PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 121
Advowson (from advocd/us), the right of patron- age to a church or ecclesiastical benefice. He who has the advowson is called the patron, from his obli- gation to defend the rights of the church from oppres- sion and violence. Advowsons are either, 1. Pre- sentative, where the patron presents his clerk to the bishop or…
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.ffineas Sylvius. See Pius II. iE'lion (AiVwi', from Chald. I^"1?, Enavan' , foun- tains; Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 1601), the name of a place near Salim, where John baptized (John iii, 23) ; the reason given, " because there was much water (vSara 7co\\d, many waters') there," would suggest that he baptized at the spri…
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III. The Christians for a leng time had no a?ra of their own, but followed those in common use in the several countries. 1. In the western part of the Roman empire the Consular /Era remained in use until the sixth century after Christ. Frequently, also, the years were counted from the accession of an emperor to the thr…
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the Son was of a nature inferior to the Father (ktigtoc, kcli i'i oi'K oPtwv, and avofiotoq t^> narpi icai irepovr aioc) ; that the Holy Spirit was but a creature, made by the Father and the Son before all other creatures. Socrates (Ch. Hist, ii, 35) says that, though his "doc- trines were similar to those of the Arian…
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1, Marriages between .persons thus related, in va- rious degrees, which previous usage, in different con- ditions of society, had allowed, were forbidden by tho law of Moses. These degrees are enumerated in Lev. xviii, 7 sq. The examples before the law are those of Cain and Abel, who, as the necessity of the case re- q…
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Affirmative (Gr. ciajitjiaio^tai, diiaxvpi&fiat, etc.). Among the Jews the formula of assent or af- firmation was Fl'na'l "3, av HTrac, thou hast said, or thou hast rightly said. It is stated by Aryda and oth- ers that this is the prevailing mode in which a person expresses his assent, at this day, in Lebanon, especial…
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Africa, one of the four principal divisions of the globe, and the third in magnitude. The origin of its name is uncertain. Its general form is triangular, the northern part being the base, and the southern ex- tremity the vertex. Its length may be reckoned about 70 degrees of latitude, or 4990 miles ; and its greatest …
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1. Biblical Notices. — Africa was peopled principally by Ham, or his descendants ; hence it is called the " land of Ham" in several of the Psalms. See Ham. Mizraim peopled Egypt (Gen. x, G, 13, 14), and the Pathrusim, the Naphtuhim, the Casluhim, and the Ludim, peopled other parts ; but the situations the}' occupied ar…
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eties since 1795, had soon to lie relinquished as hope- less. A permanent settlement was effected by the Church Missionary Society in 1804, which has I n very successful, and is still extending its operations on every side. A bishop for Sierra Leone was conse- crated in 1852. The English Baptist Missionary So- ciety …
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1.70 I 3 |10 ! 5 ; 39 S,-'Si) 10,214 175 1213 r:;3 ?5C0 "?2 1555 3S71 Other Christian denominations are found only in Egypt and Abyssinia (q. v.). Jews are numerous in all Northern Africa, especially in Morocco, where, be- fore the persecution in 1859, they counted over 300,000 souls. Mohammedanism prevails in …
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II. Doctrines. — The doctrines are the same as those of the Methodist Episcopal Church (q. v.). III. Government.— The bishops preside in the con- ferences and station the ministers; they are styled " Right Reverend." The General Conference is com- posed of travelling preachers of two years' standing, and of local prea…
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It is believed that Africanus was still a pagan when he wrote his work entitled Cestus (Kiaroc, girdle of Venus), in which he treats of agriculture, medicine, physics, and especially the military art. Hebedjesu, in his catalogue of Chaldean works, mentions a com- mentary on the N. T. by Africanus, bishop of Emmaus. Fin…
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AGAGITE 99 AGAPE apart from the obligations of the vow, some such ex- ample of retributive justice was intended as had been exercised in the case of Adonibezek; or, in other words, that Agag had made himself infamous by the same treatment of some prisoners of distinction (prob- ably Israelites) as he now received fr…
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Allusions to the Kvpiaicov Stl-avov are to lie met with in heathen writers. Thus Pliny, in his celebrated epistle to the Emperor Trajan, after describing the meeting of the Christians for worship, represents them as assembling again at a later hour, uad capiendum cibum, 2>romisctium tamen et innoxium." By the | ihrase …
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and by a branch of them in Danbury, Conn. — Suicer, Thes. col. 23 ; Gieseler, Ch. Hist, i, 59, 104, 296 ; Lard- ner, Works, vii, 280; Coleman, Anc. Christianity, ch. xxi, § 13 ; Bingham, Orig. Eccl. xv, 8 ; Discipl m of the M. E. Church, pt. ii. Besides the Eucharistic Agapas, three other kinds are mentioned by eccles…
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In order to break down the powerful house of Maro- zia in Italy, Agapetus favored the claims of Otho to the imperial dignity, and was about to summon him to Rome, when the pope himself died, A.D. 955. His successor, John XII, placed the crown of Charlemagne on Otho's head. — Baronius, Annul. 951 ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. ce…
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Agathopolis, a diocesan town of Palestine re- ferred to in the records of the Council of Chalcedon, probably for " Azotopolis" (Reland, Palcest. p. 550) or Ashdod (q. v.). Age (represented by several Heb. and Gr. words), sometimes signifies an indefinite period ; at others, it is used for: 1. A generation (q. v.) of t…
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'Hebrew; Jewish Account. Hebrew ; TJssher's Account. Samaritan. Septuajrint, Alexandrian. Josephus, as cor- rected by Hales. True Reckoning:. A.M. B.C. v£T A.M. B.C. Inter- val. A.M. B.C. Inter- vnl. A.M. B.C. vri." A.M. B.C. Inter- val. A.M B.C. Inter- 1650 2018 -'44 - 292 s 3358 3700 3700 …
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Agnoe'tae (from ayvoUo, to be ignorant of), a sect which appeared about A.D. 370, adopting the opinions of Theophronius of Cappadocia. They questioned the omniscience of God, alleging that He knew things past only by memory, and things future only by uncertain prescience. Ecclesiastical historians mention another sect,…
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Agonizants (Confraternity of the), a society of Roman Catholic penitents at Rome (and elsewhere, as at Lima in South America), whose chief duty is that of prayer for persons condemned to death by the law. On the eve of an execution the}' give notice of it to several nunneries, and on the day on which the crim- inal is …
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This, however, is not entirety satisfactory. Doubt- less there was much of this obscuration of our Saviour's mind [see Crucifixion] ; but it would appear to have had reference to another point, and one connected with his condition and circumstances at the time, rather than with any future act or consequences. The apost…
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Agora, Agoraeus. See Market. Agrammatus. See Unlearned. Agrarian Regulations. See Land. Agreda, Maria de, abbess of the Franciscan convent of the Immaculate Conception of Agreda, in Aragon. She was born April 2d, 1602, of rich and pious parents. Her mother, influenced by some dream or supposed vision, conceived it t…
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Agriculture was little cared for by the patriarchs ; more so, however, by Isaac and Jacob than by Abra- ham (Gen. xxvi, 12 ; xxxvii, 7), in whose time prob- ably, if we except the lower Jordan valley (xiii, 10), there was little regular culture in Canaan. Thus Gerar and Shechem seem to have been cities where pastoral w…
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The Jewish calendar (q. v.), as fixed by the three great festivals, turned on the seasons of green, ripe, and fully-gathered produce. Hence, if the season was backward, or, owing to the imperfections of a non-as- tronomical reckoning, seemed to be so. a month was intercalated. This rude system was fondly retained long …
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hands for the task of terracing and watering, and the result gave the highest stimulus to industry. See Ir- rigation. III. Soil, etc. — The Israelites probably found in Ca- naan a fair proportion of woodland, which their neces- sities, owing to the discouragement of commerce, must have led them to reduce (Josh, xvii, …
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while the simple word seeds (1p3!l"'lT, zarunin") was used also generically for all seed, including all else which was liable to tithe, for which purpose the dis- tinction seems to have existed. (See Otho, Lex. Rabb. p. 17 sq.). See Botany. The rotation of crops, familiar to the Egyptians (Wilkinson, ii, p. 4), can ha…
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Oriental Hoein used as a substitute for the plough. But the plough was known in Egypt and Syria before the Hebrews cultivators (Job i, 14). At first it was little more than a stout branch of a tree, from which pro- jected another limb, shortened and pointed. This, being turned into the ground, made the furrow; while …
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loughing and Sowing. row, in Job xxxix, 10, means literally to break the clods, and is so rendered in Isa. xxviii, 24; Hos. x, 11; and for this purpose the means used have been already indicated. The passage in Job, however, is important, It shows that this breaking of the clods was not always by the hand, but that so…
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Jewish Grain-field, with the Sheaves in Heaps of various Kinds. With regard to sickles, there appear to have been two kinds, indicated by the different names IBE^rl, chermesh', and ?373, maggal'; and as the former occurs only in the Pentateuch (Deut. xvi, 9 ; xxiii, 20), and the latter only in the Prophets (Jer. ii, 16…
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Ugolini, xxix.) See Thresh- ing. 7. Winnoicing was general- ly accomplished by repeating the process of tossing up the grain against the wind with a fork (Jer. iv, 11, 12), by which the broken straw and chaff were dispersed, while the grain fell to the ground. After this it underwent a still further purification, by b…
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Coin of Herod Agrippa II.— Obverse: Figure of the "Taber- imculmii," or Umbrella (an Oriental Representation of Pow- er), with the Inscription (in Greek), "Of King Agrippa." AViviw: Three F.ars of Grain bound together (perhaps a Symbol of the Jewish Oblations), with the Date partially obliterated. 3. A son of Felix by…
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Ague, a disease of the fever kind, in which a cold shivering fit is succeeded bj- a hot one ; in the Heb. pri^i?, laddach' ath, a kindling, a burning or inflam- matory fever (Levit. xxvi, 1G ; Deut. xxviii, 22). See Disease. Aguirre, Joseph Saenz d', an eminent Spanish prelate, was born at Logrofio, 1630, assumed the …
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The histon- of King Ahab is given in detail in the sacred narrative, 1 Kings xvi-xxii (see Obbarius, Gesch. d. Hauses Ahab, Nordh. 1754). One of his chief tastes was for splendid architecture, which he showed by building an ivory house and several cities, and also by ordering the restoration and fortification of Jerich…
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Ahad. See Achad. Ahalim and Ahaloth. See Aloe. Ahar'all (Heb. Achrach' , ITnnx, perh. offer the brother; Sept. 'Actpa), the third son of Benjamin (1 Chron. viii, 1), elsewhere called Em (Gen. xlvi, 21), Ahiram (Numb, xxvi, 38), and Aher (1 Chron. vii, 12). See Ahiram. Ahar'hel (Heb. Acharchel', brnnx, appar. born be…
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The same diversity among chronologers has existed with reference to the identification of this Ahasuerus as with the preceding, with whom he has usually been confounded. But the circumstances under which he is mentioned do not well comport with those under which any other of the Persian kings are introduced to us in Sc…
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A'haz (Heb. Avhaz', TnN, possessor), the name of two men. 1. (Sept. XaaZ v. r. 'Aj£a£.) A great grandson of Jonathan, son of King Saul, being one of the four sons of Micah, and the father of Jehoiadah or Jarah (1 Chron. viii, 35 ; ix, 42). B.C. post 1037. 2. (Sept. and N. T.'AxpZ, Josephus 'A\d^r]Q, Auth. Vers. " Ach…
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AHBAN 119 AHIJAH been much injured by a fall from the roof-gallery of his palace, had the infatuation to send to consult the oracle of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, respecting his recove^'. But the messengers were met and sent back by Elijah, who announced to the king that he should rise no more from the bed on whic…
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1. The second named of the three earlier sons of Bela son of Benjamin (1 Chron. viii, 7), [see Shaha- raim,] elsewhere (ver. 4) called Ahoah (q. v.). 2. The last named of the five sons of Jerahmeel (great-grandson of Judah) bv his first wife (1 Chron. ii, 25), B.C. cir. 1612. 3. A son of Ahitub, and high-priest in th…
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8. An Issacharite, father of Baasha, king of Israel (1 Kind's xv, 27, 33; xxi, 2; 2 Kings ix, 9), B.C. ante. 950. 9. One of the chief Israelites who" subscribed the sacred covenant drawn up by Nehemiah (Neh. x, 26) B.C. cir. 110. Ahi'kam (Heb. Achikam', E^nx, brother of support, i. e. Helper; Sept. 'A\iK-a/t), the se…
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2. A Hittite, one of David's followers whom he in- vited to accompany him at night into the camp of Saul in the wilderness of Ziph, but Abishai alone ap- pears to have had sufficient courage for the enterprise (1 Sam. xxvi, 6), B.C. 1055. Ahi'moth (Heb. Achimoth', r^'flX, brother of death, i. e. perh. destructive; Sep…
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AIIITUB 122 AHOLIBAH sheba (2 Sam. xi, 3, comp. with xxiii, 34). The news of his defection appears to have occasioned David more alarm than any other single incident in the rebellion. He earnestly prayed God to turn the sage counsel of Ahithophel " to foolishness" (probably alluding to his name) ; and being immediat…
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Aho'ah (Heb. Acho'ach, IjlHN, brotherly; Sept. Ayid v. r. AynjA), one of the sons of Bela, the son of Benjamin (1 Chron. viii, 4) ; called also Ahiah (ver. 7), and perhaps Iri (1 Chron. vii, 7). B.C. post 1856. It is probably he whose descendants are called Aiiohites (2 Sam. xxiii, 9, 28). Aho'hite (Heb. AchocW ', "TT…
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Ahriman. See Ormuzd. Ahu'mai (Heb. Achumay', "wWN, brother of wa- ter, i. e. living near a stream; otherwise, swarthy; Sept. 'A'xtpai), the first named of the two sons of Ja- hatli, a Zorathite, of the tribe of Judah (1 Chron. iv, 2), B.C. post 1012. Alru'zam (Heb. Achuzzam', CJHX, their posses- sion; otherwise, tena…
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2. A city of the Ammonites, apparently opposite Heshbon, and devastated next to it by tbe Babyloni- ans on their way to Jerusalem (Jer. xlix, 3). Others, however, regard the name as an appellative here. Ai'ah, another mode (2 Sam. iii, 7 ; xxi, 8, 10, 11 ; i Chron. i, 40) of Anglicizing the name Ajah (q. v.). Ai'ath,…
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AILLY 125 AIN His successor, John XXIII, made D'Ailly a cardinal, and papal legate in Germany. As such, he took part in the Council of Constance, where he was again very conspicuous. See Constance, Council of. Soon after his arrival, and through his influence, the Coun- cil adopted a resolution that the vote on the …
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Aimo. See Haymo. Aimon, also called Aimoin, Aymoin, a French Benedictine of the convent of Fleuiy, died 1008. He was a pupil of Abbo of Fleury, at whose request he wrote the work Historia Francorum, which extends from 253 to 654. A continuation by another author, which is more valuable than the original, carries the n…
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Ainsworth, Laban, a Congregational minister, was born at Woodstock, Conn., July 19th, 1757. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1778, and became pastor of the church at Jaffrey, N. H., Dec. 10th, 1782. Here he continued in the pastoral relation un- til his death, March 17th, 1858. He was an evangel- ical preacher of …
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2. (Sept. Aid, but in 2 Sam. iii, 7 v. r. 'Iw\, Auth. Vers. "Aiah.") The father of Rizpah, King Saul's concubine (2 Sam. iii, 7; xxi, 8-11), B.C. ante 1093. Aj'alon (Heb. Ayalon', "|"1^X, place of deer, or of oaks), the name of two towns. 1. (Sept. AiXibv, but 'E\wj/ in Josh, xix, 42, iv (p at dptcoi in Judg. i, 35, …
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A'kan (Heb. Akan , '^'J, twisted; Sept. 'lovKafi), the last named of the three sons of Ezer, son of the Horite Seir of Idumaea (Gen. xxxvi, 27) ; elsewhere called Jakan (1 Chron. i, 41). See Jaakan. Akbar. See Mouse. Akbara. See Achabara. Akiba, a learned Jewish rabbi of the second centu- ry. He was president of the…
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The district of Acrabattine mentioned in 1 Mace, v, 3, and Josephus, Ant. xii, 8, 1, as lying on the frontier of Idumtea, toward the southern extremity of the Dead Sea, may have derived its name from this ridge. But Dr. Eobinson thinks that the toparchy referred to took its name from Akrabeh, now a large and flourishin…
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Alabaster Vase bearing the name of Sargon, from Nim- roud (Layard's Bab. and Sin. p. 167). phrastus, sets this matter in a clear light, distinguish- ing the alabastrites of natu- ralists as bard, and he adds : " This stone was by the Greeks called also some- times onyx, and by the Lat- ins marmor onychites, from its u…
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Alan, Cardinal. See Allan. Alan de l'Isle (Alarms de Insulis), so called be- cause, as most writers say, he was a native of Ryssel, in Flanders, now Lille (L'Isle, Insula) in France, or it was the name of his family. He obtained the name of "the Universal Doctor," being equally well skilled in theology, philosophy, an…
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The Alii. ALBAN 131 ALBER of white linen, but occasionally of more costly mate- rials.— Bingham, Orig. Eccl. lib. xiii, cap. viii, § 2. Alban, St., protomartyr of England, is said to have serred seven years with Diocletian, after which, returning to his country, he took up his abode at Veru- lamium, in Hertfordshi…
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Alber, Matthew, one of the leaders of the Ref- ormation in Southern Germany, born at Reutlingen, 1495, studied at Tubingen, and was ordained priest about 1521. He received a call as preacher to his na- tive town, where he labored so faithfully in behalf of the Reformation, that, in 1523, the people generally were favor…
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Albert was certainly one of the most cultivated men of his age ; but yet he was rather a learned man, and a compiler of the works of others, than an original and profound thinker. He wrote commen- taries on most of the works of Aristotle, in which he makes especial use of the Arabian commentators, and blends the notion…
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Albert, fifth archbishop of Magdeburg and primate of all Germany (1513), and further, in 1514, elected archbishop of Mentz, both of which archiepiscopal sees, by dispensation from Pope Leo X, he held together — a thing altogether without example. Besides this, he was appointed administrator of the bishopric of Hal- ber…
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ALBIGENSES 134 ALBIZZI eentmy the Cathari were very numerous in Southern France. At the beginning of the thirteenth century a crusade was formed for the extirpation of heresy in Southern Europe, and Innocent III enjoined upon all princes to expel them from their dominions in 1209. The immediate pretence of the crusa…
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Albirms (a frequent Roman name, signifying whitish ; Graseized 'AX/3? voe), a procurator of J udsea in the reign of Nero, about A.D. 62 and 63, the successor of Festus and predecessor of Florus. He was guilty of almost every kind of crime in his government, par- doning the vilest criminals for money, and shamelessly pl…
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Badge of the Order of Alcantara. 14), to the exclusion of Onias, the nephew of Mene- laus, having already been nominated by Antiochus Eupator (Josephus, Ant. xii, 9, 7; comp. Selden, De success, in pontif. p. 150), and instated into office by force of arms by the Syrian general Bacchides (1 Mace, vii, 9 sq.). Accordin…
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large number of letters. He is acknowledged as the most learned and polished man of his time, although his writings are chiefly compilations from older au- thors. The edition of Alcuin, published at Paris by Duchesne in 1G17, in one vol. fol., is divided into three parts. Contents of Part I (On Scripture) : 1. Tnterro-…
922 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.