. v.) mentions two places of the name of Adatha ('Ac?nSrr, Jerome, Adith…
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Admoni. See Ruddy. Admonition, an act of discipline much used in the ancient Church: the first step toward the recov- er)- or expulsion of delinquents. In case of private offences it was performed, according to the evangeli- cal rule, privately ; in case of public offence, openly before the Church. If either of these …
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Adoni'cam (1 Esdr. viii, 39). See Adonikam. Adoni'jah (Heb. Adoniyah' ', fT'3"1N, my lord is Jehovah, otherwise lord [i. e. worshipper, comp. An-] of Jehovah, also in the prolonged form Adoniya'hu, ilpronx, 1 Kings i, 8, 17, 24, 25, 41-51; ii, 13-24; 2 Chron. xvii, 8; Sept. 'Adwviac, but in 2 Sam. iii, 4; 1 Chron. iii…
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Adonis ("AcWic, pro'i. from a Phoenician form of the Heb. *"HM, lord), was, according to Apollodorus (iii, 14, 3), the son of Cinyrus and Medaue, or, accord- ing to other accounts (Hesiod and Panyasis in Apol- lod. ut sup. 14), of Phoenix and Alphesibcea, or of an Assyrian king, Theias, by his own daughter, Smyrna, who…
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Adoptianists or Adopt! vi, a sect which orig- inated with Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, and his in- structor, Felix, bishop of Urgel, in Spain. They taught that Jesus Christ, as to his human nature, was not the natural, but merely the adopted Sun of God, whence they were called Adoptivi or Adoptiani. This error was …
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Still earlier Abraham appears to have adopted a house-born slave, his faithful and devoted steward Eliezer, as a son (Gen. xv, 2) — a practice still very common in the East. A boy is often purchased young, adopted by his master, brought up in his faith, and ed- ucated as his son ; or if the owner has a daughter, he ado…
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2. The Roman custom of adoption, by which a per- son, not having children of his own, might adopt as his son one born of other parents, was a formal act, effected either by the process named adror/atio, when ADOPTION IS ADOPTION. the person to be adopted was independent of his parent, or by adopt io, specifically s…
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II. Figurative. — Adoption in a theological sense is that act of God's free grace hy which, upon our being justified by faith in Christ, we are received into the family of God, and entitled to the inheritance of heaven. 1. In the New Testament, adoption appears not so much a distinct act of God, as involved in, and ne…
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2. In the early fathers, adoption seems to have been regarded as the effect of baptism. The Roman- ist theologians generally do not treat of adoption as a separate theological topic, nor, indeed, does their sys- tem admit it. According to the old Lutheran theol- ogy (Apol. iv, 140; Form. Cone, iv, G31 ; Gessner, 118 ; …
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ADORATION xl, 4 ; Ps. xxxix, 9 ; in which " laying the hand upon the mouth" is used to describe the- highest degree of reverence and submission ; as such this posture is ex- hibited on the monuments of Persia and of Egypt. — Kitto, s. v. See Salutation. The acts and postures by which the Hebrews ex- pressed adoration…
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Adorna. See Catharine of Bologna. Adraa. See Edret. Adram'melech (Heb. Adramme'lel; T}^S311X prob. for TfelBtl 11X, glory of the Icing, i. e., of Moloch ; Sept. ' Af>papi\tx\ the name of a deity, and also of a man. See Cuneiform Inscriptions. 1. An idol worshipped by the sacrifice of children in the fire, in connect…
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hill, contains about 1000 houses, and is still a place of some commerce (Turner, Tour, iii, 265). The general appearance of the place, however, is poor, the houses being meanly built, and inhabited principally by Greek fishermen (Biisching, Erdbesch. v, 1, 91). From medals struck in this town, it appears that it celebr…
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III, Pope, a Roman, elected March 1, 884, and oc- cupied the see only a year and four months. He was the first pope to change his name, having been called Agapetus before his elevation to the papal see. A de- cree is also attributed to him which provides that the emperor shall not meddle in the election of a pope. The …
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of the priests and prelates of the Church ; for we know that many scandalous things have been done in this holy see, abuses of spiritual matters, and ex- cesses in ordinances and decrees which have emanated from it," etc. He always refused to advance his own relations to an)' dignity in the Church. After filling the p…
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This circumstance would suggest that the cave of Adullam (2 Sam. xxiii, 13; 1 Chron. xi, 15), to which David withdrew immediately from Gath ( 1 Sain. xxii, 1), was near the city of that nime (see Stanley, Palestine, p. 254, note). But there is no passage of Scripture which connects the city and the cave, and it is cert…
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2. Roman. — It seems that the Roman law made the same important distinction with the Hebrew between the infidelity of the husband and of the wife, by de- fining adultery to be the violation of another man's bed (violatio tori al'taii); so that the infidelity of the husband could not constitute the offence. The more anc…
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Traces of a similar ancient custom may be produced from other quarters. Hesiod (Theogon. 755-95) re- ports that when a falsehood had been told by any of the gods, Jupiter was wont to send Iris to bring some water out of the river St}-x in a golden vessel ; upon this an oath was taken, and if the god swore falsely, he r…
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ADULTERY SG ADULTERY their adulterous wives were compelled to put them | away (Maimon. in Gerushin, c. ii). In the passage | just referred to our Lord does not appear to render divorce compulsory, even in case of adultery ; he only permits it in that case alone, by forbidding it in every other. See Divorce. In the …
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The Greeks put out the eyes of the adulterers. In Crete adulterers were covered with wool as an em- blem of their effeminacy, and carried in that dress to the magistrate's house, where a fine was imposed on them, and they were deprived of all their privileges and their share in public business. See Punishment. 4. Mode…
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IV. Adulteress in the Gospel. — A remarkable exam- ple under the Jewish law in cases of this offence occurs in the account of the "woman taken in adultery" (yvvrj iv poi\tia Karti\i]ppiini), ^iven by one of the evan- gelists (John vii, 53, to viii, 11), from which some have even erroneously inferred that our Saviour re…
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ADVENT 88 ADVOCATE teenth centuries noticed the ruins of a castle, and sup- posed it the same as that mentioned by Jerome (Zual- lart, iv, 30); but tbe judicious Nau (Voyage Nouveau de la Terre-Sainte, p. 349) perceived that this castle belonged to the time of the Crusades. Not far from this spot was a khan, called …
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As to doctrine, they differ from the Evangelical Churches generally only in their peculiar belief in the personal coming of Christ, and his bodily reign witli the saints on the earth. They have no regular creed or form of discipline. It is a common belief among the Adventists that the wicked will be annihilated. Their …
901 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.